Punctuation marks in sentences with isolated clause members. Punctuation marks for isolated members of a sentence (generalization) Isolation: a general concept

reference Information

Isolation is a way of semantic highlighting or clarification. In written language, inconsistencies are separated by commas. Only minor members of the sentence are isolated.

Agreed standalone definition

Participial phrase after the word being defined	Child,| fell asleep in my arms|, suddenly woke up.
Participial phrase both before and after the word being defined, if it is a pronoun	Upset about her son, she I couldn’t pull myself together.
Participial phrase before the word being defined, if it has an additional adverbial meaning	Shocked by the news, mother slowly sank down onto the chair. (why? for what reason?)
Two or more agreed definitions appearing after the word being defined	Child,full and satisfied, fell asleep in my arms.
Agreed definition, possibly single, if the word being defined is a pronoun	1).He,well-fed, quickly fell asleep. 2). Well-fed, He fell asleep quickly.

• Inconsistent separate definition

  Isolated circumstance

  Standalone application

  Application is a special type of definition expressed by a noun in the same number and case as the noun or pronoun that it defines: jumping dragonfly, beauty maiden.

  Both single and common application, if the word being defined is a pronoun	He, excellent doctor, helped me a lot.
  A common application if it comes after the qualified word expressed by a noun	My brother, excellent doctor treats all our relatives.
  If the application is “detached” from the word being defined	The door opened son our neighbors five year old baby.
  Single non-extended definition, if the word being defined is a noun with explanatory words	He saw own son, baby, and smiled.
  Any application, if it comes after the word being defined - a proper name	bear, neighbor's son desperate tomboy.
  Isolation expressed by proper names, if they serve to clarify or explain	And he started a fire son neighbor, bear, a desperate tomboy.
  Application, if it comes before the word being defined - a proper name, if it expresses an additional adverbial meaning	Architect from God, Gaudi could not build an ordinary cathedral. (why? for what reason?)

• Separate addition

  Objects expressed by nouns with prepositions are distinguished: except, besides, over, except for, including, excluding, instead of, along with. They contain inclusion, exclusion or substitution values. For example:

  No one except Ivan knew the answer to the teacher's question.

To help schoolchildren: isolated definitions

Segregation: a general concept

In Russian, a sentence consists of main and secondary members. The subject and predicate are the basis of any statement, however, without circumstances, additions and definitions, it does not so widely reveal the idea that the author wants to convey. To make the sentence more voluminous and fully convey the meaning, it combines the grammatical basis and secondary members of the sentence, which have the ability to be isolated. What does it mean? Isolation is the separation of minor members from the context by meaning and intonation, in which words acquire syntactic independence. This article will look at separate definitions.

Definition

So, first you need to remember what a simple definition is, and then start studying the separate ones. So, definitions are the secondary members of a sentence that answer the questions “Which?” and “Whose?” They indicate a sign of the subject being discussed in the statement, are distinguished by punctuation marks and depend on the grammatical basis. But isolated definitions acquire a certain syntactic independence. In writing they are distinguished by commas, and in oral speech - by intonation. Such definitions, as well as simple ones, are of two types: consistent and inconsistent. Each type has its own characteristics of isolation.

Agreed Definitions

An isolated agreed definition, just like a simple one, always depends on the noun, which is the defining word for it. Such definitions are formed by adjectives and participles. They can be single or have dependent words and stand in a sentence immediately after the noun or be separated from it by other members of the sentence. As a rule, such definitions have a semi-predicative meaning; it is especially clearly visible in the case when the sentence construction contains adverbial words that are distributive for this definition. Single definitions are also distinguished if they appear after a noun or pronoun and clearly indicate their characteristics. For example: the child, embarrassed, stood near his mother; pale, tired, he lay down on the bed. Definitions expressed by short passive participles and short adjectives are necessarily excluded. For example: then the beast appeared, shaggy and tall; our world is burning, spiritual and transparent, and it will become truly good.

Inconsistent definitions

Like simple inconsistent definitions, conditional in a sentence, they are expressed by nouns in indirect case forms. In a statement, they are almost always an additional message and are meaningfully associated with personal pronouns and proper names. The definition in this case is always isolated if it has a semi-predicative meaning and is temporary. This condition is mandatory, because proper names are sufficiently specific and do not require constant features, and the pronoun is not lexically combined with features. For example: Seryozhka, with a worn spoon in his hands, took his place by the fire; Today he, in a new jacket, looked especially good. In the case of a common noun, a characterizing meaning is required to isolate the definition. For example: In the middle of the village stood an old abandoned house with a massive tall chimney on the roof.

Which definitions are not excluded?

In some cases, even in the presence of relevant factors, the definitions are not isolated:

1. In the case when definitions are used together with words that do not have an inferior lexical meaning (Father looked angry and menacing.) In this example there is a defining word “appearance”, but the definition is not isolated.
2. Common definitions cannot be isolated when connected with the two main members of a sentence. (After mowing, the hay lay folded in bins.)
3. If the definition is expressed in a complex comparative form or has a superlative adjective. (More popular songs appeared.)
4. If the so-called attributive phrase stands after an indefinite, attributive, demonstrative or possessive pronoun and forms a single whole with it.
5. If the adjective comes after a negative pronoun, such as no one, no one, no one. (No one admitted to the exams was able to answer the additional question.)

Punctuation marks

When writing sentences with separate definitions, they should be separated by commas in the following cases:

1. If the isolated definitions are a participle or an adjective and come after the qualifying word. (The perfume given to her (which one?) had a divine aroma, reminiscent of spring freshness.) This sentence has two definitions, expressed by participial phrases. For the first turn, the defining word is perfume, and for the second, aroma.
2. If two or more definitions are used after a defining word, they are separated. (And this sun, kind, gentle, was shining right through my window.) This rule also applies in cases of using inconsistent definitions. (Father, wearing a hat and a black coat, walked quietly along the park alley.)
3. If in a sentence the definition indicates an additional circumstance (concessive, conditional or causal). (Tired by the hot day (reason), she fell on the bed exhausted.)
4. If in a statement the definition depends on the personal pronoun. (Dreaming of a vacation at sea, he continued to work.)
5. A separate definition is always separated by commas if it is separated from the defining word by other members of the sentence or stands in front of it. (And in the sky, accustomed to the rain, a raven circled senselessly.)

How to find isolated definitions in a sentence

In order to find a sentence with a separate definition, you should pay attention to punctuation marks. Then highlight the grammatical basis. By asking questions from the subject and predicate, establish connections between words and find definitions in the sentence. If these minor members are separated by commas, then this is the desired construction of the statement. Quite often, isolated definitions are expressed by participial phrases, which, as a rule, come after the defining word. Also, such definitions can be expressed by adjectives and participles with dependent words and single ones. Quite often there are isolated homogeneous definitions in a sentence. It is not difficult to identify them; in a sentence they are expressed by homogeneous participles and adjectives.

Exercises for consolidation

To better understand the topic, you need to consolidate the acquired knowledge in practice. To do this, you should complete exercises in which you need to find sentences with separate definitions, place punctuation marks in them and explain each comma. You can also take dictation and write down sentences. By performing this exercise, you will develop the ability to identify isolated definitions by ear and write them down correctly. The ability to place commas correctly will come in handy both during your studies and during entrance exams to a higher educational institution.

Separate definitions

(Sol.); (M.G.).

The night has come, moonlit, clear(T.); (M.G.); b) (M.G.); (Hump.);

(Ax.);

(N.); (T.); (Ch.); (Shol.).

(M.G.);

7. (L.T.); (T.).

(L.T.).

(Ch.).

namely, For example:  serve society.

Dedicated Applications

(S.-Sch.).

For example:

(BUT.).

namely, that is), For example: (M.G.); (Shol.).

How etc., for example: (P.); (T.); (Paust.).

If the union How (Already).

How, as a playwright.

Here it is, the explanation(L.T.).

namely, For example: memory of the past.

rough big boxes...(Already); jealousy.

Boy on the street newspaper seller shouted...





Special circumstances

(Seraph.).

(M.G.); (Paust.).

which

2.

and so on. For example: He worked tirelessly!

He walked without stopping(that is, without delay); He asked smiling(that is, with a smile); Wed: (L.); (Ax.); He spoke breathlessly

(G.); (T.).

and so on. For example: (P.); (L.); (T.); (Writing);

despite;

He silently bowed again(L.); (Cupr.); (T.); (Ch.).

Standalone Add-ons

(L.T.); (Step.); (N.-P.).

If the pretext instead of Instead of a fur coat, I put on a coat.

Punctuation marks in sentences with isolated members

Separate definitions

1. As a rule, common definitions expressed by a participle or an adjective with words dependent on them and standing after the noun being defined are isolated (separated by a comma, and in the middle of the sentence separated by commas on both sides), for example: The sun, not yet in full force, warms gently and gently(Sol.); Light clouds, still pink from the sunset, stood thoughtfully in the sky.(M.G.).

Participles and adjectives with dependent words standing after an indefinite pronoun are not isolated, since they form one whole with the preceding pronoun, for example: Something flashed, flapping its light wings; Someone who looked like a military man came in.

Determinative, demonstrative and possessive pronouns are not separated by a comma from the participial phrase that follows them, for example: All students who appeared for the exam were well prepared; You need to learn these words written on the board.

Note. Common definitions that appear in front of the defined noun are not isolated (if they do not have additional adverbial shades of meaning), for example: Daria Alexandrovna stood among the things scattered around the room(L.T.). Common definitions that appear after the defined noun are not isolated if the latter itself in a given sentence does not express the desired concept and needs a definition, for example: Marya Dmitrievna assumed a dignified and somewhat offended look(T.) (the combination “took on the form” does not make sense); We were greeted by a young and pleasant-looking man.

Common definitions are also not isolated if their meaning is connected not only with the subject, but also with the predicate, being part of the latter, for example: People walked completely wet, angry(Shol.). This usually happens with verbs of motion and state acting as a significant connective.

Definitions expressed by the complex form of the comparative or superlative degree of the adjective are not isolated, since it does not form a revolution and acts as a single member of the sentence, for example: More accurate information is needed; The information received is the most accurate.

2. Two or more single definitions appearing after the noun being defined are separated if this noun is preceded by another definition, for example: The other bank, high and mountainous, was deserted. In the absence of a previous definition, two subsequent single definitions are separated or not separated depending on the degree of their connection with the defined noun. Wed: a) The night has come, moonlit, clear(T.); People, small, black, fussily run past the monuments(M.G.); b) He began to talk about his childhood days in strong, heavy words.(M.G.); He lived a long and difficult life(Hump.); Away from the rich neighborhoods, we saw tired people with an expression of hopelessness in their eyes, with gloomy and sad faces(in the examples of the second group, nouns without definitions do not independently express the desired meaning).

3. A single definition standing after the defined noun is isolated if this definition has an additional adverbial meaning, for example: The boy, offended, blushed(that is, “being offended”). Wed: People, amazed, became like stones(M.G.). A single isolated definition carries a significant semantic load; in meaning it can be equated to a subordinate clause, and can have a clarifying meaning, for example: And a few minutes later it was raining, torrentially.

4. Common or single definitions standing immediately before the defined noun are separated if they have an additional adverbial meaning (causal, conditional, concessional, temporary), for example: Attracted by the light, the butterflies flew in and circled around the lantern.(Ax.); Always calm and reasonable, Victor was in no hurry to answer; Surprised, the girl could not say anything.

5. A definition, widespread or single, is isolated if it is separated from the defined noun by other members of the sentence (regardless of whether the definition is located before or after the word being defined), for example: Daria is in a hurry to get things done... and, full of thoughts about her husband, calls him and speaks to him(N.); Their eyes closed and, half-closed, they also smiled(T.); Kashtanka stretched, yawned and, angry, gloomy, walked around the room(Ch.); Filled with the sun, buckwheat and wheat fields lay across the river(Shol.).

6. The definition relating to the personal pronoun is isolated, regardless of the degree of prevalence and location of the definition, for example: Short, stocky, he had terrible strength in his hands...(M.G.); I, tired and worn out by the difficult journey, were given tea and put to bed; Surprised and offended, I fell silent.

Definitions for personal pronouns in exclamatory sentences like: Oh, you're stupid! Oh, I'm clueless!

7. Inconsistent definitions expressed by indirect cases of nouns (usually with prepositions) are isolated if it is necessary to emphasize the meaning they express, for example: This man, a soldier with a bag on his shoulder, stopped and came close to Dolokhov’s horse...(L.T.); She was a slender, slightly lean girl, with intelligent brown eyes on a pale, long face.(T.).

Most often, inconsistent definitions are isolated with a proper name and with a personal pronoun, for example: Ivanov, with a hat on his head, stood nearby; I'm surprised that you, with your kindness, don't feel it(L.T.).

Inconsistent definitions are isolated if they form a series of homogeneous members with preceding or subsequent separate agreed definitions, for example: My companion, thin, tall, with a hooked nose and drooping mustache, angry and hungry, walked silently next to me.

Inconsistent definitions expressed by the comparative degree of the adjective are separated if the defined noun is preceded by an agreed definition, for example: Another room, almost twice as large, was called the hall...(Ch.).

An inconsistent definition, expressed by an indefinite form of a verb, is isolated if words can be placed in front of it without compromising the meaning namely, For example: Each of them set a noble goal  serve society.

Dedicated Applications

1. A common application is distinguished, expressed by a common noun with dependent words and relating to a common noun, for example: The old woman, Trishka’s mother, died, but the old people, father and father-in-law, were still alive.(S.-Sch.).

2. A single clause is usually attached to the qualified common noun by means of a hyphen, for example: hero city, engineer-economist, scientist-philologist, Ukrainian girl, French teacher, excellent student.

A hyphen is also placed after a proper name (most often a geographical name that acts as an application), for example: Moscow River, Ilmen Lake, Elbrus Mountain, Astrakhan City(but without a hyphen when the word order is reversed: Moscow River, Lake Ilmen, Mount Elbrus, Astrakhan city).

After a person’s own name, a hyphen is placed only if the defined noun and the application are merged into one complex whole, for example: Ivan the Tsarevich, Ivan the Fool, Dumas the Son, Pieter Bruegel the Elder.

A hyphen is not used if the noun or application being defined is itself written with a hyphen, for example: female doctors, surgeons, mechanical design technician, civil engineer designer, Mother Volga River etc. The hyphen is not placed after words comrade, citizen, master, For example: Comrade Director, Citizen Prosecutor, Mr. Ambassador.

3. An application relating to a proper name is isolated if it comes after the defined noun, for example: Sergei Ivanovich, the head of the family, a tall, slender, handsome man, was a good teacher; Zhukhrai, the sailor, talked to us more than once(BUT.).

4. A person’s own name acts as a separate application if it serves to explain or clarify a common noun (you can insert the words before such an application without changing the meaning namely, that is), For example: My father, Klim Torsuev, a famous soap maker, was a man of difficult character(M.G.); The other brothers, Martyn and Prokhor, are similar to Alexey to the smallest detail.(Shol.).

5. A separate application can be joined by a union How(with an additional connotation of causality), as well as the words by name, by surname, by nickname, by birth etc., for example: Like a true Frenchman, Triquet brought a verse to Tatyana in his pocket(P.); This student, named Mikhalevich, sincerely fell in love with Lavretsky...(T.); Yermolai had a pointer dog, nicknamed Valetka(T.). In the absence of intonation of isolation, such phrases are not distinguished by commas, for example: He got himself a bear cub named Yasha(Paust.).

If the union How has the meaning “as a quality”, then the phrase attached to it is not an application and is not isolated, for example: The response received is considered as consent(Already).

The application with the conjunction is also not isolated How, characterizing an object from one side, for example: We know Lermontov more as a poet and prose writer and less as a playwright.

6. The application with a personal pronoun is always isolated, for example: Here it is, the explanation(L.T.).

7. Instead of a comma for separate applications, a dash is used if words can be inserted before the application without changing the meaning namely, For example: The only joy left for the old man is memory of the past.

A dash instead of a comma is placed before a common or single application at the end of a sentence if the independence of such an application is emphasized, for example: Brick buildings were occasionally found among them. rough big boxes...(Already); She doesn't know what this feeling is jealousy.

Applications of an explanatory nature are distinguished by a dash, for example: Boy on the street newspaper seller shouted...

A dash instead of a comma is placed to clarify if the application refers to one of the homogeneous members of the sentence, for example: B magnolias and camellias were bred in the greenhouse Japanese flowers, orchids and cyclamens.

A dash can separate similar applications from the word being defined, for example: Our greatest poet, the founder of the Russian literary language, the largest representative of national literature Pushkin rightfully occupies one of the first places in the history of cultural development of Russia.

Special circumstances

1. As a rule, the participial phrase is isolated regardless of the place it occupies in relation to the predicate verb, for example: Entering the classroom, the professor greeted the students; A match was struck, momentarily illuminating the hanging nets, hay, and old man.(Seraph.).

An adverbial phrase standing after a coordinating or subordinating conjunction or a conjunctive word is separated from it by a comma (such a participial phrase can be torn off from a conjunction and rearranged to another place in the sentence), for example: But, having fully examined his position as Varenka’s husband, he laughed...(M.G.); You could hear the water dripping from the tap, counting down the seconds with the precision of a metronome.(Paust.).

If a gerund has a conjunctive word as a dependent word which as part of a subordinate clause, then such a gerund is not separated from the subordinate clause by a comma, for example: The Rubicon was left behind, after crossing which Caesar began a war with the Senate.

2. Participial phrases that are closely related in content to the predicate and form the semantic center of the statement are not isolated, for example: He walked with a limp on his left leg; Students acquire knowledge not only by listening to lectures, but also through practical training.

Participial phrases that are idiomatic expressions are usually not distinguished: work with your sleeves rolled up, scream without taking a breath, rush with your tongue hanging out, lie staring at the ceiling, listen with your mouth open, sit with bated breath and so on. For example: He worked tirelessly!(M.G.) The exception is frozen expressions (adverbial phrases), which act as introductory words and expressions, for example: To be honest, I don’t want to deal with such trifles. Apparently, there has been a change in the disease for the better.

3. Two single gerundial participles are distinguished, acting as homogeneous circumstances, for example: She spoke, smiling and sighing.

4. A single gerund is isolated if it retains the meaning of verbality, indicating the time of the action, its reason, condition, etc. (but usually not the course of action); More often such a gerund appears before the predicate verb, less often after it, for example: Approaching, Boris asked: The boy answered after thinking; Victor turned away and smiled; He, laughing, tried to hold her; Shura, without turning around, knew what was happening there.

Single gerunds, usually directly adjacent to the predicate and close in function to adverbs, are not isolated, for example: He walked without stopping(that is, without delay); He asked smiling(that is, with a smile); The girl ran into the room crying; The young man rushed into the burning house without hesitation; Sergei sat bending over. Wed: The road winds through the bushes(L.); Cranes usually sleep standing up(Ax.); He spoke breathlessly(M.G.). Such participles answer the questions: How? how? in what position?

5. For semantic highlighting or incidental indication of circumstances expressed by nouns in indirect cases with prepositions (less often without prepositions), these constructions are isolated, especially if they are common; in such circumstances, time, reason, condition, concession and other meanings are expressed. For example: Apparently, the Chichikovs, for a few minutes in their lives, turn into poets...(G.); Suddenly, somewhere in the distance, a drawn-out, ringing, almost moaning sound was heard...(T.).

Typically, such constructions are formed by nouns with prepositions or suggested combinations in view of, as a result of, for the reason of, thanks to, like, similarly, provided, in the presence of, in spite of, in spite of, for lack of, according to, with the consent of, in accordance with, in order to avoid and so on. For example: Despite all our precautions, the news of Pugachev’s appearance spread throughout the fortress.(P.); My Cossack, contrary to orders, slept soundly(L.); The children, due to their young age, were not assigned any positions.(T.); Stepochka, due to the lack of dancing, also really missed(Writing); The book, despite all the noted shortcomings, deserves the attention of readers.

Among these constructions, as a rule, only the phrase with the preposition stands out despite; in other cases, isolation is not mandatory and depends on the degree of prevalence of the phrase, its semantic proximity to the main part of the sentence, the place it occupies in relation to the predicate, the presence of additional adverbial meanings, stylistic tasks, etc.

Less often, such isolated circumstances are expressed by adverbs, for example: He silently bowed again(L.); She, barely audibly, walked around the room again(Cupr.); The music still reached us(T.); They poured water on me, as if by accident...(Ch.).

Standalone Add-ons

Case forms of nouns with prepositions or prepositional combinations except, instead of, besides, along with, apart from, excluding, over and others (conventionally called additions) with the meaning of inclusion, exclusion, substitution, that is, restrictive or expansive meaning, can be isolated depending on their semantic load, volume of circulation, the desire of the writer to emphasize their role in the sentence, etc. For example: Rostov saw nothing except the hussars running around him...(L.T.); Everyone, with the exception of Varya, loudly applauded the singers(Step.); The mood of the crew, beyond usual, was high(N.-P.).

If the pretext instead of has the meaning “for”, “in exchange”, then the turnover with it is not isolated, for example: Instead of a fur coat, I put on a coat.

Theory for task 17 from the Unified State Exam in Russian

1. Separate definitions
Separate definitions in a sentence can be expressed:
1) participial phrase;
For example, in At the far edge of the park, overgrown with tall grass and bushes, there was an alley.
2) single participles or adjectives.
For example: The sky, gloomy and inhospitable, covered the city.
3) an adjective with dependent words
For example: On the table I saw a book that looked like an ancient encyclopedia.
2. Dedicated applications
Detached applications are syntactically definitions.
Separate applications in a sentence can be expressed:
1) nouns;
For example: We schoolchildren are tired of exams.
2) nouns with dependent words;
For example: Pyotr Ivanovich, our good friend, helped us.
3. Special circumstances
Separate circumstances in a proposal can be expressed:
1) single gerunds;
For example: Dancing and spinning, she looked at me.
2) participial phrase;
For example: After driving a few kilometers, I saw a traveler on the side of the road.
4. Clarifying, explanatory and connecting members of the proposal
1) Clarifying members of the sentence
Clarifying members of a sentence narrow the concept and clarify it. As a rule, they are represented by circumstances of place, time, manner of action, degree, measure.
For example: In the forest, behind the road, there is a chamomile clearing.
2) Explanatory members of the sentence
The explanatory members of the sentence give a different name to the concepts they refer to and represent another name for these concepts.
Often explanatory terms are accompanied by conjunctions: that is, exactly, namely, or in the meaning “that is” For example: Hippopotamus, or hippopotamus, is of interest to scientists.
3) Connecting members of the sentence
The connecting members of a sentence convey additional information. Such terms are usually introduced by words and combinations of words: even, in particular, especially, mainly, including, in particular, for example, and moreover, and therefore, yes and, yes and only, and in general, and, too, and also, and and etc.
For example: There is a lot of nobility in people, especially in women.

5. Comparative turnover
Comparative phrases beginning with comparative conjunctions as if, as if, exactly, than, rather than, as if, like, that, as well as etc., separated by commas For example: He flew into the room like a whirlwind.

Separate members of the sentence- these are minor members that stand out in meaning and with the help of intonation. On the letter isolated members are highlighted with punctuation marks.

The following can be separated:

1. Definitions.

Separate definitions.

Definitions in the sentence are isolated:

1. Two or more definitions that come after the word being defined:

And thunder struck, spring, life-giving.

2. Common Definitions which are expressed by a participial phrase or an adjective that has dependent words after the word being defined:

The boy saw a woman carrying a heavy bag and decided to help her.

3. Single definition, which comes after the word being defined and has an adverbial meaning:

The child, cranky, did not want to fall asleep.

4. A common or single definition that is separated from the word being defined by other words:

Having broken the window, the impudent boys ran away to play in another yard.

5. A common or single definition, which stands in a sentence immediately before the word being defined and has an additional adverbial meaning:

Crying, the baby whined quietly and shuddered.

6. Inconsistent definitions, which need to be torn away from the neighboring member of the sentence or to strengthen the conveyed or meaning:

First-graders, in beautiful uniforms, with bouquets of flowers, cheerfully walked to the line with their parents.

7. A definition that defines a pronoun (the word being defined is the pronoun):

He, tall and courageous, looked very attractive.

Definitions are not isolated in the following cases:

1. If we have before us a common definition, expressed by a participial phrase or an adjective with dependent words, which refers to an indefinite pronoun and comes after it in a sentence:

In the darkness I noticed something that looked like a dog.

2. If we have a common definition, which is expressed by a participial phrase or an adjective with dependent words, which is located before the word being defined:

This little lump is your little brother.

In writing, isolated definitions are separated by commas.

Find the applications and indicate which words they refer to.

• How are the words being defined expressed?
• What role do applications play when defining words?
• Where are the applications located in relation to the defined words?
• What applications are common?

Make a conclusion about the isolation of applications.

1. The manuscript of “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign,” a masterpiece of ancient Russian literature, was published in 1800.

2. A collector who was successful in everything, Count A. Musin-Pushkin, discovered this work in one of the monasteries of Yaroslavl.

3. It, “The Word...”, in its poetic power has nothing equal in ancient Russian literature.

4. “The Tale of Igor’s Campaign,” this poetically amazing monument, we can safely consider our pride and glory.

The separation of applications is associated with the pronunciation side of speech; it is based on live expressive speech.

Observe intonation, pauses, logical stresses when reading sentences - everything that provides the semantic role of isolated applications. They are often pronounced casually, but sometimes they are given special meaning, in which case a dash sign is possible.

Small sprinkles the earth rain, harbinger of autumn.

The ship was sailed by a famous actor, old and sad man.

The whole world rejoiced at the feat Yuri Gagarin - Earth's first cosmonaut.

We - pioneers in space- We are proud of the achievements of our science and technology.

307. Write down the sentences, highlighting individual applications with commas. Indicate which members of the sentence are the words being defined by highlighting them graphically. Which sentence uses a separate definition? Why is it isolated?

1. Onegin, my good friend, was born on the banks of the Neva. (A. Pushkin) 2. Malasha, a six-year-old girl, remained in the hut. (L. Tolstoy) 3. Ivan the Terrible, the last prince from Monomakh’s nest, completed the work begun by his father and grandfather with passionate persistence and cruelty. (L. Tolstoy) 4. The second boy, Pavlusha, had tousled, black hair, wide cheekbones, and a pale face. The third Ilyusha's face was rather insignificant: hook-nosed, slightly blind. The fourth Kostya, a boy of about ten, aroused my curiosity with his shy appearance. I didn’t notice the last Vanya at first. (I. Turgenev) 5. I am your old matchmaker and godfather who came to make peace with you, not at all for the sake of a quarrel. (I. Krylov)

308. Write down the sentences, highlight the grammatical basics. Find apps. Indicate how they are expressed morphologically and punctuated. Graphically indicate their syntactic role.

1. It was the last days of June, the hottest time in Tychki. (D. Mamin-Sibiryak) 2. Efrem Evseev, a very kind servant who loved me, helped us. (S. Aksakov) 3. Looks out from the tall rye with countless domes and turrets of the fabulous Suzdal, a city-reserve, a city-museum. (V. Soloukhin) 4. There was only one witness. They brought him in. This was a respected zoologist, the caretaker of a menagerie. (Yu. Olesha) 5. Here is the Irtysh - a mighty Siberian river. It spread freely among the flowering steppe. (E. Fedorov) 6. And the royal curls, and the golden rods, and the orchis with lyubka - these Russian relatives of the Brazilian orchids, and the bright bunches of golden keys - all this grew, bloomed, made noise with bees and bumblebees, hiding the road from us. (V. Soloukhin) 7. Just at this time, the hare, a large, old, seasoned hare, barely hobbling, decided to suddenly stop and even, standing up on his hind legs, listen to how far away the fox was barking. (M. Prishvin) 8. In a word, he is my reader, insatiable, unexpected, restless, grateful, trusting, my dear friend. (L. Kassil) 9. Until last summer, the pride of the quarter was Nuncha, a vegetable seller, the most cheerful person in the world and the first beauty of our corner... (M. Gorky)

309. Write down excerpts from poems. List common applications. Which of them are used as part of appeals? Explain what punctuation marks are used and why.

1. And the winner of waves, thunder and bad weather,
   And bold and proud of his glory,
   The ship goes majestically into the distance of stormy waters!

   (N. Yazykov)

2. How festively the garden blossomed with lilacs
   Lilac, white.
   Today is a special - lilac - day,
   The beginning of a blooming summer.

   (S. Marshak)

3. Looking into the cold sky
   Astra, radiant star aster.

   (Sunday Christmas)

4. Look, my reader,
   Here he is - the guardian of dear Rus',
   The Kremlin, glorified for centuries.

   (N. Konchalovskaya)

5. A narrow strip of dawn is burning,
   Golden, quiet stream...
   Oh, mother - our native land, Russian,
   My dear homeland!

   (I. Molchanov)

310. Read the text about K. Chukovsky. Using the apps, make up and write down sentences about this outstanding person.

Korney Ivanovich Chukovsky is not only a wonderful children's writer and poet. He successfully translated works of art, literary criticism, wrote memoirs, books about raising children, etc. Chukovsky was awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor and received the title of Lenin Prize laureate. Oxford University (Great Britain) awarded him the degree of Doctor of Literature.

311. Dictation. Underline the grammatical basics in the sentences. Graphically highlight an isolated member of the sentence.

Pay attention to punctuation marks in sentences with direct speech!

When Mendeleev was brought a proof of one of his articles, signed with his full title, Mendeleev looked, laughed and said: “You can’t print it, because the title is longer than the Tsar’s.”

Indeed, Mendeleev was a member of several dozen academies and scientific societies around the world!

(According to the encyclopedia “Wit of the World”)

312. Do you know what titles D. Mendeleev did not want to name? Include in this proposal such applications with the help of which you will note the merits of D. Mendeleev in science. Use materials from encyclopedias, the Internet, etc.

Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev, - - -, - - -, - - -, was distinguished by the diversity of his scientific interests.

313. What do you know about the scientific editor of textbooks on the Russian language N. M. Shansky? Make up a sentence in which, to characterize the scientist, use words and phrases from the reference material as applications. Remember what other modern Russian linguists you know. What contribution did each of them make to the science of language?

Reference material: Academician, Doctor of Philology, author of etymological dictionaries and popular science books.