The smallest number of species is characteristic of an ecosystem. Ecosystem

G. 03/23/16

Ethylene glycol cannot be obtained in the process

1) oxidation of ethylene with potassium permanganate 2) hydrolysis of dihalogen derivatives of ethane

3) ethylene hydration 4) ethylene oxide hydration

Interaction

Alcohol + Cu(OH) 2 === …… + water

cannot proceed with the participation

1) ethanol 2) glucose 3) glycerol 4) ethylene glycol

Formic acid reacts:

1) substitution with sodium 2) neutralization with alkali 3) "silver mirror" 4) esterification with alcohol

Acetic acid can be obtained using the reaction:

HgSO 4

1) C 2 H 4 + H 2 O ===

H 3 PO 4

2) C 2 H 4 + H 2 O ===

LiAlH 4, C 2 H 5 Oh

3) CH 3 COH + H 0 ==========

4) Na(CH 3 COO) + H 2 SO 4 ==

From ethanol in one stage you can get:

1) butane 2) formaldehyde 3) butadiene 1.3 4) butene-2

Potassium can be obtained by electrolysis on carbon electrodes:

1) KCl solution 2) KNO 3 solution 3) KCl melt 4) KCl and MgCl 2 mixture melt

For the synthesis of ammonia, nitrogen is used, obtained in industry:

1) the action of water on calcium hydride 2) fractional dispersal of liquid air

3) from a mixture of steam and hot coke 4) boiling hydrochloric acid with zinc

In obtaining sulfur trioxide from the initial mixture of 4 m 3 SO 2 and 4 m 3 O 2, after the complete consumption of one of the gases, the volume will decrease to:

1) 4 2) 5 3) 6 4) 7

Potassium chromate can be converted to potassium bichromate by adding to the solution:

potassium hydroxide 2) hydrochloric acid 3) copper hydroxide 4) silicic acid

A) CH 3 COCH 3 1) HNO 3

B) CH 2 OH (CHOH) 4 CHO 2) KMnO 4

C) protein 3) FeCl 3

D) CH 2 OHNONSNOCH 2 OH 4) I 2 (alcohol)

5) Br 2 (water)

Match the substance with their qualitative reaction:

A) C 2 H 2 1) HNO 3

B) (-C 6 H 10 O 5 -) n 2) FeCl 3

B) C 6 H 5 OH 3) I 2 (alcohol)

D) (CH 3 COO) 2 Ca 4) C 2 H 5 OH (alcohol)

5) Br 2 (water)

6) Ag (NH 3) 2 NO 3

23. Establish a correspondence between substances and reagents, with the help of which they can be distinguished from each other:

A) K 2 CO 3 and K 3 PO 4 1) KCNS

B) Zn (NO 3) 2 and Ba (NO 3) 2 2) SiO 2

C) FeCl 2 and FeCl 3 3) Cu (OH) 2

D) NaH and NaCl 2 4) H 2 O

24.

A) CaC 2 1) H 2 O, Ba (OH) 2, Mg

B) CaCO 3 2) H 2, H 2 O, NaCl

B) HPO 3 3) O 2, Cl, KOH

D) Si 4) CO, KCl, NaOH

5) HCl, H 2 O, H 2

6) CO 2, HNO 3, SiO 2

25. Acetaldehyde

1) reacts with methanol

2) dissolves in water

3) is reduced by hydrogen

4) does not enter into the "silver mirror" reaction

5) reacts with phenol

6) reacts with chlorine in the light

23. Establish a correspondence between substances and a reagent, with the help of which they can be distinguished from each other:

A) Ca (NO 3) 2 and NaNO 3 1) KI

B) Be (NO 3) 2 and Cu (NO 3) 2 2) BaCO 3

C) AgNO 3 and AgCl 3) NaOH

D) Na 2 SiO 3 and Na 2 SO 4 4) HCl

24. Establish a correspondence between the name of the substance and the list of substances with each of which it can react

A) Al 1) O 2, HNO 3 (p - p), Na

B) S 2) Cl 2, HBr, NaOH

B) CO 3) HF, C, KOH

D) Ba 4) CO, KCl, NaOH

5) P 4 , H 2 O, C

6) O 2, Cr 2 O 3, NaOH

25. Glycerol

1) reacts with nitric acid

2) dissolves in water

3) reacts with Cu (OH) 2

4) reacts with carboxylic acids

5) undergoes alcoholic fermentation

6) does not undergo combustion and oxidation

The decomposition products of ammonium chloride were passed through a heated tube containing copper (II) oxide, and then through a flask with phosphorus (V) oxide. Write equations for the four reactions described.

. The gaseous product of the interaction of dry common salt with concentrated sulfuric acid was reacted with a solution of potassium permanganate. The released gas was passed through a solution of sodium sulfide. Precipitation yellow color dissolved in concentrated sodium hydroxide solution. Write equations for the four reactions described.

A solution of ferric chloride was treated with a solution of sodium hydroxide, the precipitate that formed was separated and heated. The solid reaction product was mixed with soda ash and calcined. Nitrate and sodium hydroxide were added to the remaining substance and heated for a long time at high temperature. Write equations for the four reactions described.

. A solution of ferric chloride (III) was subjected to electrolysis with graphite electrodes. The resulting brown precipitate (a by-product of electrolysis) was filtered off, calcined and fused with the substance formed on the cathode. Another substance, also released at the cathode, was reacted with the product released during electrolysis at the anode; The reaction proceeds under illumination and with an explosion. Write equations for the four reactions described.

H 2 , (cat)Na HCl KMnO 4 , H 2 SO 4

CH 4 ===== HCHO===== X 1 ======= X 2 ========= X 1 =========== = X 3

Br 2 KOH,H 2 OK 2 Cr 2 O 7 , H 2 SO 4 , H 2 O t 0 , cat.

C 2 H 6 ===== X 1 ===== X 2 ================ CH 3 CHO ========= X 2 ============ divinyl

Na Pb, the CH 3 CL, BUTlCl 3 KMnO 4 , KOH

CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 Br =====X 1 ===== X 2 ======= X 3 ========= ======= ===== X 2

HBr KOH(alcohol) catBr 2 , lightKOH(alcohol)

CH 3 CH 2 OH =====X 1 ========= X 2 ======= C 6 H 5 C 2 H 5 =========  X 3 ============ X 4

A mixture of magnesium and magnesium carbonate was treated with hydrochloric acid. 22.4 l (n.c.) of gas was collected, after burning it in air and subsequent drying, its volume became 8.96 l (n.c.). Find the mass fraction (in%) of the metal in the initial mixture.

The gas released during the treatment of calcium hydride with water was passed over hot iron oxide (III). The oxide reacted completely, the solid residue became 32 g lighter than the oxide; in this case, half the volume of gas was used. Set the mass (in grams) of the hydride taken.

When 16.18 ml of monohydric alcohol (density is 0.791 g/ml) interacted with sodium, gas was released, which was used to convert 4.48 liters (n.o.) of ethylene to the corresponding alkane. Derive the formula of the taken alcohol.

Determine the molecular formula of an organic substance if its combustion of a mass of 2.16 g produces 0.72 g of water and 1.568 liters of carbon dioxide. Draw the structural formula of an organic compound if, when it is chlorinated in the light, only one monochlorine-substituted compound is formed, and when it reacts with bromine water, two different monobromo-substituted compounds can be formed.

The ecosystem belongs to key concepts ecology. The word itself stands for " ecological system". The term was proposed by ecologist A. Tansley in 1935. An ecosystem combines several concepts:

• Biocenosis - a community of living organisms
• Biotope - the habitat of these organisms
• Types of relationships of organisms in a given habitat
• The exchange of substances that occurs between these organisms in a given biotope.

That is, in fact, an ecosystem is a combination of living and inanimate nature between which energy is exchanged. And thanks to this exchange, it is possible to create the conditions necessary to sustain life. The basis of any ecosystem on our planet is the energy of sunlight.

To classify ecosystems, scientists have chosen one feature - the habitat. So it is more convenient to single out individual ecosystems, since it is the area that determines the climatic, bioenergetic and biological features. Consider the types of ecosystems.

natural ecosystems are formed on earth spontaneously, with the participation of the forces of nature. For example, natural lakes, rivers, deserts, mountains, forests, etc.

Agroecosystems- this is one of the types of artificial ecosystems created by man. They are distinguished by weak links between components, a smaller species composition of organisms, artificiality of interchange, but at the same time, agroecosystems are the most productive. Their man creates for the sake of obtaining agricultural products. Examples of agro-ecosystems: arable lands, pastures, orchards, orchards, fields, planted forests, artificial ponds...

Forest ecosystems are a community of living organisms that live in trees. On our planet, a third of the land is occupied by forests. Almost half of them are tropical. The rest are coniferous, deciduous, mixed, broad-leaved.

Separate tiers are distinguished in the structure of the forest ecosystem. Depending on the height of the tier, the composition of living organisms changes.

Plants are the main ones in the forest ecosystem, and the main one is one (rarely several) plant species. All other living organisms are either consumers or destroyers, in one way or another affecting the metabolism and energy...

Plants and animals are only integral part any ecosystem. Yes, animals are the most important natural resource, without which the existence of an ecosystem is impossible. They are more mobile than plants. And, despite the fact that fauna loses to flora in terms of species diversity, it is animals that ensure the stability of the ecosystem by actively participating in the metabolism and energy.

At the same time, all animals form the genetic fund of the planet, living only in those ecological niches where all conditions for survival and reproduction are created for them.

Plants are fundamental to the existence of any ecosystem. They are most often decomposers - that is, organisms that process solar energy. And the sun, as noted above, is the basis for the existence of life forms on Earth.

If we consider representatives of flora and fauna separately, then each animal and plant is a microecosystem at one stage or another of existence. For example, a tree trunk as it develops is one whole ecosystem. The trunk of a fallen tree is another ecosystem. It is the same with animals: an embryo in the stage of reproduction can be considered a microecosystem ...

Aquatic ecosystems are systems adapted to life in water. It is water that determines the uniqueness of the community of living organisms that live in it. Diversity of animal and plant species, condition, stability of the aquatic ecosystem depends on five factors:

• Salinity of water
• The percentage of oxygen it contains
• Transparency of water in a reservoir
• Water temperatures
• Availability of nutrients.

It is customary to divide all aquatic ecosystems into two large classes: freshwater and marine. Marine occupy more than 70% of the earth's surface. These are oceans, seas, salt lakes. There are fewer freshwater: most of the rivers, lakes, swamps, ponds and other smaller reservoirs ...

The stability of an ecosystem is the ability of a given system to withstand changes in external factors and maintain its structure.

In ecology, it is customary to distinguish two types of sustainability of ES:

• resistive- this is a type of stability in which an ecosystem is able to maintain its structure and functionality unchanged, despite changes in external conditions.
• elastic- this type of stability is inherent in those ecosystems that can restore their structure after changing conditions or even after destruction. For example, when a forest recovers after a fire, it is precisely the elastic stability of the ecosystem that is spoken about.
  Human ecosystem

In the human ecosystem, humans will be the dominant species. It is more convenient to divide such ecosystems into areas:

An ecosystem is a stable system of components of living and non-living origin, in which both objects of inanimate nature and objects of living nature participate: plants, animals and humans. Every person, regardless of the place of birth and residence (whether it be a noisy metropolis or a village, an island or big land, etc.) is part of the ecosystem....

At present, human influence on any ecosystem is felt everywhere. For their own purposes, man either destroys or improves the ecosystems of our planet.

So, wasteful attitude to the land, deforestation, drainage of swamps are attributed to the destructive impact of man. And vice versa, the creation of reserves, the restoration of animal populations contribute to the restoration of the Earth's ecological balance and is a creative human influence on ecosystems...

The main difference between such ecosystems is the way they are formed.

natural, or natural ecosystems are created with the participation of the forces of nature. A person either does not influence them at all, or there is an influence, but insignificant. The largest natural ecosystem is our planet.

artificial Ecosystems are also called anthropogenic. They are created by man for the sake of obtaining "benefits" in the form of food, clean air, other products necessary for survival. Examples: garden, vegetable garden, farm, reservoir, greenhouse, aquarium. Even spaceship can be considered as an example of an anthropogenic ecosystem.

The main differences between artificial ecosystems and natural ones.