Where is Griboedov's grave located? Alexander Griboedov: an interesting short biography Origin and early years.

Griboyedov Alexander Sergeevich is famous only for his one work “Woe from Wit”, but few people know that he is not only a talented Russian writer, but also a civil servant, poet, musician and playwright. Griboyedov's biography is full of events: he was an outstanding cultural figure of the 19th century, but at the same time he gave many years and his very life to the diplomatic service for the benefit of Russian Empire.

January 15, 1795 (according to some sources) in the family of a wealthy nobleman Sergei Griboyedov, the son Alexander was born. Despite his military career, Sergei Ivanovich was not educated, so his wife, Anastasia Fedorovna, was engaged in raising and educating his son.

The child was extremely smart and quickly learned everything, for example, at the age of three, Sasha spoke three languages. foreign languages, and in youth - already at six. A brief biography of Griboyedov also contains a mention of his origin from an ancient Polish family.

In 1803, Alexander began to receive an official education at the Moscow boarding school, and upon graduation, three years later, he transferred to the verbal department of the university. In 1808, student Alexander Griboedov received a PhD in verbal sciences and entered the law department of the same university at the age of only 13 years. Two years later, he was awarded the degree of Candidate of Laws, and Alexander Sergeevich focuses on the study of the natural sciences.

During the war with Napoleon, Alexander Griboyedov served in the hussars, but did not take part in the battles. He was in the Russian army in 1812-1815, and then returned to St. Petersburg, leaving his military career. Having become an active member of the Masonic lodge, the former military man begins to engage in literary activities, writes his first works and enters the diplomatic service, receiving the post of secretary. In 1817, the famous duel of Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov with three participants took place: Zavadovsky, Sheremetyev (died) and Yakubovich.

After four years of service, the Russian diplomat lives for some time in Moscow, engages in creativity and publishes in magazines. Griboedov travels around Russia, in particular, visits the Crimea, and in the winter of 1826 he is arrested because of his connection with the Decembrists. After a complete acquittal, Alexander Sergeevich returned to the diplomatic service, where he died in 1829.

Diplomatic work

In 1818, Griboyedov received his first diplomatic appointment in Tehran. It is here that he finishes several of his poems and receives an invitation for his first visit to the Shah.

The activities of the Russian diplomat are highly appreciated by historians, according to whom, it is to him that the Russian Empire owes the conclusion of a truce in the Persian-Russian war.

Another, longer, for a year and a half, trip to Persia was carried out in January 1820, after which Alexander Sergeevich asked for a transfer to Georgia, the request was granted, and it was there that his main work was written -. After the vacation, the diplomat again becomes the secretary of the Russian embassy in Tiflis, but a year later he leaves the service and returns to Moscow, where he lived for more than two years.

At this time, he was accused of having links with the Decembrists, and after being acquitted, he was again sent as a diplomat to Persia, where, after a couple of years, he died in the Tehran massacre of 1829.

Creation

The prose writer and literary critic Yu. Tynyanov classifies Griboedov as a writer among the younger archaists - the direction of the early 19th century in Russian literature, which was characterized by the formation of the literary Russian language.

The main thing in their works is the basis of traditionalism and nationalism. The path of the writer was extremely fruitful and began as a student: he wrote poems and parodies of already known stories.

After graduating from the university, he published his first works in magazines, and in 1815 the first comedy was published. In general, this genre was loved by Alexander Sergeevich, he studied European comedies and wrote parodies on them in Russian, remaking them in his own way. Such works were liked by the public and were often performed in theaters as separate plays. Summary any of his comedies contained a description of several characters and the wit of the author. In addition, the writer used the features and techniques of parody:

• household context;
• exaggeration;
• descriptive terms without precision.

In the center of the work of Alexander Sergeevich, there is always a bearer of classical consciousness - life knowledge is taken from books, and the events around are refracted through the prism of what is read. Real life for the hero is not as interesting as the events in the book. This trait can be traced in many heroes.

Interesting to know! The idea of ​​the comedy "Woe from Wit" was hatched for a long time by the author, but could not start creating it due to constant employment in the service. Once, during a horseback ride, the writer fell off his horse and broke his arm. Such a forced break in work became the time for writing a brilliant work.

In addition to the glory of the Russian writer, Alexander Sergeevich also has fame in musical circles. He is the author of several piano pieces, a couple of waltzes, and also a sonata. His musical creations are filled with harmony, harmony and conciseness. Unfortunately, his piano sonata has not been preserved, but it was the most serious and voluminous work of the writer. But the waltz in the key of E minor of his authorship is considered the first truly Russian piece of music.

Artworks

Griboedov gained world fame after the publication of the comedy Woe from Wit, but he began to publish long before it, and to write while still a student. The first published works were the texts "On Cavalry Reserves" and "Letter to the Editor".

The writer collaborated several times with other writers, creating joint works (“Feigned Infidelity”, “His Family”), and was also on friendly terms with. In addition, he communicated and corresponded with many literary figures of that time.

The famous work “Woe from Wit” became known to the public in 1824, and was first published without censorship in 1862 and today is considered the peak creation of drama in Russia, which has not lost its relevance to this day. Its summary is known to everyone: the play tells about Chatsky's love for Sofya Famusova and the cruel disappointment that befell the protagonist when he gets to know Russian society better.

Four years after the creation of his most famous comedy, the author dies, so everything that was conceived after it was either not published, because it was not finalized and was only an outline, or lost. Only scenes from dramas created by him at that time are known: “1812” and “Rodamist and Zenobia”.

Despite the masterful disclosure of comedy plots, an analysis of all the works of Alexander Sergeevich shows that he was able to create a truly high tragedy, and his prose works testify to his development as an original and talented author in all genres.

Useful video: A.S. Griboyedov - short biography

Doom

In 1828, in the city of Tiflis, the writer marries the beautiful Nina Chavchavadze, who was only 15 years old. Relations between the empire and Turkey at this time are seriously aggravated, and an experienced diplomat is required for the Russian mission in Tehran. Griboyedov is elected to this position, who is sent there to serve.

Interesting to know! There is a legend that during the wedding, Alexander Sergeevich dropped the ring - this sign was considered a bad omen for the future family.

Arriving in Persia and leaving his young wife in Tabriz (later she returned to Georgia on her own), Alexander Sergeevich went to Tehran on duty of his diplomatic service.

They were supposed to introduce themselves to Feth Ali Shah and fulfill their obligations - to convince the shah to pay indemnity for the defeat in the Russian-Persian war, but the situation in the city was too alarming.

The fact is that one of the results of the Russian victory over the Persians was the guarantee of free resettlement of willing Armenians to their homeland - to Armenia, which became part of the Russian Empire. The Persians were angry with the Russians because of the need not only to pay them money, but also to lose part of the population. The situation reached a fever pitch when the treasurer of the shah's court and several women, relatives of the shah, asked for asylum at the Russian embassy. The ruler was concerned about a possible leak of information (according to rumors, the eunuch also robbed him) and demanded that the fugitives be handed over to him, to which Griboyedov refused. Then the government of Tehran decided to use the surest means - Islamic fanatics and turned them against the Russians.

On February 11, 1829, fueled by hatred for non-Christians and conquerors, a thousand angry crowd of Islamists began an assault on the Russian embassy. Despite the defense, the embassy was taken, and 37 Russian representatives, along with 19 residents of Tehran, were killed, Griboyedov died along with his people. Only secretary Ivan Maltsov survived, who witnessed all the events. The extreme cruelty of the attackers can be said by the fact that Alexander Sergeevich could only be identified by the scar on his arm left after the duel, the body was so badly disfigured.

Useful video: interesting facts about Griboyedov

Conclusion

Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov was buried in Tiflis in a mountain grotto not far from the Church of St. David. The widow erected a large monument there, and Pushkin visited the grave in 1829. The conflict itself was settled with rich gifts to Emperor Nicholas I: the Shah's grandson arrived personally and brought, among other things, the famous large Shah diamond, which became the price for the lives of 37 Russian diplomats.

In contact with

Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov(January 4, Moscow - January 30 [February 11], Tehran) - Russian diplomat, poet, playwright, pianist and composer, nobleman. State Councilor (1828).

Griboedov is known as Homo unius libri- the writer of one book, a brilliantly rhymed play "Woe from Wit", which is still one of the most frequently staged in Russian theaters, as well as a source of numerous catchphrases.

Biography

Origin and early years

Griboyedov was born in Moscow into a well-to-do, well-born family. His ancestor, Jan Grzybowski (Polish. Jan Grzybowski), moved from Poland to Russia at the beginning of the 17th century. The surname of the author Griboyedov is nothing more than a kind of translation of the surname Grzhibovsky. Under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, he was a discharge clerk and one of the five drafters of the Cathedral Code of 1649 was Fedor Akimovich Griboyedov.

The writer's father is a retired second major Sergei Ivanovich Griboyedov (1761-1814). Mother - Anastasia Fedorovna (1768-1839), nee also Griboedova.

According to relatives, in childhood Alexander was very concentrated and unusually developed.

War

But as soon as they began to form, the enemy entered Moscow. This regiment was ordered to go to Kazan, and after the expulsion of the enemies, at the end of that year, he was ordered to follow to Brest-Litovsk, join the defeated Irkutsk dragoon regiment and take the name of the Irkutsk hussar.

On September 8, 1812, cornet Griboyedov fell ill and stayed in Vladimir, and until, presumably, until November 1, 1813, due to illness, he did not appear at the regiment's location. Arriving at the place of service, he got into the company "young cornets from the best noble families"- Prince Golitsyn, Count Efimovsky, Count Tolstoy, Alyabyev, Sheremetev, Lansky, the Shatilov brothers. Griboyedov was related to some of them. Subsequently, he wrote in a letter to Begichev: “I spent only 4 months in this squad, and now for the 4th year I can’t get on the true path.

Until 1815, Griboyedov served in the rank of cornet under the command of a cavalry general A. S. Kologrivov. Griboedov's first literary experiments - "Letter from Brest-Litovsk to the publisher", feature article "On Cavalry Reserves" and comedy "Young Spouses"(translation of the French comedy "Le secr" refers to 1814. In the article "On Cavalry Reserves" Griboyedov acted as a historical publicist.

The enthusiastically lyrical "Letter ..." from Brest-Litovsk to the publisher of Vestnik Evropy was written by him after awarding Kologrivov in 1814 with the "Order of St. Vladimir Equal-to-the-Apostles, 1st degree" reserves, on this occasion.

In the capital

In 1815, Griboyedov arrived in St. Petersburg, where he met N. I. Grech, the publisher of the Son of the Fatherland magazine, and the famous playwright N. I. Khmelnitsky.

In the spring of 1816, the novice writer left military service, and already in the summer he published an article “On the analysis of the free translation of the Burger ballad “Lenora” - a review of N. I. Gnedich’s critical remarks about P. A. Katenin’s ballad “Olga”. At the same time, Griboedov's name appears in the lists of full members of the Masonic lodge "Les Amis Reunis" ("United Friends").

In early 1817, Griboyedov became one of the founders of the Du Bien Masonic lodge. In the summer he entered the diplomatic service, taking the post of provincial secretary (from winter - translator) of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs. This period of the writer's life also includes his acquaintances with A. S. Pushkin and V. K. Kuchelbeker, work on the poem "Lubochny Theater" (a response to M. N. Zagoskin's criticism of "Young Spouses"), comedies "Student" [(together with P. A. Katenin), “Feigned Infidelity” (together with A. A. Gendre), “Own Family, or Married Bride” (co-authored with A. A. Shakhovsky and N. I. Khmelnitsky).

Duel

In 1817, the famous “quadruple duel” between Zavadovsky-Sheremetev and Griboyedov-Yakubovich took place in St. Petersburg. It was Griboedov who gave the reason for the duel, bringing the ballerina Istomina to the apartment of his friend Count Zavadovsky (Griboedov was 22 at the time). The cavalry guard Sheremetev, Istomina's lover, summoned Zavadovsky. Griboedov became Zavadovsky's second, Sheremeteva - the cornet of the Life Lancers regiment Yakubovich.

Griboyedov lived with Zavadovsky and, being a friend of Istomina, after the performance brought her to his place, naturally, to Zavadovsky's house, where she lived for two days. Sheremetev was in a quarrel with Istomina and was away, but when he returned, instigated by A.I. Yakubovich, he challenged Zavadovsky to a duel. Yakubovich and Griboyedov also promised to fight.

Zavadovsky and Sheremetev were the first to reach the barrier. Zavadovsky, an excellent shooter, mortally wounded Sheremetev in the stomach. Since Sheremetev had to be immediately taken to the city, Yakubovich and Griboedov postponed their duel. It took place the following year, 1818, in Georgia. Yakubovich was transferred to Tiflis for service, and Griboyedov also happened to be passing through there, heading on a diplomatic mission to Persia.

Griboedov was wounded in the left hand. It was by this wound that the disfigured corpse of Griboyedov, who was killed by religious fanatics during the destruction of the Russian embassy in Tehran, was subsequently identified.

in the east

In 1818, Griboedov, having refused the position of an official in the Russian mission in the United States, was appointed to the post of secretary to the tsar's chargé d'affaires of Persia. Before leaving for Tehran, he completed work on Intermedia Samples. He left for his duty station at the end of August, two months later (with short stops in Novgorod, Moscow, Tula and Voronezh) he arrived in Mozdok, on the way to Tiflis he compiled a detailed diary describing his journeys.

At the beginning of 1819, Griboedov completed work on the ironic "Letter to the publisher from Tiflis on January 21" and, probably, the poem "Forgive me, Fatherland!" At the same time he went on his first business trip to the shah's court. On the way to Tehran through Tabriz (January-March) he continued to write travel notes, which he started last year. In August, he returned to Tabriz, where he began to work for the fate of Russian soldiers who were in Iranian captivity. In September, at the head of a detachment of prisoners and fugitives, he set out from Tabriz to Tiflis, where he arrived already in next month. Some events of this journey are described on the pages of Griboyedov's diaries (for July and August/September), as well as in the narrative fragments "Vagin's Story" and "Ananur Quarantine".

In January 1820, Griboyedov again went to Tabriz, adding new entries to his travel diaries. Here, burdened with official chores, he spent more than a year and a half. Staying in Persia was incredibly burdensome for the writer-diplomat, and in the fall of the following year, 1821, for health reasons (due to a broken arm), he finally managed to transfer closer to his homeland - to Georgia. In Tiflis, he became close to Kuchelbeker, who had arrived here for the service, and began work on draft manuscripts of the first edition of Woe from Wit.

From February 1822, Griboedov was secretary for the diplomatic unit under General A.P. Yermolov, who commanded the Russian troops in Tiflis. The author's work on the drama "1812" is often dated to the same year (apparently, timed to coincide with the tenth anniversary of Russia's victory in the war with Napoleonic France).

At the beginning of 1823, Griboedov left the service for a while and returned to his homeland, for more than two years he lived in Moscow, in the village. Dmitrovsky (Lakotsy) of the Tula province, in St. Petersburg. Here the author continued the work begun in the Caucasus with the text “Woe from Wit”, by the end of the year he wrote the poem “David”, a dramatic scene in verse “The Youth of the Prophet”, a vaudeville “Who is brother, who is sister, or Deception after deception” (in cooperation with P. A. Vyazemsky) and the first edition of the famous waltz "E-moll". It is customary to attribute the appearance of the first recordings of his Desiderata, a journal of notes on debatable issues of Russian history, geography and literature, to the same period of Griboedov's life.

The next year, 1824, dates the writers' epigrams to M.A. Dmitriev and A.I. uncles”, an essay “Special Cases of the St. Petersburg Flood” and a poem “Teleshova”. At the end of the same year (December 15), Griboedov became a full member of the Free Society of Russian Literature Lovers.

On South

At the end of May 1825, due to the urgent need to return to his duty station, the writer abandoned his intention to visit Europe and left for the Caucasus. On the eve of this trip, he completed work on a free translation of the “Prologue in the Theater” from the tragedy “Faust”, at the request of F.V. archive" for 1825. On the way to Georgia, he visited Kyiv, where he met prominent figures of the revolutionary underground (M. P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, A. Z. Muravyov, S. I. Muravyov-Apostol and S. P. Trubetskoy), lived for some time in the Crimea, visiting the estate of his old friend A.P. Zavadovsky. On the peninsula, Griboyedov developed a plan for the majestic tragedy of the Baptism of the ancient Russians and kept a detailed diary travel notes, published only three decades after the death of the author. According to the opinion established in science, it was under the influence of the southern trip that he wrote the scene “Dialogue of the Polovtsian husbands”.

Arrest

Upon returning to the Caucasus, Griboyedov, inspired by the participation in the expedition of General A. A. Velyaminov, wrote the famous poem "Predators on Chegem". In January 1826 he was arrested in the fortress of Groznaya on suspicion of belonging to the Decembrists; Griboyedov was brought to St. Petersburg, but the investigation could not find evidence of Griboyedov's belonging to a secret society. With the exception of A. F. Brigen, E. P. Obolensky, N. N. Orzhitsky and S. P. Trubetskoy, none of the suspects testified to the detriment of Griboyedov.

Return to service

In September 1826 he returned to Tiflis and continued his diplomatic activities; took part in the conclusion of the Turkmanchay peace treaty (1828), which was beneficial for Russia, and delivered its text to St. Petersburg. Appointed as Resident Minister (Ambassador) to Iran; on the way to his destination, he again spent several months in Tiflis and married there on August 22 (September 3), Princess Nina Chavchavadze, with whom he happened to live only a few weeks.

Death in Persia

Foreign embassies were not located in the capital, but in Tabriz, at the court of Prince Abbas-Mirza, but soon after arriving in Persia, the mission went to introduce itself to Feth Ali Shah in Tehran. During this visit, Griboedov died: on January 30, 1829 (6 Shaaban 1244 AH), a crowd of thousands of rebellious Persians killed everyone in the embassy, ​​except for Secretary Maltsov.

The circumstances of the defeat of the Russian mission are described in different ways, but Maltsov was an eyewitness to the events, and he does not mention the death of Griboyedov, he only writes that 15 people defended themselves at the door of the envoy's room. Maltsov writes that 37 people were killed in the embassy (all but him alone) and 19 Tehran residents. He himself hid in another room and, in fact, could only describe what he heard. All those who fought died, and there were no direct witnesses left.

Riza-Kuli writes that Griboyedov was killed with 37 comrades, and 80 people from the crowd were killed. His body was so mutilated that he was identified only by a mark on his left hand, obtained in the famous duel with Yakubovich.

Griboyedov's body was taken to Tiflis and buried on Mount Mtatsminda in a grotto at the Church of St. David.

The Shah of Persia sent his grandson to Petersburg to settle the diplomatic scandal. In compensation for the spilled blood, he brought rich gifts to Nicholas I, among them was the Shah diamond. Once upon a time, this magnificent diamond, framed by many rubies and emeralds, adorned the throne of the Great Mughals. Now it shines in the collection of the Moscow Kremlin Diamond Fund.

Griboedov's widow Nina Chavchavadze erected a monument to him on the grave with the inscription: “Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory, but why did my love survive you?”.

Yury Tynyanov devoted the last years of A. S. Griboyedov’s life to the novel “The Death of Vazir-Mukhtar” (1928).

Creation

According to the literary position, Griboyedov belongs (according to the classification of Yu. N. Tynyanov) to the so-called "junior archaists": his closest literary allies are P. A. Katenin and V. K. Kyuchelbeker; however, he was also appreciated by the "Arzamas", for example, Pushkin and Vyazemsky, and among his friends - such different people, as P. Ya. Chaadaev and F. V. Bulgarin.

Even during the years of study at Moscow University (), Griboedov wrote poems (only mentions have come down to us), creates a parody of Ozerov's work "Dmitry Donskoy" - "Dmitry Dryanskoy". Two of his correspondence are published in Vestnik Evropy: On Cavalry Reserves and Letter to the Editor. In 1815, he published the comedy The Young Spouses, a parody of French comedies that made up the Russian comedy repertoire at that time. The author uses a very popular genre of "secular comedy" - works with a small number of characters and a setting for wit. In line with the controversy with Zhukovsky and Gnedich about the Russian ballad, Griboyedov writes an article “On the analysis of the free translation of Lenora” ().

Parodying techniques: introducing texts into everyday contexts, exaggerated use of periphrasticity (all concepts in comedy are given descriptively, nothing is named directly). In the center of the work is the bearer of the classic consciousness (Benevolsky). All knowledge about life is gleaned by him from books, all events are perceived through the experience of reading. Saying "I saw it, I know it" means "I read it". The hero seeks to act out book stories, life seems uninteresting to him. The deprivation of a real sense of reality later Griboedov will repeat in "Woe from Wit" - this is a feature of Chatsky.

"Woe from Wit"

The comedy "Woe from Wit" is the pinnacle of Russian dramaturgy and poetry. The bright aphoristic style contributed to the fact that she was all "dispersed into quotes."

“Never a single nation has been so scourged, never a single country has been dragged so in the mud, never so much rude abuse has been thrown into the face of the public, and, however, more complete success has never been achieved” (P. Chaadaev. “Apology of a madman” ).

• Griboyedov spoke 3 foreign languages ​​at the age of 6. He was fluent in French, English, German and Italian, and understood Latin and ancient Greek. Later, while in the Caucasus, he learned Arabic, Georgian, Persian and Turkish.

Memory

• In Moscow, there is an institute named after A.S. Griboyedov - IMPE them. Griboyedov
• In the center of Yerevan there is a monument to A. S. Griboedov (author Hovhannes Bedjanyan, 1974), and in 1995 a postage stamp of Armenia dedicated to Griboyedov was issued.
• In Alushta, a monument to A.S. Griboyedov was erected in 2002, on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the city.
• Memorial plaques (on the facade of the building of the former Athena tavern, where the playwright allegedly stayed in 1825) remind of the stay of A. S. Griboyedov in Simferopol.
• There is a theater named after A. S. Griboyedov in Tbilisi, a monument (author M. K. Merabishvili)
• There are Griboedov streets in Bryansk, Yekaterinburg, Krasnoyarsk, Ryazan, Irkutsk and a number of other cities and settlements in Russia and Ukraine. And also in Yerevan (Google Maps), Sevan, Minsk, Vitebsk (), Simferopol, Tbilisi, Vinnitsa, Khmelnitsky, Irpen, Belaya Tserkov.
• Griboyedov Canal (until 1923 - Ekaterininsky Canal) - canal in St. Petersburg
• Bust of Griboyedov installed on the facade of the Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater

In philately

In numismatics

Addresses in St. Petersburg

• 11.1816 - 08.1818 - profitable house of I. Valkh - Embankment of the Catherine Canal, 104;
• 01.06. - 07.1824 - hotel "Demut" - embankment of the Moika River, 40;
• 08. - 11.1824 - the apartment of A. I. Odoevsky in the apartment building of Pogodin - Torgovaya Street, 5;
• 11.1824 - 01.1825 - P. N. Chebyshev's apartment in Usov's tenement house - Nikolaevskaya embankment, 13;
• 01. - 09.1825 - A. I. Odoevsky's apartment in Bulatov's apartment building - St. Isaac's Square, 7;
• 06.1826 - A. A. Zhandr's apartment in Yegerman's house - embankment of the Moika River, 82;
• 03. - 05.1828 - hotel "Demut" - embankment of the Moika River, 40;
• 05. - 06.06.1828 - the house of A. I. Kosikovsky - Nevsky Prospekt, 15.

Awards

Editions of essays

• Full composition of writings. T. 1-3. - P., 1911-1917.
• Works. - M., 1956.
• Woe from the mind. The publication was prepared by N.K. Piksanov. - M.: Nauka, 1969. (Literary monuments).
• Woe from the mind. The publication was prepared by N. K. Piksanov with the participation of A. L. Grishunin. - M.: Nauka, 1987. - 479 p. (Second edition, supplemented.) (Literary monuments).
• Compositions in verses. Comp., prepared. text and notes. D. M. Klimova. - L.: Owls. writer, 1987. - 512 p. (Library of the poet. Large series. Third edition).
• Complete Works: In 3 volumes / Ed. S. A. Fomicheva and others - St. Petersburg, 1995-2006.

Museums

• "Khmelita" - State Historical, Cultural and Natural Museum-Reserve of A. S. Griboyedov

see also

• La biografía de Aleksandr Griboiédov y el texto completo de El mal de la razón en español en el siguiente enlace: http://olegshatrov.wordpress.com/letra/ . Traduccion, prologo y notas de Oleg Shatrov. Madrid, 2009.

Notes

1. Griboyedov's date of birth is a special issue. Options: , , , , 1795. The year 1795 is indicated in the first formulary list (autobiography upon admission to the position), this year is indicated by the widow of A. S. Griboyedov Nina Chavchavadze, some friends. In the second formulary list, Griboyedov already indicates the year 1794. Bulgarin and Senkovsky indicate the years 1792, respectively. The year 1790 is in official papers after 1818, in the papers of the investigation into the uprising of December 14, 1825. At the same time, it is known that in 1792 a sister was born, in 1795 - a brother. From this, the researchers conclude that the versions or 1794 are solid. It should be noted that Griboedov could deliberately hide the date of birth, if it refers to 1790 - in this case, he was born before the marriage of his parents. In 1818, he received a rank giving the right to hereditary nobility, and could already publish the year of birth, this did not deprive him of his privileges.
2. "The Personality of Griboyedov" S. A. Fomichev. (Retrieved July 4, 2009)
3. Unbegaun B. O. Russian surnames. - M.: Progress, 1989. - S. 340
4. FEB: Nikolaev and others. From the history of the Griboyedov family. - 1989 (text).
5. See also Field Lokotsy, where in 1823 Griboyedov visited Begichev
6. http://bib.eduhmao.ru/http:/libres.bib.eduhmao.ru:81/http:/az.lib.ru/g/griboedow_a_s/text_0060.shtml S. N. Begichev “Note about A. S. Griboedov"
7. FEB: Sverdlina. During the war years. - 1989
8. Minchik S. S. Griboyedov and the Crimea. - Simferopol: Business-Inform, 2011. - S. 94-96.
9. // Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: In 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
10. Minchik S. S. Griboyedov and the Crimea. - Simferopol: Business-Inform, 2011. - S. 115-189.
11. Series: Outstanding personalities of Russia
12. Alexander Griboyedov and Nina Chavchavadze
13. Alexander Griboyedov. His Life and Literary Activities (Chapter 6)
14. Alexander Griboyedov. His life and literary activity - A. M. Skabichevsky

Literature

• AS Griboyedov in the memoirs of contemporaries. - M., 1929.
• AS Griboyedov in the memoirs of contemporaries. - M., 1980.
• A. S. Griboyedov in Russian criticism. - M., 1958.
• AS Griboedov as a phenomenon of history and culture. - M., 2009.
• A. S. Griboedov, 1795-1829. - M., 1946.
• AS Griboedov: His life and death in the memoirs of his contemporaries. - L., 1929.
• A. S. Griboyedov: Materials for a biography. - L., 1989.
• A. S. Griboyedov. - M., 1946. - (Literary heritage; T. 47/48).
• A. S. Griboyedov. Life and creation. Album. - M., 1994.
• A. S. Griboyedov. Creation. Biography. Traditions. - L., 1977.
• Balayan B.P. Blood on the diamond "Shah": the tragedy of A.S. Griboyedov. - Yerevan, 1983.
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• “Where Alazan winds…”. - Tbilisi, 1977.
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• Tynyanov Yu. N. Death of Vazir-Mukhtar. - M., 2007.
• "Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory." To the 200th anniversary of the birth of A. S. Griboyedov. - SPb., 1995.
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• Fomichev S. A. Alexander Griboyedov. Biography. - St. Petersburg, 2012.
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• Khechinov Yu. E. The life and death of Alexander Griboyedov. - M., 2003.
• Khmelitsky collection. - A. S. Griboedov. - Smolensk, 1998.
• Khmelitsky collection. - Issue. 2. Griboyedov and Pushkin. - Smolensk, 2000.
• Khmelitsky collection. - Issue. 9. A. S. Griboyedov. - Smolensk, 2008.
• Khmelitsky collection. - Issue. 10. A. S. Griboedov. - Smolensk, 2010.
• Tsimbaeva E. N. Griboyedov. - 2nd ed. - M., 2011.
• Shostakovich S. V. Diplomatic activity of A. S. Griboyedov. - M., 1960.
• Eristov D. G. Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov. (1795-1829). - Tiflis, 1879.
• Bonamour J. A. S. Griboedov et la vie littéraire de son temps. - Paris, 1965.
• Hobson M. Aleksandr Griboedov "s Woe from Wit: A Commentary and Translation. - London, 2005.
• Kelly L. Diplomacy and murder in Tehran: Alexander Griboyedov and Imperial Russia's Mission to the Shah of Persia. - London, 2002.
• Kosny W. A. ​​S. Griboedov - Poet und Minister: Die Zeitgenossische Rezeption seiner Komödie "Gore ot uma" (1824-1832). - Berlin, 1985.
• Lembcke H. A. S. Griboedov in Deutschland. Studie zur rezeption A. S. Griboedovs und der Ubersetzung seiner Komodie "Gore ot uma" in Deutschland im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert. - Stockholm, 2003.

Links

• Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov in the video project "Club under 40".
• Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov in the video project "Secrets of the Century".
• Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov in the project "A. S. Griboyedov and the Crimea".
• Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov in the Moshkov Library project.
• Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov in the project "Vladimirskie Vedomosti".
• Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov in the project "Fundamental Electronic Library".

Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov
In the history of literature there are "authors of one work." A classic example of such a writer is Griboyedov. The talent of this man was truly phenomenal. His knowledge was vast and versatile, he learned many languages, was a good officer, a capable musician, an outstanding diplomat with the makings of a major politician. But for all that, few people would remember him if it were not for the comedy Woe from Wit, which put Griboyedov on a par with the greatest Russian writers.
The stepson of sanity
There are many mysteries and gaps in Griboyedov's biography, especially in childhood and adolescence. Neither his year of birth is reliably known (although the day is precisely known - January 4th), nor the year of admission to the university noble boarding school. The widely circulated version, according to which Griboedov graduated from three faculties of Moscow University and only because of the war of 1812, did not receive a doctoral degree, is not confirmed by documents. One thing is for sure: in 1806 he entered the Faculty of Literature, and in 1808 he graduated from it. If Griboyedov was indeed born in 1795, as most biographers believe, he was then 13 years old. In the early years of the 21st century, this is rare, but it happened.
More reliable information about the life of Griboedov since 1812. During the invasion of Napoleon, Alexander Sergeevich signed up, like so many Moscow nobles, as an officer in the militia. But he never got to participate in the battles: the regiment stood in the rear. After the war, the future writer served as an adjutant in Belarus.
Griboyedov spent his youth stormily. He called himself and his fellow soldiers, the Begichev brothers, "stepchildren of common sense" - their pranks were so unbridled. There is a known case when Griboyedov somehow sat down at the organ during a service in a Catholic church. At first, he played sacred music for a long time and with inspiration, and then suddenly switched to Russian dance music.
Griboedov also hung out in St. Petersburg, where he moved in 1816 (he spent a year in retirement, and then became an official in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs). But he had already begun to seriously engage in literature.
From Belarus, Griboyedov brought a comedy (translated from French) "Young Spouses". It was installed in the capital not without success. Then Griboyedov participated as a co-author in several more plays. The stage became his real passion. He became friends with the director of the St. Petersburg theater, the playwright Shakhovsky, and especially with the talented poet and theater connoisseur Pavel Katenin.
Together with Katenin, Griboyedov wrote the best of his early works - the comedy in prose "Student" (1817). During the life of Griboedov, she did not get either on stage or in print. Perhaps the attacks on literary opponents (Zhukovsky, Batyushkov, Karamzin), whose poems are parodied in the play, seemed indecent to the censors. In addition, in the main character - the fool Benevolsky - it was not difficult to recognize the features of these writers.
No less than the author's fame was attracted by the backstage life of the theater, an indispensable accessory of which were novels with actresses. One of these stories ended tragically.
Griboedov's two friends, the boobies Sheremetev and Zavadovsky, competed over the ballerina Istomina. Alexander Yakubovich, a well-known duelist in the city (future Decembrist), fanned a quarrel, and accused Griboyedov of ignoble behavior. Sheremetev was supposed to shoot with Zavadovsky, Yakubovich - with Griboyedov. Both duels were supposed to take place on the same day. But while they were assisting the mortally wounded Sheremetev, time was running out. The next day, Yakubovich was arrested as an instigator and exiled to the Caucasus.
Griboedov was not punished for the duel, but public opinion found him guilty of Sheremetev's death. The authorities decided to remove from St. Petersburg an official "involved in history." Griboyedov was offered the post of secretary of the Russian mission either in the United States of America or in Persia. He chose the latter, and that sealed his fate.
Writer - diplomat
On the way to Persia, Griboyedov stayed in Tiflis for almost a year. A postponed duel with Yakubovich took place there. Griboyedov was wounded in the arm - for him, as a musician, this was very sensitive.
Griboyedov served in Persia for three years, then moved on as a "diplomatic official" to the staff of General A.P. Yermolov. Service with this outstanding man gave him a lot. Griboedov spent 1823-1824 on vacation in Moscow, in the village of the Begichevs, in St. Petersburg. His new work - the comedy "Woe from Wit" - made a splash. It was conceived back in Persia, begun in Tiflis, and completed in the village of the Begichevs.
The author read the play in many literary salons. But he failed to print or stage Woe from Wit. The comedy was hardly missed because of the political urgency. There are not so many doubtful places in Woe from Wit in this respect; they would not be difficult to remove or soften. But the play had a smack of scandal: many Muscovites recognized themselves in her characters (as a rule, erroneously). The scandal was what the censors wanted to prevent. The authorities even banned a performance that the students of the theater school wanted to present in a narrow circle. In the almanac "Russian Waist for 1825" only the second half of the first act and the entire third act were printed. Full text circulated in thousands of handwritten copies.
In January 1826, after the Decembrist uprising, Griboyedov was arrested on suspicion of being involved in a conspiracy. A few months later, he was not only released, but also received another rank, as well as an allowance in the amount of an annual salary. There really was no serious evidence against him, and even now there is no documentary evidence that the writer somehow participated in the activities secret societies. On the contrary, he is credited with a disparaging characterization of the conspiracy: "One hundred ensigns want to turn Russia over!" But, perhaps, Griboyedov owes such a complete justification to the intercession of a relative, General I.F. Paskevich, a favorite of Nicholas I.
In June of the same year, Griboyedov was appointed envoy plenipotentiary to Persia. On the way, in Tiflis, he passionately fell in love with Princess Nina Chavchavadze, the daughter of his old friend, the Georgian poet Alexander Chavchavadze, and married her. Marital happiness was immeasurable, but soon ended. A month after the wedding, the young couple left for Persia. Nina stopped in the border Tabriz, and Griboyedov moved on - to the capital of Persia, Tehran.
Just a month later, tragedy struck. On January 30, 1829, the embassy was destroyed, and all who were in it were killed. Only one person was saved.
Griboyedov was buried in his beloved Tiflis, in the monastery of St. David on Mount Mtatsminda. On the grave, the widow erected a monument to him with the inscription: "Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory, but why did my love survive you?"

Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov was born on January 15, 1795 in rich family nobles. A man of exceptional talents, Alexander Griboedov knew how to play the piano brilliantly, composed music himself, and knew more than five foreign languages. The Russian figure graduated from the Moscow University noble boarding school (1803), and then three departments of Moscow University.

On the military service Griboedov stayed in the rank of cornet from 1812 to 1816, after which he began to realize himself in the journalistic and literary fields. Among his first works are the comedy The Young Spouses, which he translated from French, and Letter from Brest-Litovsk to the Publisher. In 1817, Griboyedov joined the United Friends Masonic organization and held the post of provincial secretary in the public service. Griboyedov continues to write, the comedy Student and Feigned Infidelity are added to his work. At the same time, the gifted figure met Alexander Pushkin and his entourage.

Griboyedov traveled to Persia twice on behalf of the government - in 1818 and 1820. Service in the east weighed heavily on him, and Griboedov moved to Georgia. During this period, work begins on the most famous work - "Woe from Wit".

In 1826, the Russian writer was accused of belonging to the Decembrists. Griboyedov stayed under investigation for about 6 months. But it was not possible to prove his involvement in the conspiracy, and Griboyedov received his freedom.

In 1828, he marries Nina Chavchavadze, but their marriage was short-lived: Alexander Sergeevich was killed by a rebellious crowd on January 30, 1829, during the visit of the Russian embassy to Tehran.

Biography 2

The great writer, competent diplomat, musician and composer is not full list merits of Alexander Griboyedov. An inquisitive boy of noble origin. The best scientists of that time were engaged in his upbringing and training.

Sasha's abilities knew no bounds, he easily mastered six foreign languages. From childhood he played musical instruments, wrote poetry.

He really wanted to prove himself in combat conditions, and he enrolled in a regiment of hussars, but the war with Napoleon had already begun to end, much to the chagrin of Alexander. So he did not manage to participate in hostilities.

Mother, Anastasia Fedorovna, saw her son as an official, but Griboedov did not want to serve at all, it seemed to him a boring thing. At this time, he became interested in theater and literature, writing comedies. Young and hot, he soon gets into an unpleasant story, becomes a second. Duels at that time were not only forbidden, for participation in them one could go to prison. Anastasia Fedorovna did a lot to save her son from imprisonment. And he had to leave Russia and go to Persia.

Being in foreign lands, Alexander was very bored. After some time, he achieves a transfer to Georgia. Here he begins to write his famous comedy. At the same time, he writes poetry, plays and continues to make music.

Alexander Griboyedov was not only familiar with Ivan Krylov, he read Woe from Wit to him. The great fabulist liked the work, but he said with regret that the censors would not let him through. This turned out to be true. Moreover, the play was not only forbidden to be staged in the theater. But also print. It had to be secretly copied.

Soon Alexander returned to the Caucasus, where he continued to serve in Yermolov's headquarters. At this time there was an uprising of the Decembrists. Griboyedov falls under suspicion and is arrested.

Before the last time to go on a diplomatic mission to the capital of Iran, Alexander got married. The happiness of the young did not last long, only a few weeks. Going on a business trip again, no one could have thought that it would be the last.

It took half a century for people to start talking about Griboyedov and his role as a writer's diplomat and just a human being.

Option 3

A.S. Griboyedov is an outstanding Russian playwright, poet, composer and pianist. He was considered one of the smartest and most educated people of his time. He did a lot of useful things for Russia in the diplomatic field.

He was born in 1795. He was a representative of an old wealthy family. Mother, a sharp and domineering woman, loved her son very much. He answered her the same. However, conflicts often arose between them.

Alexander's ability to learn manifested itself in childhood. Already at the age of six, he could freely communicate in 3 foreign languages, and to adolescence mastered 6 languages. At first he received an excellent home education under the guidance of experienced tutors, then he was enrolled in the Moscow University boarding school. Further, after graduating from the verbal department of the philosophical faculty of Moscow University, at the age of thirteen he received a Ph.D. Then he continued his studies at the Faculty of Law, after which he received a PhD in law at the age of 15.

Interested in mathematics and the natural sciences, he not only diligently attended lectures, but also took private lessons from some scientists, because he wanted to get a doctorate in science. He managed to engage in literary work, but, unfortunately, his early works have not been preserved.

In 1812 due to start Patriotic War Griboedov leaves his studies, studies in literature and, under the influence of patriotic ideas, enrolls in the hussars. But he did not have a chance to fight, since his regiment was sent to the rear. Soon Alexander was appointed adjutant to the commander and transferred to Brest-Litovsk.

In 1814 published his articles for the first time. Starts writing for the theatre. In 1815 resigns, and after 2 years enters the civil service in the Collegium of Foreign Affairs.

Living in St. Petersburg, Griboyedov takes an active part in the activities of the literary and theatrical circle. Writes and publishes several comedies.

In 1818 receives an appointment as secretary of the Russian mission in Iran. Maintains travel notes. In Tiflis, he shoots with A.I. Yakubovich. After this duel, he forever left a mutilated finger on his left hand.

In Iran, he is busy with the release of captured Russian soldiers and personally accompanies their detachment to their homeland. In 1820 begins work on the play "Woe from Wit".

Since 1822 to 1823 serves under General Yermolov. He writes musical vaudeville, which premiered in 1824. Leaves the service. He is busy with printing and staging Woe from Wit on stage, but to no avail.

In 1825 returns to service. In 1826 was arrested in the Caucasus. He was accused of having links with the Decembrists, but no evidence was found, so he was released.

In 1828 Griboyedov married, and in 1829. was killed by religious fanatics in Tehran.

Biography by dates and Interesting Facts. The most important.

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Griboyedov Alexander Sergeevich is one of the most educated, talented and noble men of the 19th century. An experienced politician, a descendant of an ancient noble family. Scope of it creative activity extensive. He was not only an excellent playwright and poet, the author of the famous "Woe from Wit", but also a talented composer, a polyglot who spoke ten languages.

Alexander Sergeevich was born on January 15, 1795 in Moscow. His parents gave him an excellent home education. Since 1803, a pupil of the boarding school at Moscow University. At the age of 11 he was a student of the same university. The most educated man of his era, while still a student, mastered nine languages, six European and three Eastern. As a true patriot of his homeland, he volunteered for the war with Napoleon. From 1815 he served in the reserve cavalry regiment with the rank of cornet. This is the time when he begins to write articles, his first play, The Young Spouses. After retiring in the winter of 1816, he lives in St. Petersburg, where he works in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Here enters the circle of theater-goers and writers, gets acquainted with Pushkin and other poets.

Creation

By 1817, his first attempts at writing in literary work belong. These are co-authored plays “Student” (co-authored by P.A. Katenin) and “Own Family” (he wrote the beginning of the second act), joint work with A.A. Shakhovsky and N.I. Khmelnitsky. Created in collaboration with A.A. Zhandr, the comedy "Feigned Infidelity" was staged on the stage in Moscow and St. Petersburg during 1818. At the same time, he was appointed secretary of the tsar's attorney of the Russian mission in Tehran. This event changed a lot in his life. Friends considered the appointment as a punishment for participating as a second in a duel between officer V.N. Sheremetev and Count A.P. Zavadovsky because of the ballerina A.I. Istomina. The winter of 1822 was marked by an appointment to a new duty station and the post of secretary for the diplomatic unit under the command of General A.P. Yermolov. Here, in Georgia, the first two acts of "Woe from Wit" were born.

In the spring of 1823, Alexander Sergeevich received leave and went to Russia, where he stayed until the end of 1825. Griboedov's time in Russia was a time of active participation in literary life. Thanks to cooperation with P.A. Vyazemsky, the vaudeville “Who is a brother, who is a sister, or deception after deception” was created. In 1824, work on the comedy Woe from Wit was completed in St. Petersburg. However, her path was difficult. The censorship did not let the play through and it sold out in manuscript form. Some parts of the comedy were published. But a high assessment of the work of A.S. Pushkin. A planned trip to Europe in 1825 was postponed due to a call to Tiflis. And at the beginning of the winter of 1826, he was detained in connection with the uprising on Senate Square. The reason was friendship with K.F. Ryleev and A.A. Bestuzhev, publishers of the almanac "Polar Star". However, his guilt was not proven, he was released and in the autumn of 1826 he began his service.

Last appointment and love

In 1828, he took part in the signing of the beneficial Turkmanchay peace treaty. The merits of a talented diplomat were marked by his appointment as Russian ambassador to Persia. However, he himself was inclined to consider this appointment as a link. In addition, with this appointment of sets of creative plans, it simply collapsed. However, in June 1828 he had to leave Petersburg. On the way to Persia, he lived for several months in Tiflis, where he married the 16-year-old Georgian princess Nina Chavchavadze. Their relationship, full of romanticism and love, was imprinted for centuries in her words, engraved on the tombstone of Alexander Sergeevich: “Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory, but why did you survive you, my love?”. They lived only a few months in marriage, but this woman carried loyalty to her husband through the rest of her life.

Doom

In Persia, British diplomacy, which was against the strengthening of Russia's position in the East, in every possible way provoked hostility towards Russia. January 30, 1829 Russian embassy in Tehran was attacked by a brutal mob of religious fanatics. A dozen Cossacks, led by Griboedov, who defended the embassy, ​​were brutally killed. But this death once again showed the nobility and courage of this man. The following event served as a formal reason for the attack of the crowd on the embassy. The day before, two captive Armenian Christian girls escaped from the Sultan's harem, they sought salvation in the Russian embassy and were accepted. A crowd of Muslims demanded that they be handed over for execution. Griboedov, as the head of the mission, refused to extradite them and took an unequal battle with a dozen Cossacks, defending the sisters in faith. All the defenders of the mission died, including Griboyedov. The coffin with the body was delivered to Tiflis, where he was buried in a grotto at the church of St. David.

In total, A.S. lived for 34 years. Griboyedov. Managed to create only one literary work and two waltzes. But they glorified his name throughout the civilized world.