5 archaisms and their meaning. Obsolete words: historicisms and archaisms

The Russian language is a kind of living organism, constantly changing and acquiring new forms. It sounded differently in different historical epochs, and the lexicon that has survived to this day has changed a lot. The texts of the Old Russian Chronicles, for example, today the usual the layman cannot understand. words change, although not so noticeably. New concepts constantly penetrate into the language from abroad, thanks to the discoveries of science and technology, thereby enriching it. Some concepts become unnecessary and are lost, others live for a very long time.

Active vocabulary - vocabulary, used in Everyday life. Passive vocabulary - words that leave us and are forgotten. Passive vocabulary includes:, historicism. Neologisms are new concepts, terms and concepts related to active vocabulary.

Historicisms and archaisms are important means of artistic expression.

In contact with

Archaisms

Archaisms there are:

1. Lexical - the most large group. Examples: lie - you can, very green, forehead - forehead, finger - finger.
2. Derivatives - a separately obsolete word-building element, usually a suffix. Examples: restaurant, promotion, Asians, coffee.
3. Phonetic - somewhat modified in sound. Examples: licorice, vorog, gishpansky, tie, string, number.
4. Semantic - lost their original meaning. Examples: shame - this word used to mean "spectacle"; a dream is a thought.
5. Grammatical - changed the gender. Piano, swan - were feminine.

historicisms

Historicisms are words that denote disappeared:

• clothes and footwear (zipun, armyak, cherevichi);
• household items (svetets - a stand for a torch);
• weapons (squeaker, axe);
• administrative units (county, parish);
• persons and positions (sergeant, policeman);
• military ranks (centurion, warrior, cuirassier);
• units of measurement (altyn, grosz);
• historical phenomena (rent, corvée).

It should be noted the social terminology of the Soviet era, which very quickly fell into disuse (Budyonovka, Revolutionary Committee). In Ushakov's dictionary they marked with a double mark new, historical.

What is the difference between concepts

Archaisms are objects or concepts that exist in our life, therefore are easily replaced by synonyms. For example: in Pushkin: "Noise, noise, obedient sail (sail)."

Historicisms are words denoting something that no longer exists. Therefore, they have no synonyms. For example: policeman - the lower rank of the police of tsarist Russia. Policemen in Moscow wore black uniforms, in other cities - green.

A metal plaque with a personal number and a coat of arms (provincial or city) was attached to the headdress. From Chekhov we read: “Ochumelov, the guard, is walking across the square, followed by a red-haired policeman with a sieve filled to the top with confiscated gooseberries.”

Important! Archaisms, unlike historicisms, have synonyms in the modern language.

Words and their meanings fall out of use for various reasons. Sometimes they return to circulation after a long time, changing its original value. After the revolution they returned: a soldier, a lieutenant, etc. In the fifties - a minister, a ministry. To collect information, scientists create dictionaries of obsolete words, in particular, an explanatory dictionary.

Archaisms differ from historicisms in that they can highlight the degree of obsolescence:

1. Words that have disappeared from the language and are not found even in derivative words. For example: which is a quarrel, blue - February, cancer - a grave.
2. They are not used on their own, but are present in the root. These are: rug - a mockery, beef - cattle, thin - skillful.
3. Preserved only in Stake - a small plot of land (neither a stake, nor ...), a falcon - a tool for destroying walls (a goal, like ...), zga - a path (no zgi is visible).

These concepts fell out of general use and are not used. They tell us about the distant times of the development of the language, about what has long passed.

So, let's conclude: words go out of frequent use, pass into passive, and even disappear altogether. If they were replaced by more comfortable ones in sound and retained their meaning, these are archaisms. If expressions are no longer needed, if the concepts themselves have disappeared, these are historicisms. Archaisms differ from historicisms in meaning.

The role of forgotten concepts in literature

Expressions recreate the color of the historical period in the narratives of military subjects.

Forgotten words tell us about the past, help the reader feel the spirit of the times. In the literature, you can come across an outdated vocabulary of two layers. Pushkin in " Captain's daughter”, in order to create a flavor of antiquity, deliberately introduces forgotten words from the 18th century into the text: corporal, soul jacket.

While writing the story, at the beginning of the next century, the author uses the usual, in that historical period, vocabulary: coachman, second. By now they are outdated.

They create solemnity of style in poetry.

Obsolete words (usually archaisms) give speech high poetic sound. In Blok’s verses we read: “youth is insane”, in Yesenin we notice: “with a light wave of a finger”, “I want to be a youth”.

They successfully implement the ideological ideas of the author, create rhythm and good rhyme in poetry. Lermontov liked to poetize the past. His “Song about the Merchant Kalashnikov” is a one-of-a-kind stylization of folklore of a large epic form. In order to bring the reader as close as possible, to describe the events of ancient times, the author used a large number of historicisms: guardsman, place of execution, cup, fathom.

Emphasize comic and satirical moments

The master of mockery Saltykov-Shchedrin skillfully used archaisms to create ironic situations and ridicule human vices. Choosing highly solemn terms and including them in a commonly used context, the author achieved a humorous effect (“The History of a City”).

Examples of words and expressions are often found in historical novels and fiction.

Cultural value of ancient vocabulary

The use of archaisms and historicisms expands the view about Russian culture and history. Education forms a full-fledged person, a versatile person who gets to know the world through languages.

A broad-minded person, spiritually and morally strong, aesthetically educated, respects and loves the true values ​​presented in literature. The great, mighty Russian language reflects a truly human attitude to the world.

Knowledge based on local history subjects of native speakers will be useful to foreign students studying Russian.

What is the difference between historicism and archaism?

Obsolete words - archaisms

You can't stop time, no matter how hard you try. It remains only once again to unwind, like an old film, your own memories and sob now and then from overwhelming feelings. Time is running, running. You won't catch up...

Yes, a person does not catch up with time. But human language is quite competitive in this race. In the tact of time, words and ways of constructing sentences change. Sometimes it happens so quickly that parents do not immediately realize that it is their own children who are telling them. And having overheard them, children, talking with peers, they leave completely puzzled. And they shake their heads: no, we were not like that.

Were or were not - an occasion for a separate conversation. Let us now turn to the changes in language that occur as time passes.

Language chases life

Language reflects life, and therefore it changes when reality changes, for which language is needed to describe. Many objects and concepts disappear, and the words that these concepts or objects denoted are no longer actively used. Similar words that have lost their relevance are called historicisms. They are needed only in historical stories about times long past.

During my childhood, filmstrips were popular and favorite entertainment. I still remember a filmstrip made based on a poem by Yuri Yakovlev, which was called "Old Words". This is about them, about historicisms, “which have lost their meaning in forty years”, since the concepts described by these old words (for example, “horse”, “lamplighter”) were canceled by the October Revolution. It was supposed to be forever.

We don't have capitalists
And we say again:
The day will come when the whole world
Forget this word.

As it turned out, the optimism was premature. The word, which, it seems, has sunk into oblivion and turned into historicism, is alive today and very much in high esteem. Just like the word "unemployed"

We meet often now
We are the word "unemployed",
What does it mean: kicked out the door,
And you are now free.

Yes, the historical path is tortuous! You can't always guess which word will become historicism. Today such is the Soviet word "collective farm". Ask the children what a collective farm is? Who is the collective farm for? Why a collective farm? Mr. Twister's daughter dreamed of "running to the collective farm for raspberries" - that's how it is.

Language changes on its own

Historicisms are the result of changing the language in time with the changing life. And there is more archaisms. If translated from ancient Greek, then this is exactly what happens: “old words”. Or rather, outdated.

This is where the laws of language come into play. Some words that used to be used often, for some reason, began to fade into the background. They were replaced by other words, synonyms. New words have become more familiar and modern, and the old ones seem to have fallen into a chest. For a long and good memory.

When aircraft heavier than air appeared (and this happened at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century), they were called the scientific foreign word "aeroplanes". But in 1914, when the First World War, patriotism leapt up in many Russians. Down with foreigners!

Here from the pages of Russian fairy tales flew in a carpet Russian word"airplane" . Arrived, and quite successfully replaced the "airplane". Now for us “airplane” is a common word, but “airplane” is always an old flying bookcase, archaism in a word.

By the way, one of the patriotic renamings of 1914 was the renaming of the capital Russian Empire from Saint Petersburg to Petrograd. By the way, the Petersburg side of the city, the one opposite the Winter Palace, became the Petrograd side. And, say, if in 1917 any resident of the city on the Neva said "Petersburg", one could be sure that by doing so he sadly recalls the pre-war times. And in Soviet time many Leningraders quite consciously used this anachronism. I don't want to live in your "cradle of three revolutions"! Let me into my favorite capital of the empire! Many proudly called themselves native Petersburgers. Although, to be honest, how many of those native Petersburgers remained after the revolution, the "Kirov" landings and the Leningrad blockade ?! But all the same, archaism did not go far into the past, that very taste, that very Petersburg, was too sweet for the Leningrad heart.

In 1991, the former imperial name was returned to Leningrad. And “Leningrad” has already become an anachronism, where the same daughter of Mr. Twister once wanted to go.

gray waters,
many columns,
Smoke factories
The sky is dark.

However, the struggle goes on with varying success. Many St. Petersburgers sometimes call themselves Leningraders, recalling tragic and difficult times. But most importantly, the times in which they were young. And in general - remember the famous vocal group "Leningrad", whose name now is the most typical archaism.

Would you please, sirs and madams, taste the fruits of the knowledge of your native language? Such a statement of words in a sentence is unusual, attracts attention with its originality, isn't it? But in the past, such a statement was commonplace and did not surprise anyone. In this article we will talk about lexical units that have lost their relevance.

The concept of archaism

The Russian language has an "outdated stock" of words - veterans who have served their and out of use are archaisms. But they did not disappear, but became a passive language reserve. You can use such words if you understand their meaning.

Something new always appears in place of the old, and so it is in this case. Lexical elements that have gone out of use have been replaced by new synonymous words (equivalents) that have the same meaning.

Examples of archaisms should be given to make the conversation more substantive: cheeks(cheeks), vyya(neck), hand(palm), listen to(listen). We see that some of them without explanation would not be clear on their own. There are understandable archaisms, their meaning is more open and lies in the associative connection with modern languages, for example, eyes(eyes), hope(hope), etc.

Dictionaries

Not only the word can be considered archaic. AT explanatory dictionaries Several definitions are given for this phenomenon. In Ushakov's dictionary, this is a word or concept that has fallen into disuse. The dictionary of linguistic terms speaks of the archaic, which has acquired a new meaning, modern. The dictionary of antonyms of the Russian language calls neologisms obsolete turns - archaisms. Ozhegov also talks about the "relic of the past" and the obsolescence of a word or lexical form.

Types of archaisms

There is a division of archaisms into the following types:

• lexical;
• grammatical;
• lexical - word-building;
• lexico-semantic;
• lexico-phonetic.

Lexical consider those that have an obsolete root ( in vain- in vain). They are completely outdated and are no longer found in modern speech (only in literature): so that, hope, shit, spell.

Grammar can be attributed to the most ancient. These are words that were previously used in the vocative case (the seventh case of the Russian language, abolished): father, virgin, human! This also includes forms of speech that were formed differently. Example: at the Ball(at the ball).

word-building archaisms are distinguished by the fact that they contain parts of the word: suffixes, prefixes, endings, which are involved in the creation of a new form of the word. Examples: coffee- coffee, promotion- assistance.

In lexico-semantic the old meanings of words have disappeared ( the guest- overseas merchant thief- traitor stomach- life, sail- sail), new ones came in return. “Not sparing their belly” - so they swore in faithful service to the tsar and the Fatherland. The word "people" has now lost some of its old meanings (maids in the house, workers).

Religious texts almost entirely composed of semantic archaisms. They are hard to hear. Moreover, many obsolete words originally have a different meaning than in our time. Enemy- devil (devil), sly- the same: devil or demon, charm - temptation (demonic charm), etc.

Lexico-phonetic have undergone substitutions of letters within the word: numbers- numbers, tokmo- only, mirror- mirror, project- project, cord- lace. This also includes words in which they change the sound "e" to "e" when pronouncing: confused, upo enny, distant, kneeling (kneeling). Phonetic archaisms are very fond of poets, since in them (archaisms) there is a certain musicality, a rhythmic pattern.

World of Art

The world of art, and in particular, literature, is largely archaic. This is especially true of poetry and Russian classics. historical works also well convey the linguistic atmosphere of the past. You can imagine how people spoke, how sublime, pathos and somewhat ornate language was. But it sounded very nice!

Archaisms were used by writers and poets, to give meaning to the text, embedded in the work itself, to convey the character of the characters. A.P. Chekhov used them for a special comic shade, characteristic of many of his works. M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin used archaisms in satirical works. There are many classic examples.

A. S. Pushkin, V. A. Zhukovsky and other poets of the late 18th - early 19th centuries used words - archaisms to embody rhythmic meter. Especially for poetic works, abbreviated (obsolete, non-vowel) forms of some words are “convenient” - shore, hail, gold etc.

Archaisms were also used earlier and used now to give poetry sublimity and festivities. This is how odes, epigrams, poems, sonnets were written (and are being written).

historicisms

A variety of archaisms is a group of words and lexical constructions of a language denoting those objects or phenomena that do not exist or are no longer used, are out of use. This happens in the process of development of human society and language transformations, these phenomena exist historically in parallel.

Here are examples of historicisms:

• clothes: zipun, shushun, kokoshnik, caftan, onuchi etc.;
• titles: boyar, prince, king;
• positions: constable, mayor, mayor, canteen, clerk, solicitor, etc..;
• weapon: mortar, squeaker, mace, whip;
• territories: volost, districts, county, okolotok.

The use of archaisms in the speech of our contemporaries is a frequent occurrence. Many for the "red word" strive to screw into the story something like: "for", "sir", "much grateful." Speech from such a reception becomes more colorful and emotional, encourages the listener to communicate.

archaism can also often be found, the meaning of the word is not necessary to know, it sometimes becomes clear from the context of the phrase. For example: "I'm spinning like bee". The word "aki" means "as".

The Russian language is colorful and multifaceted. The word-formation process goes on tirelessly in it, while the old is not forgotten.

Kulakov V.S. 1

Konstantinova M.V. one Boeva ​​E.A. 1

1 Municipal budgetary educational institution secondary school 5 Odintsovo

The text of the work is placed without images and formulas.
Full version work is available in the "Files of work" tab in PDF format

INTRODUCTION

“The greatest wealth of a people is its language! For thousands of years, countless treasures of human thought and experience have accumulated and live forever in the word.

Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

All "living" languages ​​are constantly evolving, improving and changing. They have their past, present and future. At the same time, the language invariably fulfills its essential- serves as a means of communication. Since the language is constantly changing, many words disappear from use and new words appear. In my work, I would like to study these changes in detail.

The role of language in society as a means of communication is incredibly great. Therefore, this topic is always relevant.

In this research work, such phenomena of the Russian language as archaisms, historicisms and neologisms are considered.

Purpose of the study: the study of concepts - archaisms, historicisms and neologisms, as well as the reasons for the disappearance and appearance of words.

To achieve the goal, the following tasks:

Analyze the development of words in the Russian language;

To study the concept - archaisms;

To study the concept - historicism;

To study the concept - neologisms.

Research methods: reading, processing and analysis of relevant literature.

Practical significance: in-depth study of this issue, which goes beyond the scope of the school curriculum.

In doing this work, the material was studied by me quite deeply.

With this work, I would like to draw attention to the degree of importance of obsolete words as the cultural and historical heritage of our people, as well as the problem of perception and the need for new words.

CHAPTER 1. LANGUAGE AS A DEVELOPING PHENOMENON

“There are two kinds of nonsense: one comes from a lack of feelings and thoughts, replaced by words; the other - from the fullness of feelings and thoughts and the lack of words to express them "

Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin

Despite the presence of certain norms and traditions, any language is gradually changing. These changes happen all the time, but they are not very noticeable during the life of one generation.

Let's consider two main systems of the Russian language: syntax and vocabulary.

« Syntax of the Russian language- a part of the grammar of the Russian language, indicating the rules for connecting words in a phrase and sentence "1.

« Vocabulary- the vocabulary of the language or works of some writer" 2 .

The syntactic structure of the language is more stable and does not undergo any significant changes. But the lexical composition, on the contrary, reacts very quickly to everything new that appears in social life, science, technology, art and everyday life. Therefore, it is the most variable.

Today, the Russian language as a developing phenomenon is rarely considered. We are used to it and use words automatically, sometimes without even thinking about the meaning and historical significance of these words. And this is absolutely normal, since we are native speakers of the Russian language. We also calmly react to the appearance of completely new words in colloquial speech. But precisely for this reason, we need to be interested in the history of our language and its specifics.

Over the centuries, our language has changed. Old words disappeared or changed, new ones appeared.

Therefore, our developing Russian language is a completely unique cultural heritage.

1,2 - Wikipedia - the free encyclopedia [Electronic resource]. - http://wikipedia.org- (accessed 20.04.2018).

CHAPTER 2. ARCHAISMS

« Archaisms- these are obsolete words that, in the process of language development, were replaced by more modern synonyms.

Despite this, some archaisms are still used. For example, they are used in poetry.

The reason for replacing obsolete words with more modern ones is the continuous development of the language.

Now no one says "know". This word has been changed to "know". But on the other hand, such derivative words as “ignorance”, “unknown”, “guided”, “witch” have been preserved.

The word "velmi" was replaced by "very", "very".

No one speaks such words as “nowadays”, “hand”, “right hand”, “cheeks”, “blankness”, “finger”, “trust”, “brow”, etc. any more. And some may not even know the meaning of these words.

I would like to focus on one word "canopy". Everything seems very simple, everyone knows its meaning. "Seni" is the entrance part of the house, the hallway, the terrace. And what is so interesting about this word?

Let us recall the well-known lines from the work of A. S. Pushkin:

"The grass is green, the sun is shining,

A swallow with spring in the canopy flies to us ... " 4

I wonder if anyone wondered why the swallow flies into our hallway. What exactly is she supposed to do there? You might think that this is a figurative expression, because we are talking about poetry. In other words, spring comes to our house. But let's take other lines of A. S. Pushkin:

“... and the canopy expanded thick

Huge, neglected garden,

Orphanage of pensive dryads…” 5

3 - Sudanov G. G. Russian language on the fingers. - Moscow: AST Publishing House, 2017. - 288 p.

4.5 - Pushkin A. S. Poems. Fairy tales. Poems. - Moscow: Eskimo Publishing House, 2017. 544 p.

Or, for example, these lines:

“In their vestibule of the wind there is noise and fresh breath,

And the heavens are covered with mist and wavy ... " 6

Can a garden have an entrance hall where the wind blows? Of course not.

From this we can conclude: in the old days, “canopy” was called the crowns of trees, which, as it were, could shelter a person.

Lines from another work of A. S. Pushkin confirm this.

"For the last time, in the shadow of solitude,

Our foam listens to my verses " 7

It is very important to know the true meaning of archaisms and pass this knowledge on to other generations!

6.7 - Pushkin A. S. Poems. Fairy tales. Poems. - Moscow: Eskimo Publishing House, 2017. - 544 p.

CHAPTER 3. HISTORICISMS

« historicisms- words and expressions that have gone out of active use due to the fact that the concepts they denote have disappeared or become irrelevant” 8 .

These words differ from archaisms in that they are completely out of use and do not have synonyms.

Historicisms are divided into various groups.

Table 1. Groups of historicisms.

I would like to say a little about such a group of words as necrotism.

Necroticisms- words that are currently completely unknown to native speakers.

Examples of necrotisms:

- "strong" - paternal uncle;

- "rug" - mockery, scold;

- "zga" - the road;

- "prat" - to erase;

- "odr" - bed, pastel.

Now these are words unknown to us. But once they were completely natural and were actively used in everyday speech. It is possible that historicisms will eventually move from one category to another and become necroticisms.

8 - Encyclopedia of the Russian language - [Electronic resource]. - http://russkiyyazik.ru - (accessed 20.04.2018).

CHAPTER 4. NEOLOGISMS

"Neologisms are words, meanings of words or phrases that have recently appeared in the language. This is all newly formed, previously absent” 9 .

Neologisms have always appeared throughout the history of language development. Each historical period had its own neologisms.

Once upon a time, words familiar to us such as “thermometer”, “horizon”, “atmosphere”, “acid”, “industry” and others were neologisms. They arose due to the development of science. In the literature, such words as "shuffle", "touching", "entertaining", "stupidity" and others appeared.

In Saltykov-Shchedrin's story "The History of a City" the writer comes up with many different new words. Here are lines from his work:

“There was, he says, in ancient times a people called bunglers, and they lived far to the north, where Greek and Roman historians and geographers assumed the existence of the Hyperborean Sea. These people were nicknamed bunglers because they had the habit of "pulling" their heads on everything that they met on the way. The wall will fall - they sting against the wall. Many independent tribes lived in the neighborhood of the bunglers, but only the most remarkable of them were named by the chronicler, namely: walrus-eaters, onion-eaters, thick-eaters, cranberries, kurales, swirling beans, frogs, lapotniks, black-skyed, dolbezhniks, broken heads, blind beards, lip-slaps, lop-eared, kosobryukhi, vendace, corners, kroshevniks and rukosu. ten

Many of these "new" words are derived from two other words and represent Difficult words with two roots.

Neologisms are divided according to the source of appearance and purpose.

According to the source of occurrence, neologisms are of two types:

General language (newly formed or newly borrowed);

9 - Sudanov G. G. Russian language on the fingers. - Moscow: AST Publishing House, 2017. - 288 p.

10 - Saltykov-Shchedrin M.E. The history of one city. - St. Petersburg: Azbuka Publishing House, 2017. - 352 p.

Neologisms are used for their intended purpose:

To designate objects that did not exist before, phenomena. concepts;

For a more concise or expressive notation;

To achieve artistic and poetic effect;

As names for newly created items.

There is such a thing as derivation. Derivation in Russian, this is the formation of new words with the help of words already existing in the language. This is one of the ways to create neologisms. Another way is to borrow words from other languages. For example, the word "marmalade" is borrowed from French marmalade. In turn, this word was borrowed by the French from the Italian word marmelada or marmelo - quince.

There are thousands of borrowed words in Russian.

Once upon a time, words such as "minus", "refraction", "balance", "diameter", "square", "department" and others were neologisms, but now they are ordinary everyday words.

I would like to say a few words about the neologisms of the present tense. These are words such as “google”, “fake”, “freak”, “freelancer”, “coach”, “outsourcing”, “copywriter” and others.

Let us briefly analyze the meaning of these words, although I think they are widely known to our people, especially young people.

"Google" - search for information on the Internet using the appropriate search engine. Now the expression "ok Google" is known to almost everyone, and even to the generation that does not really use the Internet.

"Fake" is a fake.

"Freak" - a person whose appearance and behavior does not correspond to social norms. It is also used as a curse word.

Freelancer is a freelance worker. A person who does not depend on the schedule and can devote a lot of time to his personal interests. Like this interesting job appeared in the modern world.

"Coach" - coach, business coach, coach-psychologist.

"Outsourcing" is the transfer by one company of part of its work to another company.

"Copywriter" - a specialist engaged in writing advertising texts.

In fact, there are a lot of such words. This is just a small part.

Moreover, there are some features of the appearance of neologisms. Most of them occur during special periods. For example, with technological progress or a change in society. When there are revolutions, wars and so on.

In Russian, as in other languages, thousands of neologisms appear every year. After all, life is constantly changing and human needs too. Most of the neologisms do not take root in the language and disappear. But some are fixed and become an integral part of the language. Over time, they cease to be neologisms and become the words of the main stock of the Russian language.

For example, in the youth of my grandparents, mom and dad, their vocabulary was replenished with such words as “VCR”, “player”, “satellite”, “jeans”, “sneakers”, “hippies”, “flares”, “communal apartment » and the like. And it seems like it was quite recently. But these words have already ceased to be neologisms.

Now there are words in the language that my grandparents no longer understand. But for me, they are completely natural. These are words such as "hipster", "clave", "headliner", "flashmob", "device" and others.

Moreover, I noticed that for the older generation, these innovations cause some distrust and are not pleasant to the ear. I think this is due to the fact that our grandparents, mothers and fathers simply do not find practical application these words in your daily life. And for future generations, they will cease to be neologisms. And there will be other new words that will already alarm me.

CONCLUSION

In this work, I studied in detail such concepts as archaisms, historicisms and neologisms of the Russian language.

Particular attention was paid to the development of the Russian language, its change and the factors causing it.

I have made the following conclusions:

The language is constantly changing;

Changes in the language are directly dependent on changes in the life of society;

Many words completely disappear from Russian speech;

New words sometimes cause disapproval among older generations;

Language is a huge pantry of human thought. It connects times and generations.

Our Russian language “lives”, constantly changes and develops with us. It is necessary to carefully study these changes and observe the development in order to preserve this most valuable cultural heritage.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Wikipedia - free encyclopedia [Electronic resource]. - http://wikipedia.org - (accessed 20.04.2018).

Pushkin A.S. Poems. Fairy tales. Poems. - Moscow: Eskimo Publishing House, 2017. - 544

Saltykov-Shchedrin M.E. The history of one city. - St. Petersburg: Azbuka Publishing House, 2017. - 352 p.

Sudanov G. G. Russian language on the fingers. - Moscow: AST Publishing House, 2017. - 288 p.