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Consonant is formed during the passage of exhaled air into the oral cavity overcoming obstacles created by the tongue, lips, teeth, and palate. All consonant sounds are made up of noise that is created when they do so. In some consonant sounds, in addition to noise, the voice is involved, which is created by the vibration of the vocal cords.
Comparison with vowel sounds. Vowel sounds consist only of voice (tone), and consonants can contain voice, but necessarily contain noise. When vowels are formed, exhaled air passes freely through the oral cavity, and when consonant sounds are formed, the air overcomes obstacles created by the speech organs.
Classification of consonants.
Each consonant has characteristics that distinguish it from other consonant sounds. Consonants are different from each other
- according to the degree of participation of voice and noise: sonorant (in education the voice predominates with a small amount of noise), noisy voiced (consist of noise and voice) and noisy voiceless (consist only of noise);
- at the place of noise formation, depending on where and by what organs of speech the barrier is formed, which the flow of exhaled air overcomes (labial, lingual, etc.).
Consonant sounds differ in a number of characteristics, but are most clearly opposed to each other in terms of sonority/dullness and hardness/softness, which is important when distinguishing words by ear: pond - rod; chalk - stranded.
To indicate consonant sounds in writing - 21 consonant letters: b, c, d, d, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, r, s, t, f, x, c, h, w, sch.
But there are much more consonant sounds - 36: [b], [b'], [v], [v'], [g], [g'], [d], [d'], [zh], [ z], [z'], [y'], [k], [k'], [l], [l'], [m], [m'], [n], [n'], [ p], [p'], [p], [p'], [s], [s'], [t], [t'], [f], [f'], [x], [x '], [ts], [h'], [w], [w'].
The reason for this discrepancy is that the softness of paired consonant sounds is indicated not by a consonant letter, but by a vowel letter (E, E, Yu, Ya, I) or b.
Voiced and voiceless consonants.
- Voiced
- are formed with the help of voice and noise.
- letters L, M, N, R, J denote the most voiced consonant (sonorant) sounds that are formed in a predominant voice and slight noise: [m], [n], [l], [r], [m'], [n'], [l'], [p'], [th']. They do not form voiced/voiceless pairs - always voiced.
- B, C, D, D, F, G - noisy voiced [b], [v], [d], [d], [g], [z], [b'], [v'], [g'], [d'], [zh'] , [z'], consist of noise and voice, have paired sounds in terms of voicedness/voicelessness.
- Deaf
(noisy deaf)
- pronounced only from noise (without voice):
- P, F, K, T, Sh, S - [p], [p'], [f], [f'], [k], [k'], [t], [t'], [w], [s], [s'] - deaf, have paired voiced sounds;
- X, C, Ch, Shch - [x], [x'], [ts], [ch'], [sch'] - always deaf, do not have paired voicedness/deafness.
In speech, sounds can be replaced under the influence of neighboring sounds in a word. It is important to know the strong and weak positions of consonant sounds in a word in order to spell them correctly.
In weak positions, which depends on the position of the sound in the word, a change in consonant sounds in terms of voicedness/voicelessness may occur: voiced paired consonants change to the corresponding paired deaf ones (voiced), and the voiceless paired consonants change to the corresponding paired voiced consonants (voiced). These changes in sounds are usually not reflected in writing. A weak position is a sign of spelling.
Strong positions in voicedness/voicelessness
(as we hear, so we write):
- before vowels: owl [owl], forests [l’esa];
- before sonorants [l], [l’], [m], [m’], [n], [n’], [r], [r’], [th’]: light [sv'et] - ringing [ringing], change [sm'ena] - betrayal [ism'ena], break off [atlamat'] - bummer [bummer], take away [atn'at'] - tray [padnos], remedy [medicine] – zrazy [zrazy] etc.;
- before [in], [in’]: yours [yours] - two [two], your [your’] - ringing [ringing];
- for paired voiced consonants, the strong position is before voiced consonants: building [buildings];
- for paired deaf people - before deaf consonants: bowl [bowl].
Weak position in terms of voicedness/voicelessness:
- at the end of a word: mushroom [flu] - flu [flu], fruit [raft] - raft [raft], code [cat] - cat [cat], genus [mouth] - mouth [mouth];
- voiced paired consonants are deafened before voiceless consonants: low [low], booth [booth];
- voiceless paired consonants are voiced before paired voiced consonants (except [в], [в’]): passed [zdal], threshing [malad’ba], light [light];
Hard and soft consonants.
Soft sounds differ from hard sounds in that when pronouncing them, the tongue performs an additional action: its middle part rises to the hard palate.
Strong positions in hardness/softness:
- before vowels: nose - carried, they say [mol] – chalk [m’el];
- at the end of a word: chalk [m'el] - chalk [m'el'], blow - hit, corner - coal;
- for sounds [l], [l’] regardless of position: shelf [shelf] – polka [shelf];
- for sounds [s], [s'], [z], [z'], [t], [t'], [d], [d'], [n], [n'], [r] ,[p'] before [k], [k'], [g], [g'], [x], [x'], [b], [b'], [p], [p'] , [mm'] : bank [bank] - bathhouse [ban'ka], blizzard [blizzard] - earring [ser'ga], hut - carving.
Weak position on hardness/softness:
- Changes in consonant sounds in hardness/softness can be caused by the influence of sounds on each other.
- the hard sound changes to a paired soft sound before soft consonants (usually z, s, n, p before any soft consonant):
- n –> n’, p –> p’ before h’, sch’: drummer [drum’sh’ik], lamplighter [fanar’sh’ik];
- s –> s’ before n’, t’: song [p’es’n’a], bone [kos’t’];
- з –> з’ before n’, d’: life [zhyz’n’], nails [gvoz’d’i];
- in some other combinations: door [d’v’er’], ate [s’y’el];
- a soft consonant before a hard one becomes hard: horse - horse
If dull and voiced sounds are indicated using letters, then hard and soft sounds are indicated by other means.
Indication of softness of paired consonants:
- letters I, E, Yo, Yu : lethargic - cf. val, ser - sir, drove - cart, hatch - bow;
- before the letter AND consonants are always soft (except F, W, C): feast, peace, sieve;
after Zh, Sh, Ts (they are always hard) it is pronounced [s], not [i]: fat [zhir], zhito [zhyta], cone [bump]. - soft sign b:
- at the end of a word: stump, stand - cf. camp, steel - became, heat - heat, reality - was, all - weight, shallow - chalk;
- softness of the consonant [l’] before any other consonant: herring, July, polka;
- softness of a consonant preceding a hard consonant: earlier, only (cf. talk), bitterly (cf. slide), bathhouse (cf. bank), radish - rarely, zorka - vigilantly, pebble - jackdaw, coals - corners, hemp - foam;
- The softness of a consonant that comes before other soft ones ([g'], [k'], [b'], [m']) is indicated by the soft sign b only if, when the word is changed, the second consonant becomes hard, but the first remains soft: earrings (soft [p'] before soft [g']) - earring (soft [p'] before hard [g]), eight - eighth, lights - lights. But, bridge [mos’t’ik] - without b, because bridge [bridge] - [c] hard before hard [t], tail - tail, sprout - growth.
- Softness of consonants Ch, Shch is not indicated before other consonants, because Ch, Sh are always soft: stove maker, kidney, power, assistant.
Hardness is indicated
- absence of a soft sign in strong positions,
- writing after the consonant the vowels A, O, U, Y, E
- in some borrowed words there is a hard consonant before E: [fanEt'ika].
Other consonant changes
- Simplification of a consonant group of 3-4 letters (unpronounceable consonant): with lnc e [with nc e], tro stn ik [tra s'n‘ik], se rdc e [s'e rc uh], hello vstv wow [healthy stv ui’], le stn itza [l'e s'n' itza] and etc.
- Assimilation (assimilation) of consonants according to the place of formation: sch astier [ sch‘ast’y’e], gru zch ik [gru sch' ik], US it [ w yt’], szh at [ and at’], get rid of [and and: yt'] and etc.
- Change —yes, yes in verbs ending in [ tsa]:We there is[We tsa], my tsya[my'e tsa] and etc.
- Change th – [pcs]/ [h’t]: Thu oh [what], Thu customs[shtoby], not Thu o [not huh A] and etc.
- Double consonants: va NN a [va n: a], tra ss a [tra With: a], mi ll ion [m'i l'and he] and etc.
Sounds can change in several ways at once: counting [pach’sch’ot] - sch->[sch’], d+[sch’]->[ch’sch’].
Spelling consonants.
- At the root of the word:
- verifiable
- unpronounceable
- unverifiable
- Consonants at the end of prefixes:
- on z (s);
- for the remaining consonants
- Consonants (except n) in suffixes of nouns and adjectives
- -schik (-chik);
- -sk- and -k-;
- The letters -n- and -nn- in suffixes.
References:
- Babaytseva V.V. Russian language. Theory. 5th - 9th grade: textbook for in-depth study. studied Russian language. / V.V. Babaytseva. — 6th ed., revised. — M. Bustard, 2008
- Kazbek-Kazieva M.M. Preparation for Russian language Olympiads. 5-11 grades / M.M. Kazbek-Kazieva. – 4th ed. – M.J. Iris-press, 2010
- Litnevskaya E.I. Russian language. A short theoretical course for schoolchildren. - MSU, Moscow, 2000, ISBN 5-211-05119-x
- Svetlysheva V.N. Handbook for high school students and applicants to universities / V.N. Svetlysheva. — M.: AST-PRESS SCHOOL, 2011
Many Russian consonants form pairs based on hardness and softness: –, – and others. Sounds corresponding to stressed sounds and after soft consonants in a weak, unstressed position sound the same. The letter denotes a sound, for example vowels after hard consonants and consonants before vowels: weather.
The presenter Vasilisa asked to repeat everything that the students had learned about consonants. Friends from Shishkino Les remembered a lot: There are more consonants than vowels. Consonants cannot be sung. They are pronounced with noise and voice: B, Zh, Z. Or only with noise: P, T, F. Consonants are voiced, voiceless paired unpaired.
§6. Hard and soft consonants
The thing is that you missed the previous lesson, where we studied paired consonants,” Vasilisa explained. The voiced “Zh” will be paired with the unvoiced “Sh”. For example: heat - ball. “I understand,” said Zubok. A dull sound is the same as a voiced sound, but said quietly, without a voice. It is enough to change the word so that after an incomprehensible consonant there is a vowel. However, not all consonants are paired.
Paired consonants will live in one, and unpaired consonants will live in the other. Paired Unpaired F - Sh M, N Z - S X, Ts K - G R, L And now let's make up a story from words that contain only unpaired consonants. Even though these consonants are paired, they are still very different. In an unstressed position, vowels are pronounced less clearly and sound for less duration (i.e., they are reduced).
How many pairs of consonants are formed according to deafness and voicedness?
Do not forget that paired voiced consonants in a weak position at the end of a word or before a voiceless consonant are always voiced, and voiceless consonants in front of a voiced consonant are sometimes voiced. When letters that usually denote voiceless consonants, when voiced, denote voiced sounds, this seems so unusual that it can lead to errors in transcription. In tasks related to comparing the number of letters and sounds in a word, there may be “traps” that provoke errors.
There are words that can only consist of vowels, but consonants are also necessary. In the Russian language there are many more consonants than vowels. Consonants are sounds, when pronounced, the air encounters an obstacle in its path. There are two types of obstruents in the Russian language: gap and stop - these are the two main ways of forming consonants.
The stop, the second type of articulation of consonants, is formed when the speech organs close. The air flow abruptly overcomes this obstacle, the sounds are short and energetic. Let's compare the words: house and cat. Each word has 1 vowel sound and 2 consonants.
2) before them there is no voicing of paired deaf consonants (i.e. the position in front of them is strong in deafness-voicing, just like before vowels). But there are sounds that do not have a pair on the basis of hardness and softness. School textbooks say that and are unpaired in hardness and softness. How so? We hear that sound is a soft analogue of sound. When I was studying at school, I couldn’t understand why?
Paired consonant sounds in terms of voicedness and deafness
Confusion arises because school textbooks do not take into account that the sound is also long, but not hard. Pairs are sounds that differ in only one attribute. A and - two. That's why they are not pairs. Firstly, children often mix sounds and letters at first. The use of a letter in transcription will create the basis for such confusion and provoke an error.
You need to understand, comprehend, and then remember that in fact, sounds and a pair of hardness and softness do not form. The conditions in which a particular sound occurs are important. The beginning of a word, the end of a word, a stressed syllable, an unstressed syllable, a position before a vowel, a position before a consonant - these are all different positions.
In unstressed syllables, vowels undergo changes: they are shorter and are not pronounced as clearly as under stress. Both under stress and in unstressed position we clearly hear: , and we write the letters that are usually used to denote these sounds. Simplified. But many children with good hearing, who clearly hear that the sounds in the following examples are different, cannot understand why the teacher and the textbook insist that these sounds are the same.
It shows clearing of vowels after soft consonants. Positional changes are observed only for paired consonants. In all cases, positional softening of consonants is possible in a weak position. Naturally, in the school tradition it is not customary to present the characteristics of sounds and the positional changes that occur with them in all the details. Therefore, below is a list of positionally determined changes in consonants based on the method and place of formation.
A letter can denote the quality of the preceding sound, for example ь in the words shadow, stump, shooting. Comparison with vowel sounds. Each consonant has characteristics that distinguish it from other consonant sounds. In speech, sounds can be replaced under the influence of neighboring sounds in a word. It is important to know the strong and weak positions of consonant sounds in a word in order to spell them correctly.
Classification of consonants.
If a person pronounces consonants, he closes his mouth (at least a little), which causes noise. But consonants make different noises. Let's populate phonetic houses in the city of sounds. Let’s agree: dull sounds will live on the first floor, and voiced sounds will live on the second floor.
Sounds do not have paired soft sounds, they are always hard. But not all consonant sounds and letters form pairs. Those consonants that do not have pairs are called unpaired. Let's put unpaired consonant sounds in our houses. The sounds of the second house are also called sonorous, because they are formed with the help of the voice and almost without noise, they are very sonorous. In the first place we put those whose names contain some soft sounds, in the second those in whose names all consonant sounds are hard.
In order not to confuse hard and soft sounds when reading the transcription, scientists agreed to show the softness of the sound with an icon very similar to a comma, only they put it on top.
And then we will understand exactly what letter needs to be written. Let's find these loners together in the Russian alphabet. He didn't notice it because he was looking at the moon. And then his faithful knight entered. And scared away the fly. Well done! Either loud, or quieter, Cat - cat, year - year. We can easily distinguish them. And at the end we will write the letter correctly. Vowels without stress generally retain their sound. The letters e, ё, yu, ya play a dual role in Russian graphics. Sound is the minimum unit of sounding speech. Each word has a sound shell consisting of sounds.
Sounds are divided into vowels and consonants. They have different natures. According to the ratio of noise and voice, consonants are divided into voiced and voiceless. The standard pronunciation is “hiccup”, i.e. inability to distinguish between E and A in an unstressed position after soft consonants. This change in vowels in a weak position is called reduction. In a word, vowels can be in stressed and unstressed syllables. In weak positions, consonants are modified: positional changes occur with them.
Alexei Nikolaevich Tolstoy said that there is nothing sedimentary or crystalline in the Russian language; everything excites, breathes, lives. Such “liveness” of our native language is the merit of the words that make up it. But before you learn to use them, you need to learn the letters and sounds. They will be discussed in this article.
When learning a language with your child, you need to clearly make him understand the differences between spoken and written language. To do this, it is important to give him the concept of what a sound is and what a letter is.
Sounds are what we perceive with our hearing. Our brain easily separates what relates to speech from other sounds and interprets them into images. We can write down the sounds of speech in letters, forming words from them.
A letter is a graphic symbol of the alphabet, thanks to which we can display on paper what we hear by ear. But here lies a very big difficulty for the child. After all, the number of sounds and letters that reproduce them on paper in different words may differ in one direction or the other.
How many letters and sounds are there in the Russian language and alphabet and their relationship
IMPORTANT: We hear and can produce sounds with our speech apparatus. We can see and write letters! Sounds exist in all languages. Even in those where there is no written language.
In a word like "chair" letters correspond to sounds. But, in the word "sun", the letter "L" not pronounced. Letters are also not pronounced "Kommersant" And "b". They only slightly change the pronunciation of the words in which they are used.
There is also such a “school” word as "Compass". In which instead of sound [AND] sound is pronounced [s].
There are still a lot of words in the Russian language that are pronounced differently from how they are written in letters. Therefore, it is very important for a child to learn to correctly understand this difference.
Alphabet
Language is the main invention of mankind. Moreover, for every nation that has created its own language, it is distinguished by the characteristics peculiar to this people. At a certain stage in the development of a community that a particular people uses, there appears a need to record speech sounds combined into words and sentences. This is how writing appeared, and at the same time the alphabet. That is, a set of all the letters used in writing, standing in strict order.
The alphabet of the Russian language contains 33 letters and looks like this:
The alphabet is the basis of any language that everyone who studies it needs to know. Is it possible to learn to speak without knowing the alphabet? Certainly. But, in addition to the ability to express your thoughts, you need to learn to write and read. And this is impossible to do without knowing the alphabet.
Today, children have a lot of different aids for learning the alphabet. You can buy special flash cards, magnets, and a small primer that your child can take with him on walks or trips.
In our computerized era, electronic gadgets can also be called upon to help in learning the alphabet. Type letters in text apps and name the sounds that teach them. You can use your imagination and use graphic editors, change fonts and add fills. Create your own alphabet that will be interesting to your child. Then learning will go faster and more efficiently.
INTERESTING: Teachers have come up with a very interesting and exciting way to learn the alphabet. Dedicate each new day in your family to one of the letters of the alphabet. Of course, we shouldn’t forget about the rest. Bake buns in the shape of letters, make letters from plasticine with your child, draw them, assemble them from counting sticks. Be sure to tell about the letter the day is dedicated to and give examples of its use.
Vowel sounds and letters
Introducing your child to the alphabet is a very exciting activity. But this is only one of the first steps in mastering the language. To continue studying its elementary units, you need to learn how to divide them according to their characteristics.
Those letters that are pronounced drawlingly are called vowels.
- There are 10 vowels in Russian “A”, “E”, “Y”, “I”, “O”, “U”, “Y”, “E”, “Yu”, “I”
- 6 vowel sounds [a], [o], [y], [e], [i], [s]. Typically, vowel sounds in the school curriculum should be highlighted in red.
We have already clarified the difference between the elementary particles of language.
Letters I, Yo, Yu, E - iotized. They involve one or two sounds.
From this table, this difference can be seen again:
INTERESTING: By the way, about the letter “Y”. Today it is mistakenly believed that Karamzin introduced it into our alphabet. But that's not true. This was done by the director of the St. Petersburg Academy, Princess Ekaterina Dashkova, on November 18, 1783 at a meeting on the occasion of the creation of the first explanatory dictionary in Russia. She suggested changing the letters “IO” to one “E”.
Stressed and unstressed vowel sounds
- Stressed vowel sound pronounced with great force and does not undergo changes.
For example: sn e g, st ý l, shk A f
- Unstressed vowel sound pronounced with little force and undergoes changes.
For example: To ABOUT rzina (heard instead of ABOUT, sound A), m E dva d (In the first unstressed vowel sound instead E, can be heard AND), pl E cho (vowel sound AND is heard instead E).
IMPORTANT: Stress is not placed in words with one syllable and in words with a letter Yo.
Vowels Yotated letters Ya, Yu, E, Yo soften the consonant sound in front of them and create one sound: e → [e] or [i], е → [o], yu → [u], i → [a ].
For example:
- At the beginning of the word: hedgehog [y’ozhik]
- In the middle of a word: shelter [pri y’ut]
- At the end of the word: gun [roug y'o]
Hard and soft vowels have a direct effect on consonants. For example, a consonant "P", maybe as solid (in the word "plastic bag"), and soft (in the word "cookie").
Consonants and letters
Consonant letters are called such because they contain consonant sounds. There are 36 consonant sounds in the Russian language:
An apostrophe marks soft sounds.
And 21 consonants:
Consonant letters and sounds, soft and hard: table
Consonants, like vowels, can be either hard or soft. For example, in the word "River", beech "R" soft, but in a word "Hand"– hard. In general, several factors influence the softness and hardness of sounds in a word. For example, the location of a sound in a word. The sounds are softened by iota vowels ( "E", "Yo", "YU" And "I") and diphthongs that come after consonants. For example:
- "White"
- "Love"
- "Friday"
The letter also softens sounds "AND", and its antipode "Y", on the contrary, makes the sound hard. The presence of a soft sign at the end of a word plays an important role:
- "Linen" And "laziness"
A soft sign can soften the sound, even if it is inside a word:
- "Skates"
Voiceless and voiced consonants in Russian: table
Consonants can be voiced or unvoiced. Voiced sounds are obtained with the participation of the voice in the formation of sound. Whereas in the formation of a dull sound, the voice practically does not play its creative role.
Voiced consonants
are formed by the passage of an air stream through the mouth and vibration of the vocal cords. Thanks to this, consonants such as:
When forming voiceless consonants
To make it easy to remember voiceless consonants, remember the expression: STYOPKA DO YOU WANT CHEEK? - FI!
If you delete all the vowels from this expression, only voiceless consonants will remain.
Paired and unpaired hard and soft consonants: table
In terms of hardness and softness, most sounds form pairs:
Paired and unpaired voiced and voiceless consonants: table
In the Russian language, it is customary to distinguish pairs of voiceless-voiced consonants:
The remaining consonants are unpaired:
Sometimes there is “forced” deafness or sonority of a consonant sound. This occurs due to the position of the sound in the word. A frequent example of such a forced state is the words: pond [rod] And booth [booth].
Sonorous- voiced unpaired consonant sounds. There are only 9 of them: [th’], [l], [l’], [m], [m’], [n], [n’], [r], [r’]
Noisy consonant sounds - there are voiced and voiceless:
- Noisy voiceless consonants(16): [k], [k'], [p], [p'], [s], [s'], [t], [t'], [f], [f'], [ x], [x'], [ts], [h'], [w], [w'];
- Noisy voiced consonants(11): [b], [b'], [c], [c'], [g], [g'], [d], [d'], [g], [z], [z '].
Summary table of commonly used soft and hard letters and sounds in the Russian language:
Sibilant consonants
Consonants "AND", "SH", "H" And "SCH" called sizzling. These letters add some zest to our language. At the same time, they make it very difficult. Even while learning these letters, the child should know the rules:
- "ZHI" — "SHI" write from "AND"
- "CHA" — "SHA" with a letter "A"
- "CHU" — "SHU" with a letter "U"
Letters "AND" And "H" are voiced, and the remaining two ( "SH" And "SCH") deaf. An important feature of these sounds is that they cannot be pronounced without opening the mouth. Compare their pronunciation with the pronunciation "M" or "N". To pronounce sibilant consonants, there must be a gap between the lips through which air will escape, creating an acoustic accompaniment for these sounds.
The letter “and short” denotes the consonant sound th
Letter "Y" or "And short" found in almost all Slavic alphabets, as well as in those non-Slavic alphabets that use the Cyrillic alphabet. In the Russian alphabet this letter occupies 11th place. It was formed from the vowel "AND" and a voiced consonant "J".
It is interesting that in the 18th century, when the civil script was introduced (as opposed to the church script), all superscript characters disappeared from it. And the letter "Y" an important part of her was missing. At the same time, the sound denoted by this letter “did not suffer” from such reforms. Return "Y" writing succeeded under Peter I. However, it was not returned to the alphabet. This was done only in the 20th century.
Today, more and more philologists attribute sound "Y" to sonorant consonants. That is, those sounds that are located between vowels and consonants, but still relate to a consonant. In addition, it is always considered soft.
Which letters have multiple sounds?
Letters and sounds tape for elementary school
Various manuals help very well in learning the Russian language. One of these benefits is "Summer of Letters". It helps to understand the difference between letters, quickly develop reading skills in children and facilitate phonetic analysis of words.
At least at first glance "Ribbon of Letters" carries a minimum of information, this is far from true. This manual can be used not only at school, but also at home. Parents can independently teach their child literacy using this tool.
In the Russian language, voiceless and voiced consonants are distinguished. The rules for writing letters denoting them begin to be studied already in the first grade. But even after graduating from school, many still cannot write words containing voiceless and voiced consonants without errors. This is sad.
Why do you need to write voiceless and voiced consonants correctly in Russian?
Some people treat writing culture superficially. They justify their ignorance in this area with such a common phrase: “What difference does it make how it’s written, it’s still clear what it’s about!”
In fact, errors in spelling words indicate a low level of personal culture. You cannot consider yourself a developed person if you cannot write correctly in your native language.
There is one more fact that testifies in favor of the rule of error-free writing. After all, voiceless and voiced consonants are sometimes found in words that are homophones in oral speech. That is, they sound the same, but are written differently. Incorrect use of a letter in them is fraught with loss or change in the meaning of the context.
For example, the words “pond” - “rod”, “cat” - “code”, “horn” - “rock” are included in this list.
Shameful loss
During your Russian language lesson, you can tell schoolchildren a funny episode from your life. It should be based on the fact that several children did not know how to correctly write in words the letters denoting voiced and voiceless consonant sounds.
And this happened during the school team game “Treasure Hunters”. In its rules it was noted that it was necessary to move along the route indicated in the notes. Moreover, the place where the next letter was hidden was not indicated precisely. The note contained only a hint of him.
The teams received the first letters with the following text: “Road, meadow, stone.” One group of guys immediately ran towards the lawn and found a stone there, under which the letter was hidden. The second one, having mixed up the homophone words “meadow” and “onion”, ran to the garden bed. But, naturally, they did not find any stone among the bright green rows.
You can change history in such a way that the notes were written by an illiterate scribbler. It was he who, when giving instructions to his team members, used “bow” instead of the word “meadow”. Not knowing how to write paired voiced and voiceless consonants, the “literate” misled the children. As a result, the competition was canceled.
The rule for writing dubious paired consonants according to deafness and voicedness
In fact, checking which letter should be written in a particular case is quite simple. Paired voiced and voiceless consonants raise doubts about the spelling only when they are at the end of a word or are followed by another consonant voiceless sound. If one of these cases occurs, you need to choose a cognate or change the form of the word so that the dubious consonant is followed by a vowel sound. You can also use the option where the letter being tested is followed by a voiced consonant.
Mug - mug, snow - snow, bread - bread; carving - carved, sweat - sweaty.
Didactic game “Connect the word being tested with the test word”
To get more done during class, you can play a game that reinforces skills without recording. Its condition will be a task in which children are asked only to connect test words with the trait being tested. It takes less time, and the work done will be extremely effective.
The game will become more interesting if it is played in the form of a competition. To do this, three variants of tasks are made, where two columns are used. One contains test words. In the other, you need to include those in which voiced and voiceless consonants are in a dubious position. Examples of words could be like this.
First column: bread, ponds, snow, onion, meadows, twig. Second column: onion, bread, meadow, twig, snow, pond.
To complicate the task, you can include in the column with test words those that are not suitable for verification, that is, they are not the same root as those whose spelling there are doubts: snacks, servant, octopus.
Table of consonants according to voicedness and voicelessness
All consonant sounds are divided according to several parameters. During the phonetic analysis of a word in school, characteristics such as softness-hardness, sonority or deafness are indicated. For example, the sound [n] is a consonant, hard, sonorous. And the sound [p] differs from it in only one characteristic: it is not voiced, but dull. The difference between the sounds [р] and [р’] lies only in softness and hardness.
Based on these characteristics, a table is compiled, thanks to which you can determine whether the sound has a softness-hardness pair. After all, some consonants are only soft or only hard.
They also separate voiced and voiceless consonants. The table presented here shows that some sounds do not have a pair on this basis. For example, these are
- y, l, m, n, r;
- x, c, h, sch.
Moreover, the sounds of the first row are voiced, and the sounds of the second are unvoiced. The remaining consonants are paired. It is they that make writing difficult, since a dull sound is often heard where the letter denoting a voiced consonant is written.
Only paired consonants - voiced and voiceless - require verification. The table reflects this point. For example, the sound “b”, falling into the final position or being in front of another voiceless consonant, is itself “deafened”, turning into “p”. That is, the word “hornbeam” (wood species) is pronounced and heard as [grap].
The table shows that these sounds are paired in terms of voicedness and deafness. The same can be called “v” - “f”, “g” - “k”, “d” - “t”, “g” - “w” and “z” - “s”. Although you can add the sound “x” to the “g”-“k” pair, which often sounds in a deafened position in place of “g”: soft - soft[m'ahk'ii], easy - light[l’ohk’ii].
Didactic lotto game “Doubtful consonants”
So that classes in which the spelling of voiced and voiceless consonants is studied do not turn into a tedious routine, they should be diversified. For a didactic game, teachers and parents can prepare special small cards with pictures and words that contain dubious consonant sounds. A dubious consonant can be replaced with dots or asterisks.
Additionally, larger cards should be made, which will contain only letters indicating paired consonants in terms of voicedness and deafness. Cards with pictures are laid out on the table.
At the leader’s signal, the players take them from the table and cover with them the letters on the large card that they think are missing. Whoever closes all the windows before others and without mistakes is considered the winner.
Extracurricular activities in Russian language
Advantageous options for developing interest in this area of science are evenings, competitions, and KVNs. They are held outside school hours for everyone.
It is very important to create an exciting scenario for such an event. Particular attention should be paid to designing activities that are both rewarding and fun. Such activities can be carried out with students of all ages.
Interesting tasks can also be those that contain an element of literary creativity. For example, it is useful to offer the guys:
Make up a story about how the sounds “t” and “d” quarreled;
Come up with as many words with the same root as possible for the word “horn” in one minute;
Write a short quatrain with rhymes: meadow-onion, twig-pond.
Alternation of consonants in Russian
Sometimes, contrary to the laws of spelling, some letters in words are replaced by others. For example, “spirit” and “soul”. Historically (etymologically) they are the same root, but have different letters in the root - “x” and “w”. The same process of alternation of consonants is observed in the words “burden” and “to wear.” But in the latter case, the sound “sh” alternates with the consonant “s”.
However, it should be noted that this is not an alternation of voiced and voiceless consonants making up a pair. This is a special type of replacing one sound with another, which occurred in ancient times, at the dawn of the formation of the Russian language.
The following consonant sounds alternate:
- z - f - g (example: friends - to be friends - friend);
- t - h (example: fly - flying);
- ts - ch - k (example: face - personal - face);
- s - w - x (examples: forester - goblin, arable land - to plow);
- w - d - railway (example: leader - driver - driving);
- z - st (example: fantasy - fantastic);
- shch - sk (example: polished - gloss);
- sh - st (example: paved - paved).
Alternation is often referred to as the appearance of the “l” sound in verbs, which in this case has the beautiful name “el epentheticum”. Examples could be pairs of words “love - love”, “feed - feed”, “buy - buy”, “graph - graph”, “catch - catch”, “ruin - ruin”.
The Russian language is so rich, the processes occurring in it are so diverse, that if a teacher tries to find exciting options for working in the classroom, both in the classroom and outside of class, then many teenagers will plunge into the world of knowledge and discovery, and will become truly interested in this school subject.
The Russian language has 21 consonants and 37 consonant sounds:
Consonant sounds are hard and soft, voiced and voiceless. The softness of sound is indicated as follows - ["].
Hard and soft consonants
A hard consonant sound is obtained if after the consonant there is a vowel A, O, U, Y or E:
na lo ku we fe
A soft consonant sound is obtained if after the consonant there is a vowel E, Yo, I, Yu or Ya:
be le ki nu la
The softness of consonant sounds is also indicated using the soft sign - b. The soft sign itself does not denote a sound; it is written after a consonant letter and together with it denotes one soft consonant sound:
lynx[lynx"], fire[fire"], snowstorm[v"y"uga].
Most consonant letters correspond to two sounds: hard and soft; such consonants are called paired.
Paired consonants for hardness - softness:
But there are consonant letters that correspond to only one of the sounds: hard or soft; such consonants are called unpaired.
Unpaired hard consonants(always hard): F [f], Sh [w], C [c].
Unpaired soft consonants(always soft): Ch [h"], Shch [sch"], J [th"].
In the Russian language there is a long, voiced soft sound [zh "]. It is found in a small number of words and is obtained only when pronouncing combinations of letters LJ, zzh, zhd: reins, rattle, rain.
Voiced and voiceless consonants
Consonant sounds can be divided into voiceless and voiced.
Voiceless consonants are those sounds in the pronunciation of which the voice is not used, they consist only of noise, for example: the sounds [s], [w], [h"].
Voiced consonants are those sounds whose pronunciation uses a voice, that is, they consist of voice and noise, for example: the sounds [r], [zh], [d].
Some sounds form a pair: voiced - voiceless, such sounds are called paired.
Paired consonants according to deafness - voicing:
Unpaired voiced consonants: J, L, M, N, R.
Unpaired voiceless consonants: X, C, Ch, Shch.
Hissing and whistling consonants
The sounds [zh], [sh], [ch"], [sch"] are called hissing consonant sounds. The sounds [zh] and [sh] are unpaired hard hissing consonant sounds:
bug[bug], jester[jester]
The sounds [ch"] and [sch"] are unpaired soft hissing consonant sounds:
siskin[ch"izh], shield[shield]
The sounds [z], [z"] [s], [s"], [ts] are called whistling consonant sounds.
Letter and sound Y
The letter Y (and short) means the sound [th"]: paradise [paradise"]. The letter Y is written:
- At the beginning of the words: iodine, yogurt.
- In the middle of words, before consonants: husky, T-shirt, coffee pot.
- At the end of the words: paradise, may, yours.
The sound [th"] is more common than the letter Y, since it appears in words where there is no letter Y, but there are vowels Ya, E, Yu and E. Let's consider in what cases the sound [th"] occurs in words that do not contain the letter Y:
- The vowels Ya, E, Yu and Yo are at the beginning of the word: pit [th "ama]
- The vowels I, E, Yu and E come after the vowels: blowing [blow it]
- The vowels Ya, E, Yu and Yo come after the hard separating sign (Ъ): entry [vy"ezd]
- The vowels Ya, E, Yu and Yo come after the soft separating sign (b): it's pouring [l"th"from]
- The vowel I comes after the soft separating sign (b): hives [st "y"]
