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"Hokku (haiku) and tanka - Japanese poetry"
Haiku and tanka - Japanese poetry.
Hokku (haiku) and tanka.
Japanese poetry is based on the alternation of a certain number of syllables. No rhyme but great attention given to the sound and rhythmic organization of the poem.
Haiku, or haiku (initial verses), is a genre of Japanese poetry: an unrhymed three-line verse of 17 syllables (5 + 7 + 5). The art of writing haiku is, above all, the ability to say a lot in a few words. This genre is genetically related to tanka.
Tanka (short song) is the oldest genre of Japanese poetry (first records - 8th century). Non-rhyming five lines of 31 syllables (5+7+5+7+7). It expresses a fleeting mood, full of understatement, distinguished by poetic elegance, often by complex associativity, verbal play.
Over time, the tanka (five lines) began to be clearly divided into two stanzas: a three line and a couplet. It happened that one poet composed the first stanza, the second - the next. In the twelfth century, chain verses appeared, consisting of alternating three-line and couplet lines. This form was called "renga" ("strung stanzas"); the first three-verse was called the "initial stanza", in Japanese "haiku". The renga poem did not have a thematic unity, but its motives and images were most often associated with a description of nature, and with an obligatory indication of the season. The opening stanza (haiku) was often the best stanza in a rengi. So separate collections of exemplary haiku began to appear. The three-verse was firmly established in Japanese poetry in the second half of the seventeenth century.
Hokku has a stable meter. This does not exclude poetic liberties, for example, in Matsuo Basho (1644-1694). He sometimes did not take into account the meter, trying to achieve the greatest poetic expressiveness.
Matsuo Basho is the creator of not only haiku poetry, but also an entire aesthetic school of Japanese poetics. His real name is Matsuo Munefusa. Born in the castle town of Ueno, Iga province (in the center of the island of Honshu), in the family of a poor samurai Matsuo Yozaemon. Basho's relatives were educated people, which, first of all, presupposed knowledge of the Chinese classics. Basho's father and older brother taught calligraphy. Basho himself from childhood was a friend of the prince's son - a great lover of poetry; soon Basho himself began to write poetry. After the early death of his young master, Basho went to the city and took tonsure, thereby freeing himself from the service of his feudal lord, but he did not become a real monk.
He studied under the then-famous masters of haiku poetry Katamura Kigin and Nishiyama Soin. In 1680 he published the first anthology of his own poems and those of his students. Then he settled in a hut on the outskirts of Edo (Tokyo). In 1684, he begins to wander, like his favorite poet Saigyo. As Basho's fame grew, students of all ranks began to flock to him. By the end of his life, he had many students all over Japan, but the Basho school was not the usual school for that time for the master and the students who listened to him: Basho encouraged those who came to him in search of their own path, each had his own handwriting, sometimes very different from the handwriting of the teacher. Basho's students were Kyorai, Ransetsu, Issho, Kikaku; Chiyo belongs to the Basho school - a talented poetess who, having been widowed early and lost her child, took her hair as a nun and devoted herself to poetry...
Basho (1644-1694)
Silence around.
Penetrate into the heart of the rocks
Voices of cicadas.
Old pond.
The frog jumped into the water.
A surge in silence.
The water is so cold!
Seagull can't sleep
Ride on the wave.
Wrapped his life
around the suspension bridge
This wild ivy.
Oh, how many of them are in the fields!
But everyone blooms in their own way -
This is the highest feat of a flower.
Issho (1653-1688)
Seen everything in the world
My eyes - and returned
To you, white chrysanthemums.
Ransetsu (1654-1707)
autumn moon
Pine painting with ink
In blue skies
Chiyo (1703-1775)
On the death of a little son
O my dragonfly hunter!
Where in the unknown
Are you running today?
Dew on saffron flowers!
She spills on the ground
And become plain water...
Plums spring color
Gives its fragrance to a person ...
The one who broke the branch.
I forgot
That my lips are painted ...
Pure source!
Buson (1716-1783)
Heavy bell.
And on its very edge
A butterfly is drowsing.
I climbed the hill
Full of sadness - and what:
There's a wild rose in bloom!
The dew has fallen
And on all the thorns
Droplets hang.
Cold to the heart penetrated:
On the crest of the wife of the deceased
I stepped in the bedroom.
Issa (1768-1827)
So the pheasant screams
It's like he discovered it.
First star.
There are no strangers between us!
We are all brothers to each other
Under cherry blossoms.
Tree - on a felling...
And the birds are carefree
There's a nest up there!
History of the tank and examples
The origins of the tanka are in folk legends and oral poetry of the era of the tribal system. Nowadays tanka is cultivated as the main form of Japanese national poetry. In the 13th-14th centuries. there was a satirical genre - rakushu, and in more recent times - humorous poetry kyoka (literally translated "crazy poems"), which also use the tanka stanza, that is, 5-7-5-7-7.
The poet Tsurayuki (9th - early 10th centuries) defines tanka as poetry "whose roots are in the human heart".
A poem composed according to this form can contain up to 50 or 100 lines, in which case it is called teka (jap. 長歌 cho:ka, "long song"), or nagauta (jap. 長歌 nagauta) , however, most Japanese tanka consists of five lines in the pattern - 5-7-5-7-7, which is a total of 31 syllables.
Widely known throughout the world japanese three lines haiku (or haiku) and tanka quintuples. The epitaph of the greatest Japanese poet of our century, Ishikawa Takuboku, was his most famous tanka:
piercing bitter lines; an unobtrusive but obvious antithesis of the eternal life of nature and the brevity of human existence is contained in these few mean lines.
At the turn of the century, several poetic cycles appeared in the genres of Japanese lyrics. it "Japanese Imitation" Vyacheslav Ivanov, "Japanese tanks and hi-kai" Valeria Bryusova, "Five tanks" Andrei Bely.
This is what the Japanese tank of V. Bryusov looks like:
In the blue of the pond
The white stork is reflected;
Instant - no trace.
Your image is closed
In the poor heart forever.
see also
Notes
Links
Literature
- Boronina I.A. Poetics of the Japanese "tank" // Peoples of Asia and Africa. 1965. No. 5.
- Breslavets T. I. Tradition in Japanese Poetry: Classic Tanka Verse / T. I. Breslavets. - Vladivostok: Publishing House of the Far East University, 1992.-120p.
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Synonyms:See what "Tanka" is in other dictionaries:
- (otherwise: mijikauta "short song") the main form of Japanese feudal lyric poetry, which belonged to the so-called. "waka" (Yamato songs are the ancient name of the Japanese). The origins of T. in folk legends and oral poetry of the era of the tribal system. Later T... Literary Encyclopedia
Tanka- TANKA is the most common of the solid forms of Japanese versification. Tanka in Japanese book poetry (Bungaku) plays the same role as in the European sonnet. But a much older form. The Japanese language, without having long and short syllables, ... ... Dictionary of literary terms
Icon, five lines Dictionary of Russian synonyms. tanka n., number of synonyms: 2 icon (21) five lines ... Synonym dictionary
Modern Encyclopedia
Coin; silver coin; in a figurative sense: purity, a sign of purity, purity. Anthropolexeme. Tatar, Turkic, Muslim female names. Glossary of terms ... Dictionary of personal names
Tanka- (short song), the oldest genre of Japanese poetry (the first records of the 8th century), unrhymed five-line lines of 31 syllables (5 + 7 + 5 + 7 + 7), dedicated to love experiences, wanderings, nature. Expresses a fleeting mood, full of lyricism, understatement, ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
TANK- (Japanese "short song"): consists of 31 syllables; the traditional form of Japanese verse, rhythmically organized by the alternation of syllables 5 7 5 7 7. Tanka - an ancient form of Japanese poetry, existed in the form of a lyrical miniature, which required from ... ... Eurasian wisdom from A to Z. Dictionary
- (short song) a lyrical poem consisting of 31 syllables with alternating five-syllable and seven-syllable metric units (5–7–5–7–7). The poetics of the tank, which developed in the era of the early Middle Ages, received the most complete expression in ... ... All Japan
tank- TA´NKA (Japanese) an ancient national form of a five-line poem in Japanese poetry, without rhymes and without a clearly perceptible meter; in the first and third lines of T., five syllables each, in the rest, seven syllables, in total, therefore, there are 31 syllables in T., that is, almost ... ... Poetic dictionary
tank- (non-cl.) a genre of Japanese poetry, an unrhymed five-line verse of lyrical or philosophical content, distinguished by special grace and conciseness. Heading: Types and genres of literature + Structure of a poetic work Genus: Solid forms Other ... ... Terminological dictionary-thesaurus on literary criticism
There is no rhyme in Japanese poetry, but there is a special rhythm that rhymes syllables. Here much attention is paid to the organization of the poem in sound and rhythmic terms.
Haiku
Haiku or haiku is the most famous Japanese genre of poetry. There are only three lines in it, in which there are only 17 syllables, composed according to a special scheme: 7 + 5 + 7. Haiku is considered a special Japanese genre of poetry, as few people possess it. It is a gift to write about many things. A small number of words.The first stanza (Hokku) was most often outstanding and the best of the entire rank. Over time, entire collections with such works began to appear. But the three-verse was firmly established, somewhere in the second half of the 17th century. Hokku has a steady meter. But this does not mean at all that the poet could not be free. For example, the author Matsuo Basho (1644-1694) sometimes left this rule aside, trying to achieve the greatest poetic grandeur and perfection.
Tanka
Tanka is an ancient genre that has long delighted fans of Japanese poetry. To be as precise as possible, this is a song. For the first time there is mention of Tanka as early as the eighth century. These are five lines, which usually consist of 31 syllables. The tanka is distinguished by some kind of understatement, the author's subtle and fleeting mood, is poetically elegant, and causes a storm of emotions.The tanka is a five-line, which, with the movement of time, began to be divided into a three-line and an additional two lines. It happened that one poet composed the first 3 lines, and the other, the rest of the work. But four centuries later, a new direction of poetry appeared, which took the name "Ranga". It arose from the tank, only in it, the stanzas continue to be repeated. Renga does not have a unity of theme, but most often it talks about nature, indicating the season.
Japanese poet Matsuo Basho
Matsuo Basho is not just a poet and haiku master, but also a person who created an entire aesthetic school of Japanese poetics of that time. Matsuo Munefusa is the real name of the author, who was born in a beautiful and resonant place called Ueno. It is a castle town in the small province of Iga. His father was a poor samurai. But the author's relatives were educated people, which made it possible to recognize classical Chinese writers. His older brother and father gave him calligraphy lessons. Well, the author himself was friends with the prince's son, who could not imagine life without poetry. This served initial stage his creativity. Very soon, Basho decided to try himself in this genre. After his comrade died, he left and took the tonsure, thereby freeing himself from the service of the feudal lord. But he never became a monk.He was trained at the best craftsmen that time. Later, when fame came to him, he himself became a teacher for many aspiring poets.
Tanka, is essentially a short song, a trendsetter of the Japanese poetic genre. According to the tradition, tanka came from folk ritual and calendar poetry. Tanka displaced long verses called nagauta. The most common theme in medieval Japanese poetry was the seasons. The tank also reflected all 4 seasons. Often, the economic affairs of people were closely connected with the seasons. Hence another topic - everyday life and simple life of people. A feature of the tank was the fleeting mood, they are full of innuendo and verbal play. One should read tanka with a melody in one's voice, slowly and with feeling.
tank structure
The structure of the tank is simple. It is divided into two stanzas: three lines and two lines. The tank has no rhymes, but this does not prevent it from being melodious and lyrical. It is very interesting that the tank has its own unchanging pattern: the first three-line is some kind of image, most often natural, and the couplet reveals it, a person’s feeling of this image, attitude towards it, thoughts, feelings towards this image. Often it turned out that one poet wrote the beginning of the tank, and the continuation was already written by another person. Gradually, verses took shape, which received the name renga, which denoted the stringing of stanzas and the formation of chains of verses.
For example, tanka Fujiwara no Sadaie
The sky was snowing
Weary on the road
Wild geese.
And now they fly away ... On the wings
Spring rain is falling.
Sarumaru-dayu
Deep in the mountains
Tramples a red maple leaf
moaning deer
I hear his cry ... in me
All autumn sadness.
Ishikawa Takuboku
On the north coast
Where is the wind, breathing the surf,
Flying over mountains
Are you blooming like you used to be
Rosehip, this year?
About haiku
Haiku, or a haiku probably the most popular genre of Japanese poetry worldwide. This genre originated in the 14th century. But haiku moved into an independent genre only in the 16th century. In general, haiku originally meant the first stanza of a renga, or the first stanza of a tank. The term haiku is copyright, it was proposed by a Japanese master, poet and critic Masaoka Shiki only in the 19th century. The role of haiku cannot be overestimated, because haiku was aimed at democratizing Japanese poetry. Haiku at that time was a new trend in poetry, but even then it freed everything from canons and rules. It was a real revolution in the field of posture. The haiku school attracted educated people from among the intelligentsia into its ranks, and there was a kind of "descent" of poetry into the masses.
By the way
Haiku grew from the mere entertainment of peasants into court versification. At the court of every Chinese and Japanese emperor there was a poet who composed haiku. Often such poets came from simple families, but their skill in writing haiku was at its best and the emperor granted them wealth and titles.
The main themes of haiku were court intrigues, nature, love and passion.
haiku structure
If we compare haiku with a tanka, then tanka reveals the essence more, but there is more emotionality in haiku: all the shades and colors of feelings, emotions, thoughts and experiences. Haiku grew out of a tank. Haiku is a lyric poem. The main themes of haiku, like tanka, are the themes of nature, the harmony of man with nature, the image of human life against the backdrop of the cycle of the seasons.
Hokku has a steady meter and a peculiar lyricism. The skill of the poet is expressed in the ability to say a lot in three lines.
Haiku consists of 17 syllables arranged in a specific order. The usual scheme: 5-7-5. Haiku is a three-verse, therefore it is written, according to the rules, in three lines. These limitations make haiku writing difficult.
The task of every haiku master is to infect the reader with the same mood, reflection or feelings from the impression. If he succeeds, then it is - highest award for the poet.
In order to convey an accurate picture, it is not necessary to paint it on several pages, just a few words, or rather 17 syllables, are enough. In haiku, as in tanka, every word is very weighty, you need to be careful about the choice of words, up to prepositions and conjunctions. Tradition, careful attitude to the past made haiku a genuine work of art in Japan, as, for example, the art of calligraphy.
haiku masters
Notable compilers of haiku were Japanese poets. The most famous poet was, and still is, Matsuo Basho.
Matsuo Basho
Old pond!
The frog jumped.
Water splash.
This poem is not only flawless in terms of form, but also has a deep meaning: it gives the quintessence of the beauty of nature, tranquility and harmony of the soul of the poet and the world around him.
Also among the famous poets are Issa Kobayashi, Buson Yosa, Kyoshi Takahama and others.
Kobayashi Issa
So the pheasant screams
It's like he discovered it.
First star.
Today is like yesterday...
Above the wretched hut
The fog rolls in.
I lay down in the shade
My rice pushes for me
Mountain stream.
Modern haiku and tanka
The art of haiku and tanka continues to live today. There are websites and forums of contemporary authors, where everyone can try their hand at the art of compiling these forms of poetry.
Nina Gorlanova (Perm)
With a red fan
Dancing girl -
My geranium has bloomed.
Vladimir Gertsik (Moscow)
white flash-
The last butterfly
in flying leaves.
Ivan Krotov ( Krasnodar region)
The cat is dead
And the cats go on
Walk to our door.
Hokku and tanka have similarities and differences, but the most important thing is that both of these genres are the national heritage of Japanese culture.
Tanka, or mijikauta is Japanese medieval genre of landscape, love and philosophical lyrics; non-rhyming 31-syllable penta-line based on the principle of alternating 5-complex and 7-complex lines according to the scheme of 5–7–5–7–7 syllables.
The structure and example of a tank
According to the rhythmic structure of the tanka, it is an ancient stanza, which consists of five verses, has no meter and rhyme. The poetic unit is the syllable. The first, third verses contain 5 syllables each, the second, fourth, fifth - seven-syllable, in general, there are 31 syllables in the tank.
Despite the brevity of the form, tanka verses are distinguished by poetic elegance and deep meaning, and the main idea is concentrated in the first three lines, and the conclusion in the last two.
Tank example:
You winds of the sky
passage between the clouds
quickly close
so that young creatures
stay with us!
(Henjo, IX century)
The connection of tanka with the waka genre
According to the principle of constructing a tanka, the tyoka verse (Japanese “long song”), or nagauta, is organized, which differs from the lyrical five-line poem by an unlimited size (up to 50 verses or more).
Tanka, like nagauta, is a variation of the Japanese medieval waka poetic genre, which was cultivated among the feudal aristocracy.
Origin and rise of the genre
Tanka originated in Japanese poetry of the early Middle Ages (VIII century) and flourished in the 9th-10th centuries, becoming the traditional poetic form of Japanese aristocratic literature along with nagauta and sedoka.
Classical examples of the genre are presented in medieval anthologies of Japanese lyric poetry, which were published by decrees of the emperors. Tanka verses are rich in the work of the “six immortal” poets of Japan (9th century): Arivara no Narihira, Ono no Komachi, Henjo, Funya no Yasuhide, Kisen-hoshi, Otomo Kuronushi.
Anthology "Manyoshu"
The first and most recognized anthology of Japanese poetry is the Manyoshu (Collection of Myriad Leaves), dating from around 759. Of the 4,516 works of the poetry collection, 4,207 are short tanka songs, whose authors included Yamabe no Akahito, Kakinomoto no Hitomaro , Otomo no Tabito, Yamanoue no Okura, Takahashi Mushimaro, Otomo no Yakamochi.
Manyoshu is the golden age of Japanese poetry. Direct presentation, simplicity and emotional richness - characteristics anthology works.
Anthology "Kokinshu"
Tanka poetry received its most complete, complete expression in the imperial anthology Kokinshu, or Kokinwakashu (Collection of Old and New Songs of Japan, 922). This collection consists of 1111 waka lyric poems grouped by subject.
Kokinshu is considered the epitome of the Silver Age of Japanese poetry, a symbol of the revival of poetic art during the Heian period (794-1185).
The meaning of the tank in modern poetry
Through many modifications, poetic form tanka has been preserved and prevails in the Japanese national poetry of modern times and modernity (Masaoka Shiki, Ishikawa Takuboku, Yosano Tekkan, Ashida Takako, and others).
A tanka poet is called a kajin.
The word tanka is borrowed from Japanese and in translation means a short song.
