Where is Griboedov's grave located? Alexander Griboedov: an interesting short biography Useful video: A.S. Griboedov - a short biography.

Date of Birth:
Place of Birth:	Moscow, Russian Empire
Date of death:
A place of death:	Tehran, Persia
Citizenship:	Russian empire
Occupation:	Russian playwright, poet, orientalist, diplomat, pianist, composer

Death in Persia

Creation

Woe from Wit

Interesting Facts

Addresses in St. Petersburg

Editions of essays

Literature

(January 4 (15), 1795, Moscow - January 30 (February 11), 1829, Tehran) - Russian playwright, poet and diplomat, composer (two Griboedov Waltzes have survived), pianist. State Councilor (1828).

Griboedov is known as Homo unius libri- author of one book, the brilliantly rhymed play "Woe from Wit", which is still one of the most popular theatrical productions in Russia, as well as the source of numerous catchphrases.

Biography

Griboedov was born in Moscow in 1795 into a well-to-do, well-born family.

Father - Sergei Ivanovich Griboyedov (1761-1814). Mother - Anastasia Fedorovna Griboyedova (1768-1839).

According to relatives, in childhood Griboyedov was very concentrated and unusually developed.

In 1803, Griboedov was sent to the Noble Boarding School. And three years later, at the age of eleven, he entered the university. Alexander Sergeevich graduated from the verbal department of the philosophical faculty of Moscow University. Griboyedov was a "wunderkind" who graduated from the university at the age of 15.

In 1810 he received the title of candidate of verbal sciences, but did not leave his studies, but entered the ethical and legal department, and then to the faculty of physics and mathematics.

In the summer of 1812, during Patriotic War In 1812, when the enemy appeared on the territory of Russia, Griboyedov joined the Moscow Hussar Regiment (volunteer irregular unit) of Count Saltykov, who received permission to form it. S. N. Begichev writes:

But as soon as they began to form, the enemy entered Moscow. This regiment was ordered to go to Kazan, and after the expulsion of the enemies, at the end of the same year, it was ordered to follow to Brest-Litovsk, join the defeated Irkutsk dragoon regiment and take the name of the Irkutsk hussar.

On September 8, 1812, cornet Griboyedov fell ill and remained in Vladimir, and until, presumably, November 1, 1813, due to illness, he did not appear at the regiment's location. Arriving at the place of service, he got into the company "young cornets from the best noble families"- Prince Golitsyn, Count Efimovsky, Count Tolstoy, Alyabyev, Sheremetev, Lansky, the Shatilov brothers. Griboyedov was related to some of them. Subsequently, he wrote in a letter to Begichev: “I spent only 4 months in this squad, and now for the 4th year I can’t get on the true path”.

Until 1815, Griboyedov served in the rank of cornet under the command of General of the Cavalry A. S. Kologrivov. Griboyedov's first literary experiments - "Letter from Brest-Litovsk to the publisher", feature article "On Cavalry Reserves" and comedy "Young Spouses"(translation of the French comedy "Le secret du Ménage") - refers to 1814. In the article "On Cavalry Reserves" Griboyedov acted as a historical publicist.

The enthusiastically lyrical "Letter ..." from Brest-Litovsk to the publisher of Vestnik Evropy was written by him after awarding Kologrivov in 1814 with the "Order of St. Vladimir Equal-to-the-Apostles, 1st degree" reserves, about it.

At the end of 1814, Griboedov arrived in St. Petersburg, met and became close to the circle of "junior archaists", where he got the idea of ​​​​creating national art, the desire for loftiness and naturalness of style.

From 1817 he served in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in St. Petersburg; at this time he met Pushkin.

Since 1818, secretary of the Russian mission in Tehran, since 1822 in Tiflis, secretary for diplomatic affairs under the commander of the Russian troops, A.P. Yermolov.

In January 1826 he was arrested in the Groznaya fortress on suspicion of belonging to the Decembrists; during the arrest, friends destroyed the archive that compromised the poet; Griboyedov was brought to St. Petersburg, but the investigation could not find evidence that the poet belonged to secret society. By common consent of all the suspects, no one testified to the detriment of Griboyedov.

In September 1826 he returned to Tiflis and continued his diplomatic activities; took part in the conclusion of the Turkmanchay peace treaty (1828), which was beneficial for Russia, and delivered its text to St. Petersburg. Appointed as Resident Minister (Ambassador) to Iran; on the way to his destination, he again spent several months in Tiflis and married there on August 22 (September 3), 1828, Princess Nina Chavchavadze, daughter of the head of the Erivan region and Georgian poet Alexander Chavchavadze.

Death in Persia

Foreign embassies were located not in the capital, but in Tabriz, at the court of Prince Abbas-Mirza, but soon after arriving in Persia, the mission went to introduce itself to Feth Ali Shah in Tehran. During this visit, Griboyedov died: on January 30 (February 11), 1829 (6 Shaaban 1244 AH), a crowd of religious fanatics defeated the Russian diplomatic mission, and all its members were killed, except for Secretary Maltsov. The crowd broke into the house, robbing and destroying everything around. Griboedov, it is believed, ran out with a saber and was hit on the head with a stone, then stoned and hacked to pieces. The circumstances of the pogrom of the Russian mission are described in different ways, but Maltsov was an eyewitness to the events, and he does not mention the death of Griboyedov, he only writes that 15 people defended themselves at the door of the envoy's room. Maltsov writes that 37 people were killed in the embassy (all but him alone) and 19 Tehran residents. Riza-Kuli writes that Griboyedov was killed with 37 comrades, and 80 people were killed from the crowd. His body was so mutilated that he was identified only by a trace on his left hand, obtained in the famous duel with Yakubovich. Griboedov's body was taken to Tiflis and buried on Mount Mtatsminda in a grotto at the Church of St. David.

The Shah of Persia sent his grandson to Petersburg to settle the diplomatic scandal. In compensation for the spilled blood, he brought rich gifts to Nicholas I, among them was the Shah diamond. Once this magnificent diamond, framed by many rubies and emeralds, adorned the throne of the Great Mughals. Now it shines in the collection of the Moscow Kremlin Diamond Fund.

On the grave, the widow Nina Chavchavadze erected a monument to him with the inscription: “Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory, but why did my love survive you?”.

recent years Yury Tynyanov dedicated the life of A. S. Griboyedov to the novel “The Death of Vazir-Mukhtar” (1928).

Creation

According to his literary position, Griboedov belongs (according to the classification of Yu. N. Tynyanov) to the so-called "junior archaists": his closest literary allies are P. A. Katenin and V. K. Kyuchelbeker; however, the “Arzamas” also appreciated him, for example, Pushkin and Vyazemsky, and among his friends there were such different people, as P. Ya. Chaadaev and F. V. Bulgarin.

Even during the years of study at Moscow University (1805), Griboedov wrote poems (only mentions have come down to us), creates a parody of Ozerov's work "Dmitry Donskoy" - "Dmitry Dryanskoy". In 1814, two of his correspondence were published in Vestnik Evropy: On Cavalry Reserves and Letter to the Editor. In line with the controversy with Zhukovsky and Gnedich about the Russian ballad, he writes an article “On the analysis of the free translation of Lenora” (1815). In the same year, he published and staged the comedy The Young Spouses, a parody of French comedies that made up the Russian comedy repertoire at that time. He uses a very popular genre of "social comedy" - works with a small number of characters and a setting for wit.

In 1816, the comedy The Student was published. According to contemporaries, Katenin took a small part in it, but rather his role in creating the comedy was limited to editing. The comedy has a polemical character, directed against the "younger Karamzinists", parodying their works, a type of artist of sentimentalism. The main point of criticism is the lack of realism.

Parodying techniques: introducing texts into everyday contexts, exaggerated use of periphrasticity (all concepts in comedy are given descriptively, nothing is named directly). In the center of the work is the bearer of the classicistic consciousness (Benevolsky). All knowledge about life is gleaned by him from books, all events are perceived through the experience of reading. Saying "I saw it, I know it" means "I read it". The hero seeks to act out book stories, life seems uninteresting to him. The deprivation of a real sense of reality later Griboedov will repeat in Woe from Wit - this is a feature of Chatsky.

In 1818, Griboyedov took part in the writing of "Feigned Infidelity" together with A. A. Gendre. The comedy is an adaptation of Barthes' French comedy. The character Roslavlev, the predecessor of Chatsky, appears in it. This is a strange young man who is in conflict with society, uttering critical monologues. In the same year, the comedy "Own Family, or a Married Bride" was released. Co-authors: A. A. Shakhovskoy, Griboyedov, N. I. Khmelnitsky

What was written before “Woe from Wit” is still very immature or created in collaboration with more experienced writers at that time (Katenin, Shakhovskoy, Zhandre, Vyazemsky); written after "Woe from Wit" - either not brought further than rough sketches, or (which is also quite likely) died with the author in Tehran. From big ideas late period- dramas "1812", "Georgian Night". Griboedov's prose (essays and especially letters) is not without interest.

Woe from Wit

The comedy in verse "Woe from Wit" was conceived in St. Petersburg around 1816 and completed in Tiflis in 1824; the final edition is an authorized list left in St. Petersburg with Bulgarin - 1828).

The comedy "Woe from Wit" is the pinnacle of Russian dramaturgy and poetry; The bright aphoristic style contributed to the fact that she was all "dispersed into quotes."

"Never a single nation has been so scourged, never a single country has been dragged so in the mud, never has so much rude abuse been thrown into the face of the public, and, however, never achieved a more complete success" - P. Chaadaev. Apologia of a madman.

• When Griboyedov finished work on the comedy Woe from Wit, the first person to whom he went to show his work was the one he was most afraid of, namely the fabulist Ivan Andreevich Krylov. With trepidation, Griboedov went to him first to show his work.

“I brought the manuscript! Comedy…” “Commendable. So what? Leave." “I will read you my comedy. If you ask me to leave from the first scenes, I will disappear. “If you please, begin at once,” the fabulist grumpily agreed. An hour passes, another - Krylov is sitting on the sofa, hanging his head on his chest. When Griboyedov put down the manuscript and looked inquiringly at the old man from under his glasses, he was struck by the change that had taken place in the face of the listener. The radiant young eyes shone, the toothless mouth smiled. He held a silk handkerchief in his hand, ready to apply it to his eyes. "No," he shook his heavy head. The censors won't let this pass. They swagger over my fables. And this is much cooler! In our time, the empress would have sent the first trip to Siberia for this piece. Here is Griboedov for you.

• Griboyedov was a real polyglot and spoke many foreign languages. He was fluent in French, English, German and Italian, and understood Latin and Greek. Later, while in the Caucasus, he learned Arabic, Persian and Turkish.

Memory

• In Moscow, there is an institute named after A.S. Griboyedov - IMPE them. A. S. Griboedova.
• In 1995, a postage stamp of Armenia dedicated to Griboyedov was issued.
• In Tbilisi there is a theater named after A.S. Griboyedov, a monument to A.S. Griboedov (author M.K. Merabishvili) and a street named after. A. S. Griboedova.

Addresses in St. Petersburg

• 11.1816 - 08.1818 - profitable house of I. Valkh - Embankment of the Catherine Canal, 104;
• 01.06. - 07.1824 - hotel "Demut" - embankment of the Moika River, 40;
• 08. - 11.1824 - the apartment of A. I. Odoevsky in the apartment building of Pogodin - Torgovaya Street, 5;
• 11.1824 - 01.1825 - the apartment of P. N. Chebyshev in the tenement house of Usov - Nikolaevskaya embankment, 13;
• 01. - 09.1825 - A. I. Odoevsky's apartment in Bulatov's apartment building - St. Isaac's Square, 7;
• 06.1826 - A. A. Zhandr's apartment in Yegerman's house - embankment of the Moika River, 82;
• 03. - 05.1828 - hotel "Demut" - embankment of the Moika River, 40;
• 05. - 06.06.1828 - the house of A. I. Kosikovsky - Nevsky Prospekt, 15.

Awards

• Order of St. Anna II degree with diamond signs (March 14 (26), 1828)
• Order of the Lion and the Sun, 1st class (Persia, 1829)
• Order of the Lion and the Sun II degree (Persia, 1819)

Editions of essays

• Full composition of writings. T. 1-3. - P., 1911-1917.
• Works. - M., 1956.
• Woe from the mind. The publication was prepared by N.K. Piksanov. - M .: Nauka, 1969. (Literary monuments).
• Woe from the mind. The publication was prepared by N. K. Piksanov with the participation of A. L. Grishunin. — M.: Nauka, 1987. — 479 p. (Second edition, supplemented.) (Literary monuments).
• Compositions in verses. Comp., prepared. text and notes. D. M. Klimova. - L .: Owls. writer, 1987. - 512 p. (Library of the poet. Large series. Third edition).
• Complete Works: In 3 volumes / Ed. S. A. Fomicheva and others - St. Petersburg, 1995-2006.

Museums

• "Khmelita" - State Historical, Cultural and Natural Museum-Reserve of A. S. Griboyedov

Literature

• Belinsky V. G., "Woe from Wit", Poln. coll. op. - T. 3. - M., 1953.
• Goncharov I. A., "A million torments." Sobr. op. - T. 8. - M., 1952.
• AS Griboyedov in the memoirs of contemporaries. - M., 1929.
• Piksanov N. K. Creative history of "Woe from Wit". - M.-L., 1928.
• literary heritage. - T. 47-48 [Griboedov]. - M., 1946.
• Meshcheryakov V. Life and deeds of Alexander Griboyedov. — M.: Sovremennik, 1989. — 478 p. Circulation 50,000 copies. ISBN 5-270-00965-X.
• Nechkina M. V. A. S. Griboyedov and the Decembrists. - 2nd ed. - M., 1951.
• Orlov V. N. Griboedov. - 2nd ed. - M., 1954.
• Petrov S. A. S. Griboyedov. - 2nd ed. - M., 1954.
• A. S. Griboyedov in Russian criticism. - M., 1958.
• Popova O. I. Griboyedov - diplomat. - M., 1964.
• History of Russian literature of the XIX century. Bibliographic index. - M.-L., 1962.

Alexander Sergeevich Griboedov is a well-known Russian diplomat, but he is known to the reader primarily as greatest writer and playwright, author of the immortal comedy Woe from Wit.

Griboyedov was born on January 4, 1795 (according to other sources, 1794) in Moscow. His father was a guards officer who dreamed of getting his son a decent education and career. Sasha studied at first at home, then entered in 1802 (according to other sources 1803) at the Noble Boarding School at Moscow University.

Studying at the University

For getting higher education young Alexander Griboyedov in 1806 entered the Faculty of Philosophy of Moscow University, the best at that time educational institution Russia. He graduates from the legal and verbal departments of the university, continues his education by attending lectures for students of the physics and mathematics department.

The young man stands out among his comrades with versatile talents and a desire to gain knowledge from certain branches of the humanities and exact sciences. He is fluent in foreign languages, not only required knowledge, French and German, but also Italian and English. In addition, he has extraordinary musical abilities.

Griboyedov's first steps in literature

In 1812, a patriotic young man volunteered for the army, he served in the Moscow Hussars, in the reserve cavalry troops. In 1814, his first opuses appeared in the popular magazine Vestnik Evropy, small letters-notes reporting on the everyday life of cavalrymen who were in reserve.

As a playwright, he appears in 1815, presenting to the public the comedy The Young Spouses, a revised play by the French writer. Griboyedov's creation receives its stage embodiment and, at the same time, well-deserved criticism of the famous writer M.N. Zagoskin. But the young writer does not accept caustic remarks about the play, on the contrary, he answers criticism with a bright pamphlet called "Lubochny Theater".

Circle of friends

Alexander Griboedov is a member of the St. Petersburg literary society, gets acquainted with the writers Grech and Kuchelbeker. A little later, he will meet with the genius of Russian poetry, Alexander Pushkin.

The circle of acquaintances is expanding, close cooperation with A. Shakhovsky, N. Khmelnitsky, P. Katenin begins. In co-authorship with the latter, in 1817, the comedy "Student" was written, in which poets, followers of the enthusiastic N. Karamzin and the sentimental V. Zhukovsky, are ridiculed. In terms of literary views, Griboedov was closer to Krylov and Kuchelbecker, Derzhavin and Katenin, Shishkov and his company, the so-called "archaists".

Career and creativity

Griboyedov retired in 1816 and chose to live in St. Petersburg, known for its cultural traditions. A year later, he was enrolled in the College of Foreign Affairs, thus starting his career as a diplomat. Soon he was appointed secretary of the Russian diplomatic mission in Persia. However, this position is not a career take-off, but rather a punishment and exile, since the future diplomat allowed himself to participate in a duel, albeit as a second.

Tabriz meets a diplomat and writer in a dank February 1819, probably the first meeting with the place of future service contributed to the writing of the poem "The Traveler" (another name is "The Wanderer"), especially the part that tells about the sale of a captive Georgian boy in the Tabriz market.

Since 1822, Griboyedov has been in Tiflis in the diplomatic service at the headquarters of General Yermolov, who is the head of Georgia. In 1823 - 25 years. Alexander Sergeevich is on a long vacation, part of which he spends on the estate of his friend Begichev near Tula. It was here in the summer of 1823 that the third and fourth parts of the comedy "Woe from Wit" were born (the first two, according to the assumption of creativity researchers, were written back in Tiflis). And in the autumn of the same year, in collaboration with P. Vyazemsky, Griboyedov wrote "Vaudeville", A. Verstovsky composes music for it.
At the end of 1825, the vacation ends, and Griboyedov has to return to Tiflis. But comes to the fore literary activity Unfortunately, most of his works have not yet been identified or are known in fragments.

The great ideas of the writer are evidenced by the plan of the drama called "1812", a preserved fragment of the tragedy "Georgian Night", based on local ancient legends, another tragic work telling about historical events that took place in Armenia and Georgia.
In the first half of 1826, Griboyedov was under investigation related to the performance of the Decembrists on Senate Square. Compromising information about him has not been revealed, in September of this year he returns to the Caucasus.

The tragic finale of Griboedov's biography

A year later, an important diplomatic mission falls on Griboyedov - maintaining relations with Persia and Turkey. In August 1828, Griboedov in Tiflis married Nadya Chavchavadze, who is distinguished by her refinement of manners, human qualities, and, moreover, is unusually beautiful.
A young wife, expecting her first child, accompanies her husband to Tabriz, and then, a few months later, returns to Tiflis. In Tehran in those days it was restless, and Griboyedov feared for the life of his mother and unborn baby.

The diplomat takes an active part in the political, economic, public life of the Caucasus region, contributes to the opening of the "Tiflis Vedomosti", a "working house" for women serving sentences. With his participation, the Turkmanchy peace treaty with Persia was signed, and soon he was appointed minister plenipotentiary to this country.

But he considers this position as another exile, and not at all a royal favor. Together with the embassy, ​​he leaves for Tehran, where the tragic events took place. Embassy staff, including Alexander Griboedov, were brutally murdered by Persian fanatics, behind whom stood Shah Fet-Ali and his subordinates, who did not want to allow Russian influence to grow in the East.

On January 4, 1795, the life of Alexander Griboedov, the great diplomat, writer and playwright, ended tragically. But his works have retained their relevance, they are more modern than ever, and any reader today can be convinced of this.

Alexander Sergeevich Griboidov

Russian diplomat, poet, playwright, pianist and composer, nobleman, state councilor

Alexander Griboyedov

short biography

- a famous Russian writer, poet, playwright, brilliant diplomat, state councilor, author of the legendary play in verse "Woe from Wit", was a descendant of an old noble family. Born in Moscow on January 15 (January 4, O.S.), 1795, from early years showed himself to be an extremely developed, and versatile, child. Wealthy parents tried to give him an excellent home education, and in 1803 Alexander became a pupil of the Moscow University noble boarding school. At the age of eleven, he was already a student at Moscow University (verbal department). Having become a candidate of verbal sciences in 1808, Griboedov graduated from two more departments - moral-political and physical-mathematical. Alexander Sergeevich became one of the most educated people among his contemporaries, knew about a dozen foreign languages, was very gifted musically.

With the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, Griboyedov joined the ranks of volunteers, but he did not have to participate directly in hostilities. With the rank of cornet, Griboedov in 1815 served in a cavalry regiment that was in reserve. The first literary experiments date back to this time - the comedy "Young Spouses", which was a translation of a French play, the article "On Cavalry Reserves", "Letter from Brest-Litovsk to the Publisher".

At the beginning of 1816, A. Griboedov retired and came to live in St. Petersburg. Working in the College of Foreign Affairs, he continues his studies in a new field of writing for himself, makes translations, joins theatrical and literary circles. It was in this city that fate gave him an acquaintance with A. Pushkin. In 1817, A. Griboyedov tried his hand at dramaturgy, writing the comedies "Own Family" and "Student".

In 1818, Griboyedov was appointed to the post of secretary of the tsar's attorney, who headed the Russian mission in Tehran, and this radically changed his further biography. The expulsion to a foreign land of Alexander Sergeevich was regarded as a punishment for the fact that he acted as a second in a scandalous duel with fatal. Staying in Iranian Tabriz (Tavriz) was really painful for the beginning writer.

In the winter of 1822, Tiflis became Griboyedov’s new place of service, and General A.P. Yermolov, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary in Tehran, commander of the Russian troops in the Caucasus, under whom Griboedov was secretary for diplomatic affairs, became the new boss. It was in Georgia that he wrote the first and second acts of the comedy Woe from Wit. The third and fourth acts were already composed in Russia: in the spring of 1823, Griboedov left the Caucasus on leave for his homeland. In 1824, in St. Petersburg, the last point was put in the work, whose path to fame turned out to be thorny. The comedy could not be published due to the prohibition of censorship and diverged in handwritten lists. Only small fragments "slip" into the press: in 1825 they were included in the issue of the Russian Thalia almanac. The brainchild of Griboyedov was highly appreciated by A. S. Pushkin.

Griboyedov planned to take a trip to Europe, but in May 1825 he had to urgently return to his service in Tiflis. In January 1826, in connection with the case of the Decembrists, he was arrested, kept in a fortress, and then taken to St. Petersburg: the writer's name came up several times during interrogations, and during searches, handwritten copies of his comedy were found. Nevertheless, due to lack of evidence, the investigation had to release Griboyedov, and in September 1826 he returned to his official duties.

In 1828, the Turkmanchay peace treaty was signed, which corresponded to the interests of Russia. He played a certain role in the biography of the writer: Griboyedov took part in its conclusion and delivered the text of the agreement to St. Petersburg. For his merits, the talented diplomat was granted a new position - the plenipotentiary minister (ambassador) of Russia in Persia. In his appointment, Alexander Sergeevich saw a "political exile", plans for the implementation of numerous creative ideas collapsed. With a heavy heart in June 1828, Griboyedov left St. Petersburg.

Getting to the place of service, for several months he lived in Tiflis, where in August he was married to 16-year-old Nina Chavchavadze. He left for Persia with his young wife. There were forces in the country and beyond its borders that were not satisfied with the growing influence of Russia, which cultivated hostility towards its representatives in the minds of the local population. January 30, 1829 located in Tehran Russian embassy was brutally attacked by a brutal mob, and one of his victims was A.S. Griboyedov, who was mutilated to such an extent that they were later identified only by a characteristic scar on his arm. The body was taken to Tiflis, where the grotto at the church of St. David became its last refuge.

Biography from Wikipedia

Origin and early years

Griboyedov was born in Moscow, in a wealthy well-born family. His ancestor, Jan Grzybowski (Polish Jan Grzybowski), moved from Poland to Russia at the beginning of the 17th century. The surname Griboedov is nothing more than a kind of translation of the surname Grzhibovsky. Under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, Fyodor Akimovich Griboyedov was a discharge clerk and one of the five drafters of the Council Code of 1649.

• Father - Sergei Ivanovich Griboedov (1761-1814), retired second major;
• Mother - Anastasia Fedorovna (1768-1839), nee also Griboyedova - from the Smolensk branch of this family, and her family was richer and considered more noble;
• Sister - Maria Sergeevna Griboyedova (Durnovo);
• Brother - Pavel (died in infancy);
• Wife - Nina Alexandrovna Chavchavadze (Georgian ნინო ჭავჭავაძე)(November 4, 1812 - June 28, 1857).

According to relatives, in childhood Alexander was very concentrated and unusually developed. There is evidence that he was the great-nephew of Alexander Radishchev (this was carefully concealed by the playwright himself). At the age of 6 he was fluent in three foreign languages, in his youth already six, in particular in perfection English, French, German and Italian. He understood Latin and Greek very well.

In 1803 he was sent to the Moscow University Noble Boarding School; three years later, Griboedov entered the verbal department of Moscow University. In 1808 (at the age of 13) he graduated from the verbal department of the university with a Ph.D. in verbal sciences, but did not leave his studies, but entered the ethical-political (legal) department of the Faculty of Philosophy. In 1810 he received his Ph.D. in law and remained at the university to study mathematics and the natural sciences.

War

On September 8, 1812, cornet Griboedov fell ill and stayed in Vladimir, and, presumably, until November 1, 1812, due to illness, did not appear at the regiment's location. In the summer, during the Patriotic War of 1812, when the enemy appeared on the territory of Russia, he joined the Moscow Hussar Regiment (volunteer irregular unit) of Count Pyotr Ivanovich Saltykov, who received permission to form it. Arriving at the place of service, he got into the company "young cornets from the best noble families"- Prince Golitsyn, Count Efimovsky, Count Tolstoy, Alyabyev, Sheremetev, Lansky, the Shatilov brothers. Griboyedov was related to some of them. Subsequently, he wrote in a letter to S. N. Begichev: “I spent only 4 months in this squad, and now for the 4th year I can’t get on the true path”. Begichev answered this as follows:

But as soon as they began to form, the enemy entered Moscow. This regiment was ordered to go to Kazan, and after the expulsion of the enemies, at the end of the same year, it was ordered to follow to Brest-Litovsk, join the defeated Irkutsk dragoon regiment and take the name of the Irkutsk hussar. S. N. Begichev

Until 1815, Griboyedov served in the rank of cornet under the command of General of the Cavalry A. S. Kologrivov. Griboedov's first literary experiments - "Letter from Brest-Litovsk to the publisher", feature article "On Cavalry Reserves" and comedy "Young Spouses"(translation of the French comedy "Le secre") - refer to 1814. In the article "On Cavalry Reserves" Griboyedov acted as a historical publicist.

The enthusiastically lyrical "Letter from Brest-Litovsk to the publisher", published in the "Bulletin of Europe", was written by him after awarding Kologrivov in 1814 with the "Order of St. Equal-to-the-Apostles Vladimir of the 1st degree" and the holiday of June 22 (July 4) in Brest-Litovsk , in the cavalry reserves, on this occasion.

In the capital

In 1815, Griboedov arrived in St. Petersburg, where he met N. I. Grech, the publisher of the Son of the Fatherland magazine, and N. I. Khmelnitsky, the famous playwright.

In the spring of 1816, the novice writer left military service, and already in the summer he published an article “On the analysis of the free translation of the Burger ballad “Lenora”” - a review of N. I. Gnedich’s critical remarks about P. A. Katenin’s ballad “Olga”.

At the same time, Griboyedov's name appears in the lists of full members of the United Friends Masonic lodge. In early 1817, Griboyedov became one of the founders of the Du Bien Masonic lodge.

In the summer he entered the diplomatic service, taking the post of provincial secretary (from winter - translator) of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs. This period of the life of the writer also includes his acquaintance with A. S. Pushkin and V. K. Kuchelbecker, work on the poem "Lubochny Theater" (a response to M. N. Zagoskin's criticism of "Young Spouses"), comedies "Student" (together with P. A. Katenin), “Feigned infidelity” (together with A. A. Gendre), “Own family, or a married bride” (in collaboration with A. A. Shakhovsky and N. I. Khmelnitsky).

Duel

In 1817, the famous “quadruple duel” between Zavadovsky-Sheremetev and Griboyedov-Yakubovich took place in St. Petersburg.

Griboyedov lived with Zavadovsky and, being a friend of the famous dancer of the St. Petersburg ballet Avdotya Istomina, after the performance brought her to his place (naturally, to Zavadovsky's house), where she lived for two days. The cavalry guard Sheremetev, Istomina's lover, was in a quarrel with her and was away, but when he returned, incited by the cornet of the Life Lancers regiment AI Yakubovich, he challenged Zavadovsky to a duel. Griboedov became Zavadovsky's second, and Yakubovich became Sheremetev's second; both also promised to fight.

Zavadovsky and Sheremetev were the first to reach the barrier. Zavadovsky, an excellent shooter, mortally wounded Sheremetev in the stomach. Since Sheremetev had to be immediately taken to the city, Yakubovich and Griboedov postponed their duel. It took place the following year, 1818, in Georgia. Yakubovich was transferred to Tiflis for service, and Griboyedov also happened to be passing through there, heading on a diplomatic mission to Persia.

Griboedov was wounded in the left hand. It was by this wound that it was subsequently possible to identify the disfigured corpse of Griboyedov, who was killed religious fanatics during the destruction of the Russian embassy in Tehran.

in the east

In 1818, Griboedov, refusing the position of an official of the Russian mission in the United States, was appointed to the post of secretary under the tsar's chargé d'affaires in Persia, Simon Mazarovich. Before leaving for Tehran, he completed work on Intermedia Samples. He left for his duty station at the end of August, two months later (with short stops in Novgorod, Moscow, Tula and Voronezh) he arrived in Mozdok, on the way to Tiflis he compiled a detailed diary describing his journeys.

At the beginning of 1819, Griboedov completed work on the ironic "Letter to the publisher from Tiflis on January 21" and, probably, the poem "Forgive me, Fatherland!" At the same time he went on his first business trip to the shah's court. On the way to the appointed place through Tabriz (January - March), he continued to write travel notes that he started last year. In August, he returned back, where he began to fuss about the fate of Russian soldiers who were in Iranian captivity. In September, at the head of a detachment of prisoners and fugitives, he set out from Tabriz to Tiflis, where he arrived already in next month. Some events of this journey are described on the pages of Griboyedov's diaries (for July and August/September), as well as in the narrative fragments "Vagin's Story" and "Ananur Quarantine".

In January 1820, Griboyedov again went to Persia, adding new entries to his travel diaries. Here, burdened with official chores, he spent more than a year and a half. Staying in Persia was incredibly burdensome for the writer-diplomat, and in the fall of the following year, 1821, for health reasons (due to a broken arm), he finally managed to transfer closer to his homeland - to Georgia. There he became close with Küchelbecker, who had arrived here for the service, and began work on draft manuscripts of the first edition of Woe from Wit.

From February 1822, Griboyedov was secretary for the diplomatic unit under General A.P. Yermolov, who commanded the Russian troops in Tiflis. The author's work on the drama "1812" is often dated to the same year (apparently, timed to coincide with the tenth anniversary of Russia's victory in the war with Napoleonic France).

At the beginning of 1823, Griboedov left the service for a while and returned to his homeland, for more than two years he lived in Moscow, in the village. Dmitrovsky (Lakotsy) of the Tula province, in St. Petersburg. Here the author continued the work begun in the Caucasus with the text “Woe from Wit”, by the end of the year he wrote the poem “David”, a dramatic scene in verse “The Youth of the Prophet”, a vaudeville “Who is brother, who is sister, or Deception after deception” (in cooperation with P. A. Vyazemsky) and the first edition of the famous e-moll waltz. It is customary to attribute the appearance of the first recordings of his Desiderata, a journal of notes on debatable issues of Russian history, geography and literature, to the same period of Griboedov's life.

The following year, 1824, dates the writers' epigrams to M. A. Dmitriev and A. I. Pisarev (“They compose - they lie! And they translate - they lie! ..”, “How the magazine fights spread! ..”), the narrative fragment “Character my uncle”, essay “Special cases of the St. Petersburg flood” and the poem “Teleshova”. At the end of the same year (December 15), Griboedov became a full member of the Free Society of Russian Literature Lovers.

On South

At the end of May 1825, due to the urgent need to return to his duty station, the writer abandoned his intention to visit Europe and left for the Caucasus. Subsequently, he will learn Arabic, Turkish, Georgian and Persian. The first teacher who taught Griboyedov the Persian language was Mirza Jafar Topchibashev. On the eve of this trip, he completed work on a free translation of the “Prologue in the Theater” from the tragedy “Faust”, at the request of F.V. archive" for 1825. On the way to Georgia, he visited Kyiv, where he met prominent figures of the revolutionary underground (M. P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin, A. Z. Muravyov, S. I. Muravyov-Apostol and S. P. Trubetskoy), lived for some time in the Crimea, visiting the estate of his old friend A.P. Zavadovsky. Griboyedov traveled through the mountains of the peninsula, developed a plan for the majestic tragedy of the Baptism of the ancient Russians and kept a detailed diary travel notes, published only three decades after the death of the author. According to the opinion established in science, it was under the influence of the southern trip that he wrote the scene “Dialogue of the Polovtsian husbands”.

Arrest

Upon his return to the Caucasus, Griboyedov, inspired by the participation in the expedition of General A. A. Velyaminov, wrote the famous poem "Predators on Chegem". In January 1826 he was arrested in the fortress of Groznaya on suspicion of belonging to the Decembrists; Griboyedov was brought to St. Petersburg, but the investigation could not find evidence of Griboyedov's belonging to a secret society. With the exception of A. F. Brigen, E. P. Obolensky, N. N. Orzhitsky and S. P. Trubetskoy, none of the suspects testified to the detriment of Griboyedov. He was under investigation until June 2, 1826, but since it was not possible to prove his participation in the conspiracy, and he himself categorically denied his involvement in the conspiracy, he was released from arrest with a “cleansing certificate”. Despite this, for some time Griboedov was placed under tacit supervision.

Return to service

In September 1826 he returned to the service in Tiflis and continued his diplomatic activities; took part in the conclusion of the Turkmanchay peace treaty (1828), which was beneficial for Russia, and delivered its text to St. Petersburg. Appointed as Resident Minister (Ambassador) to Iran; on the way to his destination, he again spent several months in Tiflis and married there on August 22 (September 3), 1828, Princess Nina Chavchavadze, with whom he happened to live only a few weeks.

Death in Persia

Foreign embassies were located not in the capital, but in Tabriz, at the court of Prince Abbas-Mirza, but soon after arriving in Persia, the mission went to introduce itself to Feth Ali Shah in Tehran. During this visit, Griboyedov died: on January 30, 1829 (6 Shaaban 1244 AH), a crowd of thousands of religious fanatics killed everyone in the embassy, ​​except for the secretary Ivan Sergeevich Maltsov.

The circumstances of the defeat of the Russian mission are described in different ways, but Maltsov was an eyewitness to the events, and he does not mention the death of Griboyedov, he only writes that 15 people defended themselves at the door of the envoy's room. Returning to Russia, he wrote that 37 people in the embassy were killed (all except him alone) and 19 Tehran residents. He himself hid in another room and, in fact, could only describe what he heard. All the defenders died, and there were no direct witnesses left.

Riza-Kuli writes that Griboyedov was killed with 37 comrades, and 80 people from the crowd were killed. His body was so mutilated that he was identified only by a trace on his left hand, obtained in the famous duel with Yakubovich.

Griboyedov's body was taken to Tiflis and buried on Mount Mtatsminda in a grotto at the Church of St. David. In the summer of 1829, Alexander Pushkin visited the grave. Pushkin also wrote in Journey to Arzrum that he met a cart with the body of Griboyedov on a mountain pass in Armenia, later called Pushkin.

The Shah of Persia sent his grandson to Petersburg to settle the diplomatic scandal. In compensation for the spilled blood, he brought rich gifts to Nicholas I, among them was the Shah diamond. Once this magnificent diamond, framed by many rubies and emeralds, adorned the throne of the Great Mughals. Now it shines in the collection of the Moscow Kremlin Diamond Fund.

On the grave of Alexander Griboyedov, his widow, Nina Chavchavadze, erected a monument with the inscription: “Your mind and deeds are immortal in Russian memory, but why did my love survive you!”.

Creation

According to his literary position, Griboedov belongs (according to Yu. N. Tynyanov's classification) to the so-called "junior archaists": his closest literary allies are P. A. Katenin and V. K. Kyuchelbeker; however, he was also appreciated by the “Arzamas”, for example, Pushkin and Vyazemsky, and among his friends there were such different people as P. Ya. Chaadaev and F. V. Bulgarin.

Even during the years of study at Moscow University (1805), Griboedov wrote poems (only mentions have come down to us), creates a parody of the work of V. A. Ozerov "Dmitry Donskoy" - "Dmitry Dryanskoy". In 1814, two of his correspondence were published in Vestnik Evropy: On Cavalry Reserves and Letter to the Editor. In 1815, he published the comedy The Young Spouses, a parody of French comedies that made up the Russian comedy repertoire at that time. The author uses a very popular genre of "secular comedy" - works with a small number of characters and a setting for wit. In line with the controversy with Zhukovsky and Gnedich about the Russian ballad, Griboedov wrote an article "On the Analysis of the Free Translation of Lenora" (1816).

In 1817, Griboyedov's comedy "Student" was published. According to contemporaries, Katenin took a small part in it, but rather his role in creating the comedy was limited to editing. The work has a polemical character, directed against the "younger Karamzinists", parodying their works, a type of artist of sentimentalism. The main point of criticism is the lack of realism.

Parodying techniques: introducing texts into everyday contexts, exaggerated use of periphrasticity (all concepts in comedy are given descriptively, nothing is named directly). In the center of the work is the bearer of the classic consciousness (Benevolsky). All knowledge about life is gleaned by him from books, all events are perceived through the experience of reading. Saying "I saw it, I know it" means "I read it". The hero seeks to act out book stories, life seems uninteresting to him. The deprivation of a real sense of reality later Griboedov will repeat in "Woe from Wit" - this is a feature of Chatsky.

In 1817, Griboyedov took part in the writing of "Feigned Infidelity" together with A. A. Gendre. The comedy is an adaptation of the French comedy by Nicolas Barthes. The character Roslavlev, the predecessor of Chatsky, appears in it. This is a strange young man who is in conflict with society, uttering critical monologues. In the same year, the comedy "Own Family, or a Married Bride" was released. Co-authors: A. A. Shakhovskoy, Griboyedov, N. I. Khmelnitsky.

What was written before “Woe from Wit” is still very immature or created in collaboration with more experienced writers at that time (Katenin, Shakhovskoy, Zhandre, Vyazemsky); conceived after "Woe from Wit" - either not written at all (the tragedy about Prince Vladimir the Great), or not brought further than rough sketches (the tragedy about the princes Vladimir Monomakh and Fyodor Ryazansky), or written, but due to a number of circumstances it is not known modern science. Of Griboyedov's later experiments, the most notable are the dramatic scenes "1812", "Georgian Night", "Rodamist and Zenobia". special attention the author's artistic and documentary works (essays, diaries, epistolary) also deserve it.

Although world fame came to Griboyedov thanks to only one book, he should not be considered a “literary one-thinker” who exhausted his creative forces in his work on “Woe from Wit”. A reconstructive analysis of the playwright's artistic intentions allows us to see in him the talent of the creator of a truly high tragedy worthy of William Shakespeare, and literary prose testifies to the productive development of Griboyedov as an original author of literary "travels".

"Woe from Wit"

The comedy in verse "Woe from Wit" was conceived in St. Petersburg around 1816 and completed in Tiflis in 1824 (final edition - an authorized list left in St. Petersburg with Bulgarin - 1828). In Russia, it is included in the school curriculum of the 9th grade (in the days of the USSR - in the 8th grade).

The comedy "Woe from Wit" is the pinnacle of Russian dramaturgy and poetry. The bright aphoristic style contributed to the fact that she was all "dispersed into quotes."

“Never a single nation has been so scourged, never a single country has been dragged so in the mud, never so much rude abuse has been thrown into the face of the public, and, however, more complete success has never been achieved” (P. Chaadaev. “Apology of a madman” ).

“His Woe from Wit was published in 1862 without distortion or abridgement. When Griboedov himself, who died at the hands of fanatics in Iran, had been away from this world for more than 30 years. Written as never before on time - on the eve of the Decembrist uprising - the play became a vivid poetic pamphlet denouncing the reigning regime. For the first time, poetry broke into politics so boldly and frankly. And politics gave in, - wrote in the essay “Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov. Woe from Wit" (in the author's column "100 books that shook the world" in the magazine "Youth") Elena Sazanovich. - The play in handwritten form went all over the country. Griboyedov once again quipped, calling "Woe from Wit" a comedy. Is it a joke?! About 40,000 handwritten copies. A stunning success. It was an outright spit on high society. And high society did not laugh at the comedy. Wiped off. And Griboyedov was not forgiven ... ".

Musical works

The few musical works written by Griboyedov possessed excellent harmony, harmony and conciseness. He is the author of several piano pieces, among which two waltzes for piano are the most famous. Some works, including the piano sonata, Griboyedov's most serious piece of music, have not reached us. Waltz in E minor of his composition is considered the first Russian waltz that has survived to this day. According to the memoirs of his contemporaries, Griboedov was a remarkable pianist, his playing was distinguished by genuine artistry.

Other

In 1828, Griboyedov completed work on the "Project for the establishment of the Russian Transcaucasian Company". In order to develop trade and industry in Transcaucasia, the project was supposed to create an autonomous management company with extensive administrative, economic and diplomatic powers to govern the Transcaucasus. The project, as contradicting his personal power in Transcaucasia, was rejected by I.F. Paskevich.

An extensive section of Griboyedov's creative heritage consists of his letters.

Memory

monuments

• In St. Petersburg, a monument to A. S. Griboyedov (sculptor V. V. Lishev, 1959) is located on Zagorodny Prospekt on Pioneer Square (opposite the Theater of the Young Spectator)
• In the center of Yerevan there is a monument to A.S. Griboedov (author - Hovhannes Bejanyan, 1974), and in 1995 a postage stamp of Armenia dedicated to A.S. Griboyedov was issued.
• In Alushta, a monument to A.S. Griboyedov was erected in 2002, on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the city.
• In Moscow, the monument to A. S. Griboyedov is located on Chistoprudny Boulevard.
• In Veliky Novgorod, A. S. Griboyedov is immortalized in the monument "Millennium of Russia", in the group of sculptures "Writers and Artists".
• In Volgograd, at the expense of the Armenian community of the city, a bust of A. S. Griboyedov was erected (on Sovetskaya Street, opposite polyclinic No. 3).
• In Tbilisi, the monument to A. S. Griboedov is located on the embankment of the Kura (sculptor M. Merabishvili, architect G. Melkadze, 1961).
• In Tehran, near the Russian embassy, ​​there is a monument to A.S. Griboyedov (sculptor V.A. Beklemishev, 1912).

Museums and galleries

• State Historical, Cultural and Natural Museum-Reserve of A. S. Griboyedov "Khmelita".
• In the Crimea, in the Red Cave (Kizil-Koba), a gallery was named in honor of the stay of A. S. Griboyedov.

Streets

Streets to them. Griboyedov is in many cities of Russia and neighboring countries:

• Almetyevsk,
• Petrozavodsk,
• Perm,
• Chelyabinsk,
• Krasnoyarsk,
• Kaliningrad
• Surgut,
• Simferopol,
• Sevastopol,
• Bryansk,
• Yekaterinburg,
• Novokuznetsk,
• Novorossiysk,
• Novosibirsk,
• Ryazan,
• Dzerzhinsk (Nizhny Novgorod region),
• Irkutsk,
• Makhachkala,
• Gelendzhik,
• Kovrov,
• Tver
• Tyumen,
• Kirov,
• Essentuki;

in Belarus- Brest, Vitebsk, Minsk;

in Ukraine -

• Khmelnitsky,
• Vinnitsa,
• Kharkov,
• Kherson,
• Irpin,
• white church,
• Chernivtsi;

in Armenia- Yerevan, Vanadzor, Gyumri, Sevan;

Alexander Sergeevich Griboyedov was born on January 15, 1795 in rich family nobles. A man of exceptional talents, Alexander Griboedov knew how to play the piano brilliantly, composed music himself, and knew more than five foreign languages. The Russian figure graduated from the Moscow University noble boarding school (1803), and then three departments of Moscow University.

On the military service Griboedov stayed in the rank of cornet from 1812 to 1816, after which he began to realize himself in the journalistic and literary fields. Among his first works are the comedy The Young Spouses, which he translated from French, and Letter from Brest-Litovsk to the Publisher. In 1817, Griboyedov joined the United Friends Masonic organization and held the post of provincial secretary in the public service. Griboyedov continues to write, the comedy Student and Feigned Infidelity are added to his work. At the same time, the gifted figure met Alexander Pushkin and his entourage.

Griboyedov traveled to Persia twice on behalf of the government - in 1818 and 1820. Service in the east weighed heavily on him, and Griboedov moved to Georgia. During this period, work begins on the most famous work - "Woe from Wit".

In 1826, the Russian writer was accused of belonging to the Decembrists. Griboyedov stayed under investigation for about 6 months. But it was not possible to prove his involvement in the conspiracy, and Griboyedov received his freedom.

In 1828, he marries Nina Chavchavadze, but their marriage was short-lived: Alexander Sergeevich was killed by a rebellious crowd on January 30, 1829, during the visit of the Russian embassy to Tehran.

Biography 2

The great writer, competent diplomat, musician and composer is not full list merits of Alexander Griboyedov. An inquisitive boy of noble origin. The best scientists of that time were engaged in his upbringing and training.

Sasha's abilities knew no bounds, he easily mastered six foreign languages. From childhood he played musical instruments, wrote poetry.

He really wanted to prove himself in combat conditions, and he enrolled in a regiment of hussars, but the war with Napoleon had already begun to end, much to the chagrin of Alexander. So he did not manage to participate in hostilities.

Mother, Anastasia Fedorovna, saw her son as an official, but Griboedov did not want to serve at all, it seemed to him a boring thing. At this time, he became interested in theater and literature, writing comedies. Young and hot, he soon gets into an unpleasant story, becomes a second. Duels at that time were not only forbidden, for participation in them one could go to prison. Anastasia Fedorovna did a lot to save her son from imprisonment. And he had to leave Russia and go to Persia.

Being in foreign lands, Alexander was very bored. After some time, he achieves a transfer to Georgia. Here he begins to write his famous comedy. At the same time, he writes poetry, plays and continues to make music.

Alexander Griboyedov was not only familiar with Ivan Krylov, he read Woe from Wit to him. The great fabulist liked the work, but he said with regret that the censors would not let him through. This turned out to be true. Moreover, the play was not only forbidden to be staged in the theater. But also print. It had to be secretly copied.

Soon Alexander returned to the Caucasus, where he continued to serve in Yermolov's headquarters. At this time there was an uprising of the Decembrists. Griboyedov falls under suspicion and is arrested.

Before the last time to go on a diplomatic mission to the capital of Iran, Alexander got married. The happiness of the young did not last long, only a few weeks. Going on a business trip again, no one could have thought that it would be the last.

It took half a century for people to start talking about Griboyedov and his role as a writer's diplomat and just a human being.

Option 3

A.S. Griboyedov is an outstanding Russian playwright, poet, composer and pianist. He was considered one of the smartest and most educated people of his time. He did a lot of useful things for Russia in the diplomatic field.

He was born in 1795. He was a representative of an old wealthy family. Mother, a sharp and domineering woman, loved her son very much. He answered her the same. However, conflicts often arose between them.

Alexander's ability to learn manifested itself in childhood. Already at the age of six, he could freely communicate on 3 foreign languages, and to adolescence mastered 6 languages. At first he received an excellent home education under the guidance of experienced tutors, then he was enrolled in the Moscow University boarding school. Further, after graduating from the verbal department of the philosophical faculty of Moscow University, at the age of thirteen he received a Ph.D. Then he continued his studies at the Faculty of Law, after which he received a PhD in law at the age of 15.

Interested in mathematics and the natural sciences, he not only diligently attended lectures, but also took private lessons from some scientists, because he wanted to get a doctorate in science. He managed to engage in literary work, but, unfortunately, his early works have not been preserved.

In 1812 because of the beginning of the Patriotic War, Griboyedov left his studies, studies in literature and, under the influence of patriotic ideas, signed up for the hussars. But he did not have a chance to fight, since his regiment was sent to the rear. Soon Alexander was appointed adjutant to the commander and transferred to Brest-Litovsk.

In 1814 published his articles for the first time. Starts writing for the theatre. In 1815 resigns, and after 2 years enters the civil service in the Collegium of Foreign Affairs.

Living in St. Petersburg, Griboyedov takes an active part in the activities of the literary and theatrical circle. Writes and publishes several comedies.

In 1818 receives an appointment as secretary of the Russian mission in Iran. Maintains travel notes. In Tiflis, he shoots with A.I. Yakubovich. After this duel, he forever left a mutilated finger on his left hand.

In Iran, he is busy with the release of captured Russian soldiers and personally accompanies their detachment to their homeland. In 1820 begins work on the play "Woe from Wit".

Since 1822 to 1823 serves under General Yermolov. He writes musical vaudeville, which premiered in 1824. Leaves the service. He is busy with printing and staging Woe from Wit on stage, but to no avail.

In 1825 returns to service. In 1826 was arrested in the Caucasus. He was accused of having links with the Decembrists, but no evidence was found, so he was released.

In 1828 Griboyedov married, and in 1829. was killed by religious fanatics in Tehran.

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1790, Moscow - 30.1(11.2).1829, Tehran; buried in Tiflis], Russian playwright, poet, diplomat, literary critic, improvisational pianist. From a noble family. He studied initially at home, with the assistance of professors from Moscow University, then at the Moscow University Noble Boarding School (1806) and at the verbal department of Moscow University (1806-08), later he listened to lectures at the ethical and political department and was promoted to candidate of law (1810); until 1812 he remained at the university, studying mathematics and the natural sciences. In July 1812 he was enrolled as a cornet in the Moscow Hussar Regiment, in December of the same year he was transferred to the Irkutsk Hussar Regiment. From November 1813 he served at the headquarters of the head of the Cavalry reserves, General A. S. Kologrivov; in March 1816 he retired. In June 1817 he entered the service of the Collegium of Foreign Affairs as a provincial secretary, and in December 1817 he received the position of translator. In July 1818 he was appointed secretary to the attorney in Persia, in 1822 - secretary "for diplomatic affairs" under the head of Georgia, General A.P. Yermolov. In December 1824 he was elected a member of the Free Society of Lovers of Russian Literature. On January 22, 1826, he was arrested in the case of the Decembrist uprising, and on June 22, 1826 he was released with a "purification certificate." After the appointment of General I.F. Paskevich (married to cousin Griboyedov) as commander of the Separate Caucasian Corps, Griboedov was engaged in "foreign relations" with Turkey and Persia, participated in the preparation of the unrealized project of the Russian Transcaucasian Company, made a significant contribution to the preparation of the Turkmenchay Peace of 1828 (in March 1828 he delivered the text of the treaty to St. Petersburg, where Griboedov was received by Nikolai I, awarded the rank of State Councilor and the Order of St. Anne, 2nd degree with diamonds). In the summer of 1828, Griboedov left for Persia with the rank of Minister Plenipotentiary of the Russian Imperial Mission. In August of the same year, he married the daughter of the poet A. Chavchavadze - Nina Alexandrovna. Killed in Tehran by an angry mob that broke into the building of the Russian embassy.

Griboyedov's literary activity began in 1814 with the publicistic articles "Letter from Brest-Litovsk to the Publisher" and "On the Cavalry Reserves" (Vestnik Evropy magazine) and continued with the translation of C. de Lesser's play The Young Spouses (1815). In 1816, he acted as a literary critic with an acutely polemical article "On the analysis of a free translation of the Burger's ballad "Lenora"", directed against N. I. Gnedich and indirectly against V. A. Zhukovsky, which caused a wide response. Soon Griboyedov became close to the circle of P. A. Katenin and A. A. Shakhovsky, whose literary tastes were far from the “dreamy romanticism” of Zhukovsky and his associates. Together with Shakhovsky and N. I. Khmelnitsky, he wrote the comedy "His Family, or the Married Bride" (1817), together with Katenin - the comedy "Student" (1817), which contained frank mockery of the style of K. N. Batyushkov, Zhukovsky and V. L. Pushkin, together with A. A. Gendre - the comedy "Feigned Infidelity" (1818). At the same time, Griboyedov never sought to actively participate in the struggle of literary groups, preferring independence. In the autumn of 1823, he became close to P. A. Vyazemsky, a staunch opponent of Shakhovsky and Katenin, and co-authored with him the vaudeville “Who is brother, who is sister, or Deception after deception” (1824), after which, without formally breaking with Vyazemsky, he turned out to be among the closest friends of his worst enemy - F. V. Bulgarin.

A. S. Griboyedov. Portrait by I. N. Kramskoy. 1873. Tretyakov Gallery(Moscow).

Griboedov's lyrics and fragments of unfinished poems almost did not attract the attention of contemporaries: his experiments in this kind ("Kalyanchi", 1820-21; "David", 1823; "Predators on Chegem", 1825; "Where Alazan winds ..." , 1826, etc.) did not fundamentally differ from the numerous works in the 1820s in the "biblical" and "oriental" styles. Griboyedov entered the history of Russian literature as the author of the comedy "Woe from Wit" [main text - 1824; 1st edition, 1833 (censored); the first complete editions - 1858 (abroad), 1862 (in Russia); first productions: by amateur troupes - 1827-28, Caucasus; professional troupes - 1831, St. Petersburg (January), Moscow (November)], in the discussion of which several generations of Russian writers took part (M. A. Dmitriev, A. A. Bestuzhev, O. M. Somov, K. A. Polevoy, V. G. Belinsky, A. A. Grigoriev, I. A. Goncharov, D. I. Pisarev, F. M. Dostoevsky, Yu. I. Aikhenvald, M. O. Menshikov and many others). If the descendants rated comedy, as a rule, highly, then contemporaries (including A. S. Pushkin, Vyazemsky, D. V. Davydov, A. A. Delvig) were more restrained, since the image of the cultural life of the Moscow nobility created by Griboyedov turned out to be too far from reality, and the behavior of the protagonist was perceived as not quite adequate: he addressed his accusatory monologues to those who could neither agree with him nor understand him. In the "Decembrist" environment, however, Chatsky was seen as a "hero of the century", an exemplary liberal, and it was this perception of comedy that turned out to be in demand in the 2nd half of the 19th and especially in the 20th century.

The artistic originality of "Woe from Wit" is due to Griboyedov's desire for a broad synthesis of the expressive possibilities of classicism and romanticism. On the one hand, he took into account the requirement for the unity of time, place and action, actively used "speaking" surnames and focused on traditional stage roles (reasoner, deceived father, boastful warrior, comic old woman, etc.). On the other hand, with the image of Chatsky, a classical reasoner who does not tire of resenting public mores, almost all the main vicissitudes of the fate of a romantic hero are correlated: loneliness (Chatsky is opposed not only to Famusov’s conservative Moscow, but also to Repetilov’s liberal one), wandering, exile and curse, memories, the collapse of love, which is understood in full accordance with the romantic interpretation of the conflict between the ideal and reality, and the like. The genre structure of the play turned out to be exceptionally complex: the tradition of high comedy of classicism was complicated by interaction with a number of other forms, and first of all with salon comedy, which was filled with topical social content. Chatsky's first monologue is an epigrammatic cycle, and the subsequent ones generally gravitate towards satire, but at the same time they also contain separate elegiac motifs; Sophia's "dream" is a parody of Zhukovsky's ballads, etc. The comedy style also reflected Griboyedov's general desire for synthesis: salon speech is combined with vernacular, irony with pathetic recitation, short aphoristic remarks with extensive monologues, accuracy of expression with techniques word game. The semantic structure of comedy is the result of a skeptical rethinking of some ideas put forward by the Enlightenment (the mind and a sense of personal dignity lead a person not to happiness, but to grief).

Griboyedov did not have time to realize a number of literary plans (the tragedies "1812", "Georgian Night"). From the musical compositions of Griboyedov, 2 waltzes (e-moll, As-dur) have been preserved.

Cit.: Full. coll. essay / Edited by I. A. Shlyapkin. SPb., 1899. T. 1-2; Full coll. op. / Under the editorship of N. K. Piksanov. SPb., 1911-1917. T. 1-3; Op. in verse. [L.], 1967; Woe from Wit / Ed. prepared by N. K. Piksanov with the participation of A. L. Grishunin. M., 1987; Full coll. cit.: In 3 volumes / Edited by S. A. Fomichev. SPb., 1995-1999. T. 1-2.

Lit.: Veselovsky Al. Essay on the original history of "Woe from Wit" // Russian archive. 1874. Book. I; Shchegolev P. E. Griboyedov and the Decembrists. (According to archival materials). St. Petersburg, 1905; Piksanov N.K. Griboedov and Molière. (Reassessment of tradition). [M.], 1922; he is. Griboyedov. Research and characteristics. L., 1934; he is. Creative history of "Woe from Wit". M., 1971; Gershenzon M. O. Griboyedovskaya Moscow. 3rd ed. M., 1928; literary heritage. M., 1946. T. 47-48; A. S. Griboyedov. 1795-1829. Digest of articles. M., 1946; Popova O. I. Griboyedov - diplomat. M., 1964; Bonamour J. A. S. Griboedov et la vie littéraire de son temps. R., 1965; Nechkina M. V. Griboyedov and the Decembrists. 3rd ed. M., 1977; A. S. Griboyedov: Creativity. Biography. Traditions. L., 1977; Grishunin A.L. "Woe from Wit" in the Literary and Public Consciousness of the 19th-20th Centuries. // Russian literature in historical and functional coverage. M., 1979; Lebedev A. A. Griboedov: Facts and hypotheses. M., 1980; Griboyedov in the memoirs of contemporaries. M., 1980; Fomichev S. A. Griboyedov in St. Petersburg. L., 1982; he is. Griboedov's comedy "Woe from Wit": Commentary. M., 1983; Meshcheryakov V.P.A.S. Griboyedov: Literary environment and perception (XIX - early XX century). L., 1983; A. S. Griboyedov: Materials for a biography. L., 1989; Kelly L. Diplomacy and murder in Tehran: A. Griboyedov and imperial Russia’s mission to the Shah of Persia. L., 2002.