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Adaptation and re-standardization MMRI in domestic conditions was carried out by the author of this manual during 1968 - 1984. Much work has been done on the translation and adaptation of the text of the statements. The significance of some of them has pronounced differences depending on the cultural and ethnic characteristics of the population. We also studied the frequency of normative responses in a comparative analysis of American and Russian data. All this was taken into account when forming the final version. SMIL.
After all the changes, the results of a survey of more than a thousand people, presented in the form of equally matched groups by sex and age, by educational level and type of professional employment, were entered into a computer. Statistical data processing and a comparative analysis of the results of a psychodiagnostic study with data from objective observation (sometimes long-term) confirmed the reliability of the methodology and a wide range of its capabilities, especially in the field of studying individual personality traits.
The methodology is a booklet containing 566 statements. If answers are received to 566 questions-statements (full version), then as a result, not only the profile is revealed SMIL, which gives a portrait of a person when interpreting, but also indicators of almost 200 additional scales that play a clarifying role. The abbreviated version contains 398 statements. It allows you to get a personal portrait on basic scales, but does not provide information on additional scales.
Why does the questionnaire contain not questions, but statements? Because a person more sincerely answers the questions of interest to the psychologist if they sound in the form of a statement. In such a situation, a person feels as if alone with himself, analyzing his “I”, and this contributes to greater frankness than an interrogative form that sounds like an interrogation. The answers of the subject are entered in the cells of the registration sheet (see Appendix). If the subject agrees and answers a certain item of the booklet-questionnaire "True", he puts a cross at the top of the cell with the number corresponding to the statement; if his answer is “False”, then a cross is placed below the approval number in the corresponding cell of the registration sheet. The answer "Don't know" is registered as a circle circled around the corresponding number.
The statements are of a different nature, depending on what area of human problems they cover. Most of them are aimed at identifying character traits, at the style of communication with others. The statements relate to the subjective predilections of the examined person, his views on various life values. They also reveal the features of emotional reactions, mood background, assessment of one's own well-being, a number of specific physiological functions, etc. It is not the maxim of the statement that is important. This is just a standard set of experimentally simulated situations to which different people react differently. The very selectivity of the answers, which describes the individual-personal properties of a particular person, is important. Summarizing information on significant answers, the formalized calculation procedure reveals the degree of coincidence or deviation of the answers of a particular individual from the statistically calculated average norm. In the future, the "streams" of the values of individual scales are collected in the "sea" of information that a holistic profile provides.
The translation of the text of the questionnaire was carried out with the help of qualified philologists who are well aware of the intricacies of word usage and the construction of phrases, idiomatic expressions and aphorisms in both English (American) and Russian. Improvement of the translation was carried out 9 (!) times after the next testing of the test on various contingents of the domestic population. The frequency of normative responses of Americans, given in the Handbook of MMPI was compared with the answers of a representative group of Russians. consisting of 860 people, for whom the Russian language is the one they not only speak, but also think. The re-adaptation of the questionnaire concerned not only the accuracy of the translation, but also the adequacy of the statements in relation to the desired psychological phenomena, which they are aimed at revealing. The results of the first stages of re-standardization of the test were published in 1976 (Sobchik L.N., Gissen L.D. Methodological guide. “A standardized method for studying personality SMIL and the experience of its application for the purpose of individualization of sports activities”, Moscow, VNIIFK) and in 1978 (Sobchik L.N., Lukyanova N.A., Manual for doctors. “Studying the psychological characteristics of aircrew by a standardized method of personality research”, Moscow, Air Force). In the future, some statements were changed due to the peculiarities of the domestic population and a different lifestyle in our country compared to America. In particular, this applies to attitudes towards religion, common expressions, slang, idioms. In addition, in the modified version of the test, 26 statements were identified from the questionnaire, which turned out to be ballast: they not only misled and shocked the subjects, but also provoked inadequate answers. Basically, these are statements that "work" on the "F" reliability scale and the 8th - the schizophrenia scale. Thus, the statement “I often see people, animals and other objects that other people around me do not see” provoked the answer “true” among those who, by occupation (for example, athletes), travel a lot on different countries, while the assertion is aimed at identifying perceptual disturbances. In the questionnaire, these statements were left to preserve the usual numbering, but they were excluded from the calculation. Re-standardization of the methodology was carried out on a representative group of 580 men and 280 women. Uniformity was observed in the choice of age groups (from 16 to 70 years old) and by type of professional activity: "techies" and "humanities", "physicists" and "lyricists", athletes and artists, people of physical and mental labor were represented equally. The work carried out to adapt and re-standardize the test led to the fact that the psychological significance of the items of the questionnaire became adequate to the original, and the corridor of the norm and peaks of deviations corresponded to the basic requirements of the MMP1 test. This achieved the possibility of a comparative analysis of data SMIL
As a result of the work carried out, domestic standards were obtained for both basic and additional scales (see Appendix). These data have been published in each reissue since 1990 (Sobchik L.N. "Methods of psychological diagnostics. A standardized multifactorial method for studying personality." Methodological guide. Moscow, MCC at the GUTS of the Moscow City Executive Committee.)
Questionnaires in a modified form are divided into male, female and adolescent versions, the difference between which is reflected only in the form of presentation of some statements. The keys (see Appendix) with which the raw scores are calculated for each scale, the correction of raw indicators for the formation of a personality profile in standard T indicators, as well as the interpretive scheme are identical for all forms of the questionnaire, except for some difference in the processing of data on the 5th scale in the male and female profile and those aspects of interpretation that are associated with age characteristics.
The examination procedure should be carried out in a calm environment that allows the subject to concentrate. At the same time, it is sometimes necessary to hurry him up, not to give him the opportunity for lengthy reflections - the first immediate reaction is important. If the subject asks for clarifications, then they should be given only in relation to individual words. The meaning of the statement should not be interpreted, since everyone should understand them in their own way. It is only necessary to make it clear that denial or agreement with the statement cannot be regarded as either a positive or a negative point in assessing their personal qualities. A person should not feel fear that the examination can somehow harm him. Therefore, it should be emphasized that this examination is necessary for a more differentiated (individualized) approach in the educational process or in professional activities, as well as for choosing the most effective drug treatment or psychotherapeutic effect, etc. It should be emphasized that the study is not aimed at identifying the social aspects of human behavior , but more about his temperament, the properties of the nervous system. In some circumstances, it should be said that it is customary to conduct this survey for everyone, this is the order. Statements that questions are repeated, that many of them are stupid, are often associated with defensive tendencies, with an unwillingness to be frank with strangers. On the one hand, such a reaction may be the result of the psychologist's imperative behavior, the lack of the necessary preliminary work with the examined contingent. On the other hand, such a comment is possible here: “Yes, this is how it should be! Repetitions are provided to check your attentiveness and avoid carelessness in filling out the registration sheet.
Before the examination, the subject must study the instructions below.
You will be presented with a whole series of different statements. Evaluating each of them, do not spend a lot of time thinking. The first immediate reaction is the most natural. Carefully read the text, reading to the end of each statement and evaluating it entirely as true or false in relation to you. If your answer is “correct”, then put a cross on the registration sheet above the number corresponding to the questionnaire.
If your answer is “false”, then put a cross under the corresponding number.
Pay attention to statements with double negatives: for example, “I have never had seizures with convulsions”: if not, then your answer is “true”, and, conversely, if it happened to you, then the answer is “false”.
Some statements in the questionnaire sound like this: "Circle the number of this statement in a circle." In this case, on the registration sheet, the number corresponding to this statement should be circled on the registration sheet (this is to check your attentiveness).
If some statements are highly doubtful, focus your answer on what is supposedly more characteristic of you. If the statement is true for you in some situations and false in others, then stop at the answer that is more appropriate at the moment. Only in extreme cases, if the statement does not suit you at all, you can circle the number of this statement on the registration sheet, which is equivalent to the answer “I don’t know”. However, an excess of circles in the registration sheet will also lead to unreliable results.
Try to answer sincerely, otherwise your answers will be recognized as unreliable and the survey will have to be repeated. When answering different points of the questionnaire, try to understand - "What (what) am I really?". Then the data obtained can be used with a positive effect for you. The results of the survey are not aimed at assessing your personality from the point of view of a “bad” or “good” person: only the features of your temperament and professionally important qualities are revealed.
When answering even fairly intimate questions, do not be embarrassed, because no one will read and analyze your answers: all data processing is carried out automatically. The experimenter does not have access to specific answers, receiving results only in the form of generalized indicators that may be interesting and useful to you.
Answer questions about personal data in an arbitrary or even anonymous form by prior arrangement with the psychologist examining you.
The restandardization showed that the strict choice of the norm group made it possible to preserve the framework of the previously developed normative spread on the profile sheet. The main direction of the readaptation of the methodology was associated with the qualitative adjustment of the psychological significance of the items of the questionnaire in such a way that the corridor of the norm and the peaks of deviations were adequate to the basic requirements of the MMP1 test. This creates the basis for comparative data analysis. SMIL with the results of research by foreign authors.
The results of the survey are processed by successively superimposing keys, each of which corresponds to one or another scale of the basic profile (or additional scale). Keys are made from a profile sheet, on which significant answers are highlighted to be calculated. At the same time, the corresponding "windows" are cut out - above the number, if the significant answer is "True", below the number, if the answer is "False". Each key is sequentially superimposed on the completed profile sheet and the crosses that are translucent through the cut out windows, affixed to the subjects, are counted. In the following, these results are referred to as raw scores. For the basic profile, there are 13 of them: three of them are reliability scales and ten basic scales. After correcting the raw results by certain fractions of the "K" correction scale, standardized "T" scores are obtained.
In connection with the readaptation of the methodology and the expansion of its scope, most of the basic scales of the methodology were given new names corresponding to their psychological essence, respectively: the 1st scale is the “neurotic overcontrol” scale, the 2nd is “pessimism”, the 3rd is “ emotional lability", 4th - "impulsivity", 6th - "rigidity", 7th - "anxiety", 8th - "individualism", 9th - "optimism and activity". The names of the two scales have not changed: the 5th - the "femininity-masculinity" scale and the 0th - the "social introversion" scale. As for almost two hundred additional scales that are not included in the construction of a personality profile, after the restandardization their names did not change. These scales are much easier to interpret compared to the profile of the basic scales; basically, their essence reflects the very name of each scale. They were developed by different authors in connection with different applied problems and can be used in addition to the main profile scales. As for the basic scales, they form a holistic personal profile that reflects the portrait of a person in all its complexity and diversity. Additional scales only add to this portrait some certain quality, which, being refracted through a personal image, can acquire one or another sound. A number of additional scales are aimed at clarifying how some indicators are related to the deviation from the norm, indicating emotional stress. They help to understand a complex problem: whether the detected deviations are a sign of severe stress or mental pathology.
Profile SMIL- this is the broken line that connects the quantitative indicators of the 10 basic scales. "Raw" scores for each scale represent the sum of the crosses calculated by applying the template key to the registration sheet filled in by the subject (see Practical Guide). To each profile scale SMIL has its own key. The indicator of each scale is evaluated by the sum of significant (taken into account) answers-crosses, reflecting not only agreement (the answer is "True" - the cross is above the number of the statement in the registration sheet), but also the denial (the answer is "False" - the cross is placed below the number in the corresponding cell of the registration sheet ).
The calculation of raw scores for each key (i.e. scale) must be done very carefully, repeating the calculation until two matching results. The scale of the registration sheet and the template keys must be absolutely identical. When applying the key to the registration sheet, the frame, outline and numbers must match exactly. Incorrect scoring will lead to the fact that all subsequent interpretation will be distorted or completely wrong. The raw scores obtained are put down on the first line below the frame of the profile sheet. In the foreground (on the left), a small profile of reliability scales adjoins the indicators of the main ten scales of the profile: the scale “?” shows how many of the items in the questionnaire fell into the "don't know" response category. The "L" scale - the "Lie" scale - shows how sincere the subject was during the testing process. The "F" scale - the scale of "reliability" - shows the level of reliability of the data obtained, depending on his frankness and willingness to cooperate. The “K” scale - the “correction” scale reveals the degree of profile distortion associated both with the closeness of the subject and with the influence of the unconscious protective mechanism of “crowding out” information from the psyche, traumatizing, destroying the positive image of the “I”. Depending on the indicators of reliability scales, the profile is recognized as reliable or unreliable, and its features are considered through the prism of the testee's attitudes towards the examination procedure.
To avoid too strong influence of the displacement mechanism on the main profile, you should add 0.5 of the sum of the raw points (s.b.) of the K scale indicator to the raw points of the 1st scale, then add 0.4 of the value of the s.b. scale "K" to s.b. 4th scale, for the whole (1.0) "K" - the entire amount of s.b. scale "K" - is added to the s.b. 7th and 8th scales, and, finally, 0.2 s.b. scale "K" is added to the s.b. 9th scale. In order to ensure that the indicated shares of "K" do not differ among different researchers during mathematical rounding, to the right of the profile space there is a table of rounded indicators 0.4, 0.5 and 0.2 for any values of s.b. "K" scale. These indicators are recorded on additional lines under the raw scores of the corresponding scales (1st, 4th, 7th, 8th and 9th) and added to them, after which the final (corrected) raw scores for all scales. Then, the final raw scores are displayed on vertical gradations of different scales according to their designation (?, L, F, K) or number (from 1st to 0th). Raw scores for each scale are put down - in the form of a bold dot (or an asterisk) - on the graph of the profile sheet, and these points are connected by a broken line, the reliability scales separately, the main (basic) profile - separately.
Due to the fact that the number of significant answers (crosses) on each scale is not the same and their statistical significance (price, cost) is also not equivalent, comparison of indicators on different scales is possible only when reducing raw scores to a generalized, standardized unit. Walls, each of which contains 10 T points and is equal to the standard deviation from the average statistical line, which is 50 T on a profile sheet, act as such a unit in this technique. This is an empirically identified average norm. Deviation within 2 standard deviations (s) - 20 T - both up, up to 70, and down, up to 30 T, conditionally defined as a spread within the normative corridor. Indicators above 70 and below 30 T are regarded as a deviation from the norm. Data in T-points are shown both on the right and on the left side lines of the frame of the profile sheet and are determined by lines drawn horizontally at a distance of 10 T points from each other. For a more accurate determination of the T-score on each scale, you should draw a horizontal line (or attach a ruler) from the raw score to the T scale. The T-scores for any raw score on each specific scale were calculated in advance using the formula:
where 50 is the “norm” line, from which the indicators are counted both up (increase) and down (decrease); X is the final raw result obtained on a certain scale; M is the median empirically identified in the process of re-standardization of the methodology, that is, the average standard indicator on this scale; s - sigma, the value of the standard deviation from the norm, found in the standardization process. For basic scales, all these data are already taken into account and correlated with T-scores on the profile sheet. For additional scales, T-scores are calculated according to the above formula using data on the average statistical indicators of the median and sigma obtained as a result of restandardization of the methodology. These data should be sought in the Appendix, which also contains questionnaires - male, female and adolescent, sample profile sheets (male and female), as well as a registration sheet and keys to basic and additional scales. The practical mastering of the methodology is much faster and easier in the process of training, which is systematically conducted on the basis of the Institute of Applied Psychology in the form of advanced training courses and in the form of individual consultations of specialists - psychologists, doctors, sociologists and teachers.
As mentioned above, the spread of indicators in the range from 30 to 70 T determines the corridor of the norm. However, experience has shown that the distribution of quantitative indicators in this test is uneven and the so-called "Gaussian curve", reflecting the patterns of this distribution, is "incorrect" in nature. This is manifested by the lack of symmetry of the increase-decrease of the profile peaks in the normal range. In the presence of signs of pointed personality traits and other deviations from the norm, we are much more likely to observe an increase in test scores. The decrease in the profile is usually less pronounced quantitatively and is more often associated with the setting of the test person for hypernormal responses in the so-called "drowned" profiles (see below). The entire procedure for calculating data requires accuracy, accuracy and attention. It is best when the psychologist has the opportunity to shift this routine work to a computer. Developed by the author of the manual together with programmers S.S. Kurapov and K.G. Kanin, computer versions of the test completely free the psychologist from any short cuts. At the same time, the interpretive part of the program is such that, in addition to a comprehensive portrait of a personality, it will insure even a novice psychologist against serious mistakes, help to give specific recommendations of a different plan, depending on the scope and objectives of using the methodology, and also serve as a reliable tool in research work (see. Book "Psychology of individuality. Theory and practice of psychodiagnostics. Sobchik LN, S.-Pb. Rech, 2003).
Profile scatter reading SMIL comes from 50 T - an “ideal-normative” average profile corresponding to a theoretical average norm (see the profile sheet in the Appendix chapter). In a narrow corridor of the norm - within 46 - 55 T - fluctuations in the profile are difficult to interpret, since they do not reveal sufficiently pronounced individual-personal properties and are characteristic of a completely balanced personality (if the reliability scales do not show a pronounced set to lie - a high scale "L" - or indiscretion - high scale "K"). In a wide corridor of the norm (from 30 to 70 T), the profile of the norm of each trend is opposed by the opposite in direction "anti-tendency", and feelings and behavior are subject to the control of consciousness (or so moderate that minimal control over them is quite sufficient). Increases, fluctuating within 56 - 66 T, reveal those leading trends that determine the characterological characteristics of the individual. Higher rates of different basic scales (67-75 T) highlight those accentuated features that sometimes make it difficult for a person to socially and psychologically adapt. Indicators above 75 T indicate impaired adaptation and a deviation from the normal state of the individual. These can be psychopathic character traits, a state of stress caused by an extreme situation, neurotic disorders, and, finally, psychopathology, the presence of which can only be judged by a pathopsychologist or psychiatrist based on the totality of data from a psychodiagnostic, experimental psychological and clinical study.
The profile sheets of the adult and adolescent versions have quantitative differences only depending on the gender of the subject. Age differences are taken into account when analyzing the profile data, as discussed in the interpretation section. It is very important that before starting work, the specialist is convinced that he and the questionnaire itself, and the keys, and profile sheets, and, finally, the interpretive approach belong to one author. SMIL different from the original test MMRI, and from the one developed at the All-Russian Research Institute of Neurology and Psychiatry. V.M. Bekhterev of the Standardized Clinical Questionnaire for SKLO and adapted by F.B. Berezin and M.P. Miroshnikov MMIL. Incomparable in all parameters with all options MMPI questionnaire for 71 statements clinically oriented Mini-mult developed by the Swedish psychologist Kinkannon and adapted in the Russian version by V.P. Zaitsev and V.N. Kozyulei SMOL. This technique is best used for screening for patients in need of medical care and for use in psychosomatic clinics.
As experience shows, the technique is mainly designed for examining a contingent of adults (from 16 to 80 years old) with an education of at least 6-7 grades of secondary school), with intact intelligence. Due to the fact that the author of the book, together with teachers B.N. Kodess and T.V. Kodess, developed and adapted the teenage version in 1984 SMIL, the limits of application of the technique have expanded somewhat. If the usual adult version has been widely and effectively used for many years in the practice of vocational counseling when examining high school students aged 15-17, then the adolescent version has been successfully used in recent years in studying younger children, starting from 12 years old (subject to good general development). It is noted that unreliable results are often directly dependent not so much on the distorted attitude of the subject to the examination, but on a poor understanding of the content of the statements. This may be due, firstly, to insufficiently developed verbal intelligence, and secondly, to poor knowledge of the Russian language. Therefore, in regions where people speak a different language, the methodology should be translated into their native language, but it is also necessary to re-standardize the quantitative base of the methodology, since regulatory standards may differ due to regional cultural and ethnic characteristics.
The analysis of the obtained results is based not on the study of the meaning of the answers of the subject, but on the statistical procedure for calculating the data, during which the quantitative dispersion of different answers is revealed in relation, on the one hand, to the average standard average, and on the other, to the pathological sharpness of the psychological factor, which is one or another individual tendency. Most of the statements sound so that the subject, answering, does not always imagine how this will characterize him, which will greatly complicate the desire to "improve" or "worse" the results of the survey. At first glance, the technique allows you to describe the subjective inner picture of the "I" of the person being examined. In reality, however, due in part to the projective sound of many statements, the experiment also reveals those psychological aspects that are not recognized by a person or are only partially amenable to the control of consciousness. Therefore, only with statistically unreliable data, the personality profile is distorted so much that it makes no sense to interpret it. Within the framework of reliable data, even in the presence of trends that partially affect the strengthening or smoothing of the profile picture, the interpretation reflects a picture of the personality that is close to the true one. At the same time, a very differentiated gradation of the severity of various personality traits in their complex combination is possible, when not only high indicators are taken into account, but also their correlation with low indicators. At the same time, a deviation from the average normative indicators, more than twice the standard error, reveals an excessive degree of expression of a particular personality trait, taking it beyond a fairly wide (from 30 to 70 standard T points) corridor of normative variation. Such data, as already mentioned, do not necessarily indicate pathology. A difficult life situation, traumatic events, physical ailment - all this can cause a state of temporary maladjustment.
Therefore, the interpretation of the data obtained should be carried out in accordance with all the information available about the subject, not to mention the fact that for an adequate idea of the subject, it does not hurt to look at him. "Blind" interpretation can be used only for research purposes, when the reliability of the methodology is checked, as well as in large-scale surveys, when not the personality of an individual is interpreted, but some generalized tendencies of large groups.
The person being examined can claim certain information about the test results. Sometimes such an interview carries a psychotherapeutic or recommendatory content. If this happens, then the experimental psychologist or consultant must first of all observe the interests of the person being examined and never interpret the results of the examination to the detriment of him, since the role of the psychologist in society is mainly to protect the person in every sense of the word. If this rule is violated, people will lose confidence in the psychologist and further psychological research will become impossible. The rest follows from this: the interpretation of the data obtained should be carried out from the standpoint of a psychotherapeutic, sparing approach. Each individual-personal property usually carries both positive and negative information. Therefore, it is always possible to start an interview by highlighting positive characteristics, and then, against this background, highlight those features and personality traits that create certain difficulties and negatively affect a person’s fate. But this should be done carefully and in exactly the style that is optimal for this individual: you should pay attention to those recommendations for a corrective approach that are given below, depending on the characteristics of the profile.
An excellent program that includes two methods at once - SMIL(Standardized Multivariate Personality Research Method) and eight-color M. Luscher test.
After passing the full version of SMIL (Standardized Multifactorial Personality Research Method), based on the MMPI questionnaire (Minnesota Multifactorial Personality Inventory), you will have a complete picture of your personal characteristics, receive a detailed textual description of the result and, of course, the personality profile itself in the form of a graph.
The Luscher color test is also aimed at studying the personality characteristics of a person and assessing his emotional state.
The program is very convenient, allows you to maintain a database of subjects (subjects) and can be useful not only for those interested in psychology, but also for professionals.
Standardized multivariate personality test (SMIL) - an adapted MMRI test
The SMIL technique is the most popular of all psychodiagnostic tests used in clinical practice.
As a result of the study, the doctor or psychologist receives multifaceted personality pattern(in the context of the state caused by the current situation) or the structure of painful changes woven into the canvas of personality traits. The interpretation of the data obtained during the examination allows us to assess the motivational sphere, the level of self-esteem, the style of interpersonal behavior, character traits, the type of response to stress, defense mechanisms, cognitive style, leading needs, mood background, sexual problems, suicidal tendencies, etc.
The great advantage of this technique is the presence in its structure confidence scales(the “lie” scale L, the “reliability” scale itself F and the “correction” scale K), which allow determining not only the reliability of the results, but also the subject’s attitude to the examination procedure itself. This makes it possible to consider the test results through the prism of the trends identified using the confidence scales to exaggerate existing problems or smooth them out.
The standardized multivariate personality test is a modification of the world-famous test MMRI created by American psychologists I. McKinley and S. Hathaway. This is a quantified (quantitative) method of personality assessment, which, thanks to the automated method of processing the results of the survey, makes it possible to avoid the dependence of the data obtained on the subjectivity and experience of the experimenter (this refers to the calculation, and not the interpretation itself, the correctness of which is the higher, the better trained and more experienced psychologist).
The goal set by the creators of the original test was to develop a system of discrete values that allows differentiate pathological manifestations from the norm. Relying on Krapellin's nosological approach, the authors of the original test constructed, using statistical analysis of empirically collected data, ten diagnostically significant scales, according to which the mean standard level, conditionally designated as 50 standard divisions (T), was compared with answers quantitatively more than twice the standard deviation from the mean standard level (50T ± 20T , i.e. above 70T or below 30T).
Time has revealed the conditionality of nosological boundaries, and the interpretive approach of the MMRI authors turned out to be very primitive and incomplete. The rigid framework of the Crepellian nosological scheme, on which I. McKinley and S. Hathaway based their interpretation, as experience has shown, is too narrow for a real picture of the clinical diversity of mental disorders with their numerous atypical and transitional forms. The conceptual personal approach was completely absent.
The interpretation of the modified and restandardized MMPI test, which received the name SMIL in the new version, is a much more differentiated approach based on the theory of leading tendencies and the corresponding individual-personal typology.
The basis of interpretation instead of that used by American psychologists discrete approach put continuum approach, subtly differentiating the transitional states between the norm and pathology and personality traits.
To avoid psychopathological categorization, the names of the scales were changed in such a way that it became possible to grade the degree of manifestation of a particular trend: moderate indicators reflect characterological properties, elevated - personality accentuation, high peaks reveal pronounced psychopathic traits or clinical registry symptoms.
The methodology questionnaire is a set of questions-statements. If answers are received to 566 of them (full version), then as a result, not only the SMIL profile is revealed, which gives a portrait of the personality during interpretation, but also indicators of almost 200 additional scales that play a clarifying role. The abbreviated version contains 398 statements. It allows you to get a personal portrait on basic scales, but does not provide information on additional ones.
The items on the SMIL questionnaire look like statements, not questions. The examined person, answering on behalf of his "I", as if alone with himself, analyzes his character and features of his condition.
Instead of purely clinical names, most of the basic scales of the methodology have been given new ones that correspond to their psychological essence and do not provoke psychiatric labeling in cases where we are talking about personality accentuation or character traits.
SMIL profile- this is the broken line that connects the quantitative indicators of the ten basic scales. The highest values appear as profile peaks. Usually they serve as the main object of interpretation. However, it is impossible not to take into account both the increase accompanying the peak and the low indicators of other scales.
As a result of the work carried out, domestic standards were obtained for both basic and additional scales.
In the profile sheet, reflecting the relationship between the indicators of the base scales, 50T is the line of a statistically verified "norm", from which the indicators are counted both up (increase) and down (decrease).
The spread of indicators in the range from 30 to 70T determines a fairly wide range of the so-called norm corridor.
Increases on the SMIL scales within 56 - 66T reveal those leading trends that determine characterological features of the individual.
Higher rates of different basic scales (67 - 75T) highlight those accentuated features which at times hinder the socio-psychological adaptation of a person.
Indicators above 75T indicate impaired adaptation and about the deviation of the state of the individual from the normal. These can be psychopathic character traits, a state of stress caused by an extreme situation, neurotic disorders, and, finally, psychopathology, the presence of which can only be judged by a pathopsychologist or psychiatrist - based on the totality of data from psychodiagnostic, experimental psychological and clinical studies.
Additional scales are usually used to refine the results obtained using the basic scales of the methodology.
Max Luscher's eight-color test
This test is used to detect emotional and characterological basis of personality and subtle nuances of its current state.
To carry out the testing procedure, you need: a set of colored cards (8 pcs.), a pen and a sheet for fixing the results.
Examination procedure: Shuffle the colored cards and arrange them face up at about the same distance from each other.
Then give the subject the following instructions: “From the proposed colors, choose the one that you like the most. At the same time, be guided by the color as such, try not to associate it with any things - the color of the car, the clothes that suit you, cosmetics, and so on..
After the desired card is selected, it is removed to the side and placed with the colored side down. Next, you ask the subject to choose the most pleasing color from the remaining seven. The selected card must be placed with the colored side down to the right of the first, and so on. Then rewrite the card numbers in the unfolded order.
After 2-3 minutes, mix the cards again and repeat the examination procedure. At the same time, it is necessary to explain to the subject that the study is not aimed at studying memory, and he must choose colors as if he were seeing them for the first time.
Key notes:
1. The subject must adhere only to data tested over many years of color shades and has no right to imagine, for example, a lighter, more “beautiful” color.
2. Each color must be selected separately. In no case should you choose two or more colors at the same time as a beautiful color composition.
3. The subject must decide completely freely which of the proposed colors he likes or dislikes. At the same time, he should not be rushed to answer or help with leading questions.
4. In no case should colors be chosen with the thought that they are suitable for clothes, curtains, etc.
Primary colors and their symbolic meaning:
No. 1. - Blue colour. Symbolizes calmness, contentment, tenderness and affection.
No. 2. - green color. Symbolizes perseverance, self-confidence, stubbornness, self-respect.
Number 3. - Red color. It symbolizes willpower, activity, aggressiveness, offensiveness, imperiousness, sexuality.
№4. – yellow. It symbolizes activity, desire for communication, curiosity, originality, gaiety, ambition.
Complementary colors and their symbolic meaning:
No. 5. - purple color, No. 6. - brown color, No. 7. - black color, No. 8. - grey colour.
These colors symbolize negative tendencies: anxiety, stress, fear, chagrin.
Data processing:
As a result of testing, we single out the following positions: both the prettiest colors receive a "+" sign, the second pair - pleasant colors - has an "x" sign, the third pair - indifferent colors - is indicated by the "=" sign and the fourth pair - unsympathetic colors - receives the sign " -".
It is believed that in the normal psycho-physiological state of the subject, the primary colors should be in the first five places, and the additional ones in the last. If they are located differently, this serves as an indication of the presence of any psychological conflict or state of physiological distress, which is a source of anxiety.
Often the source of this anxiety is repressed from consciousness so much that a person feels only a vague anxiety, not guessing about its causes. But regardless of the degree of his awareness, the presence of a constant source of stress causes behavior of a compensatory type. Since such activities are "replacement" in nature, they rarely lead to true satisfaction, depleting the body's resources.
From this follow the following conclusions:
1. If at least one of the primary colors is in the last three places, then it and subsequent colors indicate an alarm condition. The alarm compensation method is determined by the characteristics of the color in the first position.
2. If, in the presence of anxiety, one of the primary colors is in the first place, then compensation is considered more successful than in the case of an additional color, which indicates the inadequacy, failure of compensatory behavior.
3. The presence of gray, brown or black at the beginning of the color range means a negative attitude towards life. If one of these colors is in second or third place, then he and all colors to his left are considered as compensation.
4. If gray, brown or black occupy one of the first three positions and at the same time there are no primary colors in any of the subsequent positions, then whatever color is in the last position, it should be considered as a source of alarm.
To assess the intensity of anxiety states and compensatory tendencies, the following designations are proposed:
! - if the main color is in 6th place (additional in 3rd place)
!! - if the main color is in 7th place (additional in 2nd place)
!!! - if the main color is in 8th place (additional in 1st place)
All existing exclamation points (presence of compensations and alarms) are added. The sum of conditional scores (!) can range from 1 to 12. It is believed that the more "!", the worse the prognosis.
Position value:
In eight positions of the rank sequence, the following relationship is distinguished:
1st place: the prettiest color gets the “aspiration” sign. It shows the means that the subject needs and resorts to in order to achieve the goal.
2nd place: it also has the sign of "aspiration" and shows that it is a goal.
3rd,4th place: both have the sign of "sympathy" as a conditional designation of their own state. This is the well-being of a person, his opinion about his health, his location.
5.6 place: it has the sign of "indifference". Indifference shows that this color and property is not confirmed or rejected, they are indifferent. For the subject, this color and property is temporarily lost, abolished, they seem to "hover in the air." Indifferent color is irrelevant, perceived in this moment as an indifferent, non-realizable property, which, however, can be updated if necessary.
7.8 place: both colors have a "rejection" sign. The colors that the subject rejects as unsympathetic express the need, which, due to expediency, is inhibited, because. spontaneous satisfaction of this need has negative consequences.
Using the technique MMPI(Minnesota Multidisciplinary Personality Inventory, MMIL modified by Berezin F.B. and etc., SMIL in the modification of Sobchik L.N.) in the models of building effective production activities has a number of significant advantages:
1. The questions presented in the methodology reflect the picture of the well-being of the subject (recipient), his habits, behavioral characteristics, his attitude to various life phenomena and values, the moral side of this attitude, the specifics of interpersonal relationships, the orientation of interests, the level of activity and mood, etc. .
Most of the statements are projective in nature and gradually reveal the reactions of the recipient in different situations, modeled by the statements of the methodology. Therefore, it can be argued that this method of studying personality occupies a certain intermediate position between a conscious subjective assessment and a projective study of unconscious personality tendencies, which significantly improves the quality of diagnostic material and expands the idea of personality.
2. Although the MMPI methodology is built on the principle of a questionnaire, the evaluation of the data obtained as a result of the study is not based on a direct analysis of the recipient's answers, but on the data of the statistically confirmed discrete significance of each answer in comparison with the average normative data.
4. Personal traits and qualities determined by this technique effectively help to distinguish between behavioral tendencies that have formed on the basis of temperamental characteristics and manifested as behavioral features characteristic of the characteristics of the polarity of factors 16 PF.
4. The MMPI methodology is based on the study of personality traits and qualities, personal states that have the nature of stably manifesting behavioral characteristics. It turned out that these features, being initially identified in the behavioral complexes of individuals with clinical abnormalities, have one or another degree of severity in the stable behavior of healthy people.
In psychoanalytic practice, such a manifestation of behavioral characteristics is explained as the use in life of certain sets of primary and secondary unconscious defenses, formed as a result of some failures in the process of early development of the personality's mental structures.
With serious failures at a certain stage of development, a kind of "stuck" and "generalization" of the mental state occurs, which subsequently leads to neurotic, or more severe psychotic clinical deviations. The consequence of such a "stuck" will be a behavioral complex, referred to in clinical practice as " psychopathic», « hysterical», « manic-depressive», « schizophrenic" etc.
It is believed that a personality in the process of development was not able at a certain stage to form optimal systems of interaction and its further development took place both through this underdevelopment and under its influence that distorts other stages.
Z. Freud called the causes of neurosis the structural features of the psyche and fate, as a system of a kind of complex distorting external influence on the psyche at a certain stage of development.
Depending on the characteristics of the mental structure, the stage of development and the nature of the impact, clinical behavioral features are already formed.
It turned out that even with healthy mental functioning, peculiar traces remain, similar to the nature of the formation of neuroses. Naturally, they differ in the strength of the impact and, most importantly, in the consequences for the form of life activity.
Characterological features can be explained as features formed on the basis of the structural components of the psyche that have experienced certain external influences in the process of ontogenesis (environment, systems of parental and educational influence, emerging mechanisms of object interaction, etc.) and have adopted the form of stable behavioral systems acceptable to the individual interactions.
Acceptability can be expressed as a certain development of neurotization of reactions inherent in the stages and forms of development, the violation of which in clinical forms leads to persistent and pronounced behavioral characteristics.
In clinical manifestations psychopathic behavior, the mechanism of personal interaction in the "child - parents" system is violated at the stage of formation of the leading mechanisms of socialization, and the level of this violation causes significant social maladaptation and lack of adequacy in the processes of object interactions.
While maintaining adequacy and normal functioning, the features of the formation of socialization systems can only be expressed as similar manifestations psychopathic personality type with tendencies dominance, manipulation in systems of social roles, aggressive demonstrative behavior and other features characteristic of the clinical manifestations of psychopathy.
In that case, the general psychopathic type of character and the characterological tendencies and peculiarities themselves will manifest themselves very stably in behavior, although they may be masked in systems of behavioral "mimicry" inherent in such characterological behavior.
Naturally, the level and forms of characterological inclinations and features are very variable, and the MMPI methodology is aimed at determining them.
Academic psychological schools tend to explain characterological typological differences as a complex combination of constitutional, individual and personal characteristics or traits, formed and developed under the influence of an environment or influence external to the individual, which have taken on a certain form and are stably manifested in various systems of life activity.
In our case, the nature of characterological differences is not so much important as its behavioral severity as a category of stability, development, forms of relationships and interactions, experienced states and other features that affect the efficiency of production activities, measured and quantified in this methodology.
MMPI rating scales
As in any methodology, the MMPI methodology has a number of rules, going beyond which turns the test results into unreliable.
MMPI methodology is the most protected from the attempts of recipients for one reason or another to deliberately distort the results (to present themselves in a different form).
The functions of the rating scales are, along with identifying the factorial significance of the recipient's answers in comparison with the average normative data (the procedure for converting "raw" scores into T-scores of factor scales), determining the level and nature of such distortions.
Evaluation scales or reliability scales, in addition to determining the reliability of the data obtained as a result of testing, determine the attitudes of recipients to the testing process, their attitude to the methodology, to the diagnostician, to the results of the process itself.
Scale "?" :
Selected by the recipient in the absence of certainty in the answer.
The presence in the methodology of 30 raw points, reflecting the answers of this kind, is considered normal.
From 40 to 60 raw points on this scale indicates the manifestation of alertness, above 70 raw points indicates the unreliability of the test data.
Uncertainty by scale "?" reflects the unwillingness or inability to delve into the essence of the issues of methodology. It may be the result of insufficient interest in the results of testing or manifest itself as a condescending attitude towards the diagnostician.
Such results can also be recorded when trying to formally participate in the procedure, when, for one reason or another, direct refusals to participate are unacceptable, and fixing reliable results is not included in the recipient's plans.
In such cases, retesting and analyzing responses together with the recipient most likely will not change the attitude towards the methodology.
There have been repeated attempts to exclude scale "?" from the MMPI methodology, especially in the procedures of forensic psychological examinations, when in order to answer the questions posed to the expert, it was necessary to determine the recipient's character traits.
And in this version of the methodology, in most cases, there was a refusal to test, but through an arbitrary choice of answers, and the absence scale "?" significantly distorted the test results.
During diagnostic procedures in production activities, the unreliability of data on scale "?" is an independent diagnostic factor for analyzing the reasons that prompted such an attitude towards the technique.
The identification of formal participation in the procedure and the reluctance of the recipient to delve into the essence of the issues is a landmark in the system of building relations between employees personnel services and the organization and is a good reason to review and revise these relationships.
Scale L:
Includes statements that reveal the tendency of the recipient to present themselves in the best possible light, demonstrating very strict adherence to social norms.
High performance in scale "L"(65 T and above), that is, more than 10 raw points, may indicate a deliberate desire to decorate oneself, to show oneself "in the best light", denying the presence in one's behavior of weaknesses inherent in any person.
In such cases, they try to hide the necessarily manifested abilities to get angry at least sometimes or at least a little, to be lazy, to neglect diligence, strictness of manners, truthfulness, accuracy in the smallest sizes and in the most forgivable situation.
At the same time, the personality profile turns out to be smoothed, underestimated or drowned.
The highest scores scale L affect the underestimation of the 4th, 6th, 7th and 8th scales. That is, components are isolated from behavior that are capable, to some extent, according to the recipient, to reduce the negative image components of the personality.
A similar picture of behavior can be demonstrated by individuals, professionally or for other reasons, who strictly follow the conventional norms of behavior.
Usually, hiding "children's pranks" is a consequence of conscious social control and attempts to follow professionally significant forms of behavior. Although this is a personal tendency, it practically distorts little. overall structure behavior.
It is worse if the system of behavioral norms takes root in the psyche before the processes of repression from the consciousness of the very facts of a single violation of these norms, even in early youth.
Such a form of behavior will be accompanied not only by careful personal adherence to these norms, but also by insistent demands for compliance with such norms by all those around.
Such behavior in production activities can seriously complicate the working conditions for many employees, especially those who are directly subordinate to a manager with this form of behavior.
Raise scale L within 60-65 T is often found in people with a primitive mental warehouse with low adaptive capabilities.
Moderate rise scale L up to 60 T is noted in old age and is considered normal, as a reflection of age-related changes in the personality in the direction of strengthening the normative behavior.
In production activities, increase scale L can be observed in situations of motivational significance for the recipient of test results.
During professional selection, certification of employees or competitive promotion to a position, the desire to follow the norms and rules is considered by the recipient as preferable and may distort the idea of \u200b\u200bpersonality. To exclude such an effect, it seems appropriate in the preliminary testing procedure to draw the recipient's attention to the possibility of displaying such aspirations.
Improving results for scale L from 70 to 80 T-points turn the personality profile into doubtful in terms of reliability, exceeding 80 T-points - into unreliable.
With high (doubtful) results of the scale and significant increases in the level of the profile for certain clinical scales, there are possibilities for interpreting the data, but more as additional material to the results obtained by other methods.
With proper preliminary briefing and observance of the rules for conducting the methodology, it is rarely possible, through a joint analysis of questions with the recipient and retesting, to obtain reliable results after unreliable primary ones. This does not mean inattention, as a factor that distorts the test results, but about the stability of such behavioral features that this technique cannot cope with.
F scale:
High scores on this scale (T70 points and above) may cast doubt on the reliability of the test results.
The scale consists of statements regarding unusual thoughts, desires and sensations, overt psychotic symptoms.
The choice of such statements can be determined by inattention, negligence in the choice of answers, the desire to slander oneself, to stun the diagnostician with the originality of the personality, the desire to emphasize the defects of one's character, the tendency to dramatize the circumstances and one's attitude towards them, an attempt to depict another, fictional person, and not one's own characteristics.
Reduced performance during overwork or in a painful condition can also be reflected in high rates on this scale.
Some promotion may be the result of excessive diligence, self-criticism and frankness.
Personalities, to some extent disharmonic, in a state of discomfort, may have indicators at the level of 65-75T, which reflects emotional instability.
High performance scale F, accompanied by an increase in the profile on the 4th, 6th, 8th and 9th scales are found in persons prone to affective reactions, with low conformity.
Indicators above 70T, as a rule, reflect a high level of emotional tension or are a sign of personal disintegration, which can be associated with both severe stress and neuropsychiatric disorders of a non-psychogenic nature.
With a reliable result of the study, a relatively high level of profile on scale F may be noted at various types non-conforming individuals, since such individuals will demonstrate reactions that are not characteristic of the normative group, and, accordingly, more often give answers that are taken into account on this scale.
Profile boost by scale F can occur in very young people during the period of personality formation in cases where the need for self-expression is realized through non-conformity in behavior and attitudes.
Severe anxiety and personal need for help also usually manifest themselves in a relatively high level of result on the described scale.
Moderate increase in scale F in the absence of psychopathological symptoms, it usually reflects internal tension, dissatisfaction with the situation, and poorly organized activity.
Essentially, any behavioral and characterological nature that generates high scores in scale F little combined with the possibilities of effective implementation of production activities.
In most cases, aggravation as a psychological need for sympathy and attention and the behavioral complex that accompanies it is considered as inappropriate for the effective implementation of activities.
However, it happens that such a behavioral system is characteristic of young people experiencing a state of some tension. basalneeds (16 PF - factor Q4). Often, behavioral reactions of this kind are situational, and when the voltage is reduced, they cease to distort behavior, it “normalizes”, which in fact will be reflected in the indicators. scale F and in a complex - on behavior as a whole. It is worth paying attention to this, especially in professional orientation events and in the selection of young professionals.
The tendency to follow conventional norms and the absence of internal tension is reflected by a low result in scale F.
K scale:
The scale consists of statements that make it possible to differentiate individuals who seek to mitigate or hide psychopathological phenomena, and individuals who are overly open.
In the original version of the MMPI test, this scale was originally intended only to study the degree of caution of the subjects in the testing situation and the tendency (in largely unconscious) to deny the existing unpleasant sensations, life difficulties and conflicts.
FROM the purpose of correcting this trend, the result obtained by scale K is added to five of the ten major clinical scales in a proportion corresponding to its influence on each of these scales.
However, K scale, in addition to its significance for assessing the reaction of the subject to the testing situation and correcting the results on a number of basic clinical scales, is of significant interest for assessing certain personality traits of the subject.
Individuals with high scores scale K(65T and above) usually shape their behavior depending on social approval and are concerned about their social status. They tend to deny any difficulties in interpersonal relationships or in controlling their own behavior, strive to comply with accepted norms and refrain from criticizing others if their behavior fits within the accepted norms.
Obviously non-conformal, deviating from traditions and customs, behavior that goes beyond the conventional framework often causes a pronounced negative reaction in them.
Due to the tendency to deny (largely at the perceptual level) information that indicates interpersonal difficulties and conflicts, these individuals may not have an adequate idea of how they are perceived by others.
The main trends in such behavior are persistent personal ideas about the importance of following norms and rules in systems of social interaction.
Such persons are deeply convinced that the true criterion of compliance with a high professional status is the presence of a diploma and certificates of completion of courses in additional education systems, and not the level of development of abilities and knowledge and the ability to effectively apply them in their activities (hence the frequent desire to improve and expand education and “collect » diplomas of graduation from educational institutions).
In the system of interpersonal relations, according to them, all levels of interaction should be carried out exclusively within the framework of norms and rules.
One gets the impression that they have no shades in the systems of interactions. Any slight deviation is suppressed or taken as a personal insult, which often leads them to a certain group isolation.
This is greatly facilitated by an active position to condemn and suppress violations of norms and rules (to a greater extent, these tendencies are inherent in women).
In this case, we have an example of peculiar behavioral features built on a system of following the norms and rules of social interaction, often literally and peculiarly understood and staunchly independent of group influence.
Examples of such behavioral features are relatively rare, and their owners are perceived as bright, eccentric individuals almost always significantly isolated from the group and not experiencing this state of discomfort.
There would be no point in focusing on such features if there were not a similar in nature, but more widespread and disguised behavioral tendency, which is of decisive importance for the effective implementation of activities.
We are talking about a personal tendency of a kind of understanding and following the norms and rules, especially the forms and means of organizing and implementing activities. Persons of this type are especially punctual and scrupulous in matters of normalizing "external" behavior, they are distinguished by "softness" of manners and a kind of sophistication in clothing.
Their main features lie in the fact that in the system of goal formation and in the main issues of organization, at some moments there comes a significant shift and a complete orientation to the situation as “the way it should be” ignoring the “how it really is” .
Unlimited faith in the correct understanding and implementation of activities, the lack of self-criticism and the complete disregard and suppression of external influences always lead to disastrous consequences for activities.
So, behavioral features that are harmless at first glance - a more thorough normalization of behavior is transformed into a significant originality in the personal understanding of norms and rules and, even further, into the originality of personal ideas about the correctness of the implementation of activities, which becomes a significant test for the latter.
This behavioral tendency may correlate well with the pole suspicion factor a L 16 PF, reflecting personal characteristics from a different angle of perception.
From this side, the leading behavioral qualities can be arrogance and lack of consideration for other people. Inattention to people can be based on various mental characteristics and have a wide range of manifestations.
In our case, it is specific and is not the result of personal ignorance or a desire to prove something, a manifestation of dominance or other similar tendencies. Simple non-perception, neglect without any significant emotional coloring.
trend " aggressive narcissist» Follow your desires and your understanding of situations. The tendency is “childish”, that is, formed in early ontogeny and thus built into the behavioral strategy, which does not allow one to rely on one's own experience and knowledge, and, moreover, on the opinions of other people.
Considering the foregoing, when identifying similar trends in the diagnostics of production activities, especially given that they are practically not amenable to corrective influence, it is necessary to analyze and evaluate the nature that formed them very carefully.
With slight severity (moderate increase in profile by scale K) the described tendencies do not violate personal social adaptation, but even facilitate it, creating a sense of harmony with the environment and an approving assessment of the rules adopted in this environment.
In this regard, individuals with a moderate increase in the profile on scale K give the impression of people who are prudent, benevolent, sociable, having a wide range of interests.
Extensive experience of interpersonal contacts and the absence of difficulties in their implementation form more or less high enterprise and the ability to find the right line of behavior in people of this type. Since such qualities improve social adaptation, a moderate increase in the profile of scale K can be considered as a prognostically favorable sign.
Individuals with a very low profile scale K are well aware of their difficulties, tend to exaggerate rather than underestimate the degree of interpersonal conflicts, the severity of their symptoms and the degree of personal inadequacy.
They do not hide their weaknesses, difficulties and psychopathological disorders. The tendency to be critical of oneself and others leads to skepticism.
Dissatisfaction and a tendency to exaggerate the significance of conflicts make them easily vulnerable and give rise to awkwardness in interpersonal relationships.
Index FK. (Welsh index):
Since the trends measured by the scales F and To, largely oppositely directed, the difference of the primary result obtained on these scales ( Welsh index) is essential for determining the attitude of the subject at the time of the study and judging the reliability of the result.
The average value of this index in MMPI methodology is 7 for men and 8 for women.
The intervals at which the result obtained can be considered reliable (if none of the rating scales exceed 70 T-points) are:
- for men from 18 before +4 ;
- for women from 23 before +7 .
If the difference FK ranges from +5 before +7 for men and from +8 before +10 for women, the result is questionable.
The greater the difference F-K, the more pronounced is the desire of the subject to emphasize the severity of his symptoms and life difficulties, to arouse sympathy and condolences.
High index level F-K may also indicate aggravation.
Index decline F-K reflects the desire to improve the impression of oneself, mitigate one's symptoms and emotionally charged problems or deny their presence.
Low level Welsh index may indicate dissimulation of existing psychopathological abnormalities.
MMPI Base Scales
General characteristics:
1st scale: (hypochondria or somatization of anxiety) overcontrol:
An increase within 70T is an indicator of tightness, overcontrol, increased orientation towards normativity as a stable personality trait, manifested by excessive attention to deviations from the normal functioning of one's body.
With disadaptation (i.e., with an increase in the indicator of this scale above 70·T), hypochondriacal traits are revealed.
Low values (50T and below) have the opposite meaning, i.e. reflect the absence of the listed personality traits and conditions.
2nd scale: (anxiety and depressive tendencies) pessimism:
It reveals this quality along with dissatisfaction and a tendency to unrest.
The leading rise on the 2nd scale is characteristic of the hyposthenic type of response, and indicators above 70·T reveal a depressive state.
3rd scale: (hysteria or repression of factors that cause anxiety) emotivity:
Scale of "emotional lability".
With an increase in its indicators within the normative range, it reflects a high sensitivity to environmental influences and instability of the emotional state, aggravated at higher scores (above 70 T) up to hysterical, hysterical or hysteroform manifestations.
4th scale: (psychopathy or the realization of emotional tension in direct behavior) impulsiveness:
Within the range of up to 70T, it reflects the sthenic type of response.
Above 70 T - impulsive, poorly controlled behavior of psychopathic personalities of an excitable circle, as well as within the framework of a psychopathic syndrome of residual organic or endogenous origin.
Reflects the degree of conformity of gender-role behavior and the level of sexual adaptation.
6th scale: (paranoid or rigid affect):
Normally, it reflects a tendency to pedantry, rivalry and getting stuck on negative experiences.
High scores reveal affective saturation of experiences, hostility, and a tendency to paranoid reactions.
Applies the same as 4th scale to sthenic (with a significant increase to hypersthenic) type of response.
7th scale MMPI: (psychasthenia or fixation of anxiety and restrictive behavior) anxiety:
Reveals increased timidity, constitutionally determined anxiety, uncertainty, conformity, suspiciousness.
Values above 70T reflect the problem of pronounced psychasthenic accentuation, the predominance of inhibited (hyposthenic) features, an anxiety state within the framework of neurotic or neurosis-like disorders.
8th scale: (schizoid or autistic) individualistic:
It can be increased in non-conformal people with pronounced independence of judgments and actions, non-standard thinking, which at high rates manifests itself as a peculiarity of interests, unpredictability of actions, an irrational approach to solving problems, a separation from reality.
9th scale: (hypomania or anxiety denial) of optimism:
Reveals the level of optimism and reflects the sthenic type of response.
Indicators located below 50T are alarming in terms of a decrease in life-loving tendencies and general activity.
0th scale: (social introversion or social contacts):
Reflects the level of sociability, social involvement of the individual.
Turning mainly to the world of subjective experiences (increase to 70 T) up to isolation and autism (above 70 T).
Appeal to the world of the real environment of an extroverted person (indicators below 50 T) or an emotionally immature person with weakened self-control (if the indicators are below 40T).
1st scale: (hypochondria or somatization of anxiety) overcontrol:
The scale with the leading peak (60-69 T) in the profile, in which the rest of the scales are at the level of 45-54 T, reveals the motivational orientation of the individual to meet the normative criteria both in the social environment and in the sphere of the physiological functions of one's own body.
The main problem of this type of personality is suppression of spontaneity, self-realization restraint, control over aggressiveness, hypersocial orientation of interests, orientation to rules, instructions, inertia in decision-making, avoidance of serious responsibility for fear of not coping.
The style of thinking is inert, somewhat dogmatic based on existing generally accepted points of view, deprived of freedom, independence and looseness.
In interpersonal relationships - high moral exactingness both to oneself and to others. Avarice of emotional manifestations, caution, prudence.
A contradictory combination of restraint and irritability creates a mixed type of response, characteristic of persons with a psychosomatic nature of maladaptive behavior.
Such a combination is manifested by constant tension, and the hypersocial attitudes look like a “facade”, behind which hides squeamishness, irritation, and edifying intonations.
With excessive emotional tension, difficult maladaptation is manifested by an increased focus on deviations from the norm, both in terms of interpersonal relationships, where people of this type are annoyed by the irresponsibility and lack of morality of the actions of others, and in the sphere of well-being, where excessive attention to the work of internal organs can develop into hypochondria.
In the structure of neurotic disorders or within the neurosis-like pathology, high rates of 1st scale(above 70 T) reveal hypochondriacal symptoms.
Hypochondria aggravated and takes on the character of senestopathies with an accompanying peak in 8th scale.
Peak Combination 1st and 2nd scale more characteristic of aging men, while manifesting not only hypochondria, but such personal traits as dogmatism, hypocrisy are intensified, thinking becomes more inert, in interpersonal contacts caution, didacticism, and edifying tone are more pronounced.
1st MMPI scale in structure "neurotic triad" (1,2,3 scale) reveals a defense mechanism of the type of "escape to the disease", while the disease (obvious or imaginary) is like a screen that masks the desire to shift responsibility for existing problems to others and is seen as the only socially acceptable way to justify one's passivity.
Climbing up 1st scale accompanies, as a rule, the psychosomatic nature of the maladaptive response, and in the "toothed saw" profile, high values 1st scale can reveal the main component in the structure of the “ulcerative personality type” and often reflect gastroenterological problems, peptic ulcer of the stomach and duodenum at the psychological level.
Expression of values 1st and 3rd scale is quite common, but more common in women.
Psychological properties 3rd scale largely obscure and absorb characteristics 1st if the scales are at the same level.
With indicators 1st scale MMPI prevailing over 3rd a passive attitude to the conflict, avoidance of solving problems, self-centeredness, masked by the declaration of hypersocial attitudes, are revealed.
In essence, this is a neurosis-forming factor of a lack of emotional warmth and attention in childhood under normal conditions and their increased demonstration during injuries and illnesses.
The peculiarities of the psyche and the specificity of the manifestations of the attention of others contribute to the formation and consolidation of the mechanism of manipulation through "care for the disease."
With personal immaturity, this mechanism is transferred into adulthood and is transformed to others practically without changing and developing into a rigid, non-constructive behavioral style of reducing pronounced (neurotic) emotional tension by including (manipulating) others in a concern with a “morbid” state.
In the behavior of persons of this type, the unconscious desire for the status of a patient is a kind of justification for insignificant activity and an attempt to strengthen social protections and a certain guarantee of attention from others in one complex.
This behavior is significantly different from the behavior of individuals who formed most of the scale values as a result of correction - joining the "raw" scores 0.5 of the indicator scale K.
In this case, concern about the physical condition and a peculiar attitude towards medicines, herbs, infusions and other traditional and non-traditional methods of treatment (with T up to 70 points) reflects a behavioral feature as a form focused on caring for health and not accompanied by complaints and attempts to attract the attention of others. .
Both of these types, each on the basis of their nature, demonstrate extraordinary knowledge of pharmacology (without being experts in this field), techniques and methods of treatment, fasting methods, training methods for maintaining and improving health.
If for the “hypochondriac” type of knowledge of this kind is a kind of “professionalism” of being “in the disease”, then for persons “correctionally dependent” they have a different, twofold property. Demonstrate a tendency to effectively and thoroughly be treated, comprehensively strengthening their health and reflect "love" and active participation in the treatment and strengthening of the health of others by recommending the most effective means and methods, necessarily tested on themselves.
Such a “love” for the treatment of others can form an assumption about a kind of compensation for the lack of attention from others and a certain similarity in this between both types of behavior. This is far from true. Persons of the “correctionally dependent” type of behavior, although they demonstrate “involvement” in the treatment of others, do it rather to implement their well-adapted and socially approved behavior. egocentrism than to attract attention and manipulate others. In this way they only realize the originality of their " greatness”, good nature and love for others through the provision of services to them effective improvement well-being.
An increase in the scale (above 50T), regardless of the nature that formed such an increase, is most often a prognostically unfavorable basis for the effective implementation of management activities.
Raising the scale in conjunction with weak the type of temperament in most cases reflects behavior accompanied by diligence, a tendency to comply with norms and rules, with low personal activity, significant perseverance, with no need for a wide range of social contacts.
This behavioral complex is fully consistent with those types of activities, the conditions for the implementation of which provide opportunities for the implementation of such features, and these features themselves contribute to productive activities.
Variations strong temperament type and more often mobile and inert combined with high performance 1st scale"hypochondriac type" are reflected by such features as aggressive manipulation of the environment, low production activity with increased social activity.
Such a combination in the conditions of production activity most often becomes an active source of interpersonal problems, is practically not corrected and is characterized by poor controllability.
With the "correction dependent" type hypochondriacal nature, specialists are often effective, especially in individual or personally isolated activities.
They are very persistent in achieving the goal, in their activities they often seek to find “their own” or express their personal originality. However, they often and for a long time are treated, they constantly attend preventive measures and procedures.
2nd scale: (anxiety and depressive tendencies) pessimism:
The leading peak on the 2nd scale, which does not go beyond the norm, reveals the predominance of a passive personal position.
The leading motivational focus is the avoidance of failure.
Persons of this type are characterized by a high level of awareness of existing problems through the prism of dissatisfaction and a pessimistic assessment of their prospects.
A tendency to think, inertia in decision-making, a pronounced depth of experience, an analytical mindset, skepticism, self-criticism, some self-doubt, one's capabilities.
They are capable of refusing to realize momentary needs for the sake of distant plans.
In order to avoid conflict with the social environment, egocentric tendencies are inhibited.
The neurosis-like effect with this type of behavior is concentrated in the affiliative area of needs, which acts as a leader in the structure of behavior.
The needs for understanding, love, a friendly attitude towards oneself, due to the peculiarities of behavior, are not realized to the degree necessary for the individual and, in a certain way, further exacerbate these features.
This process is reflected in a certain way and correlates with the behavioral characteristics demonstrated by representatives schizoid character type , forming a pole timidity factor a H.
The communication imbalance with the persisting internal activity of the desires for wide and deep social contacts and the lack of an external possibility of their implementation due to the dominant tendency to avoid failure forms a harmonious personal explanatory concept.
It is based on high personal standards when choosing objects of interaction, and failures are attributed to the unwillingness to “exchange for small things” in anticipation of deep and rich mutual feelings of love, respect, mutual understanding, etc.
The lack of positive experience of social interaction and the steady avoidance of failures in stressful situations leads to a tendency to stop reactions, that is, to blocking activity, or driven behavior, subservience to the leading personality.
The defense mechanisms are the rejection of self-realization and the strengthening of consciousness control.
Peak by 2nd scale MMPI reaching the level of 70 T, along with neurosis-forming situations that influenced the system of formation of interpersonal relations in early ontogenesis, can also reflect behavioral characteristics formed as a result of experiencing a sharp and significant disappointment for the individual after an experienced interpersonal failure or in connection with a disease, sharply disrupting the normal course of life and long-term plans.
Such a profile outlines a certain state, at least a depressive reaction within the framework of the adaptation syndrome.
However, this is only a quantitative aspect, revealing the features of not only a psychogenically provoked state, but also providing for the predisposition of a given individual to such reactions in a state of stress.
Depression is the most common and common reaction to distress in most people.
However, with a pronounced sthenic type of response, even in a situation of severe stress, for example, in situations of prolonged anxious expectation of the outcome of a situation significant for the individual, they can be demonstrated as protective, states of bravado, carelessness, self-sufficiency, etc. as the opposite of depression.
It turns out that the depressive type of reaction is not at all a universal and purely obligatory reaction to psychotrauma.
High scores on the 2nd MMPI scale can reveal in the recipient not only a low mood due to negative experiences, but also personality traits a tendency to acute experience of failures, to excitement, an increased sense of guilt with a self-critical attitude towards one's shortcomings, self-doubt.
These features are exacerbated in the profile with pronounced peaks along 2nd, 7th and 0th scales and a significant decrease in 9th. Such behavior is characteristic of people with an accentuation of the inhibited type, with anxious and suspicious features.
In the age-old conflict between egocentric and altruistic tendencies, representatives of this group prefer the latter with the rejection of self-realization, thus balancing the balance between these conflicting tendencies and reducing the risk of conflict with the environment.
If the increase in 1st scale means an unconscious, repressed refusal from self-actualization, then an increase in 2nd reveals conscious self-control, when unfulfilled intentions, due to external circumstances or internal reasons, are reflected in a lowered mood as a result of a deficit or loss.
At the same time, individuals of this type can be quite active, following the leader as the most conformal and socially compliant group.
Moderate rise 2nd scale with the onset of adulthood is seen as a natural "acquired skepticism", a wiser attitude to life's problems, as opposed to the carelessness and optimism of youth, manifested by relatively lower rates of 2nd scale and high on 9th.
Simultaneous boost 2nd and 9th scale reflects a tendency to mood swings, a cyclothymic personality variant or cyclothymia, which can be reflected as a correlation with the pole cyclothymia factor A 16 PF.
Profile with peaks by 2nd and 4th scale and a significant decrease in 9th should be alarming in terms of increased suicidal risk, since, in addition to the characteristics 2nd scale, a decrease in the level of vitality and optimism is added, determined by 9th scale and increased impulsivity, reflected 4th scale.
Although, with such features, suicide attempts are more used as blackmailing others and, with such motivation, are rarely planned as the final way out of the situation, such a balancing act between manipulation and suicidal tendencies can lead to serious consequences.
In production activities, high performance 2nd scale contribute little to the effective implementation of management activities.
The communication imbalance does not prevent the effective implementation of activities in the forms that are not related to the mandatory manifestation of social activity.
Sometimes, individuals with such behavioral characteristics by their very presence can very effectively stabilize the group and even act as a kind of standard for business interaction.
Such workers are very effective in analytical and a number of creative activities without extensive social contacts, such as organizational and economic analysis, marketing, decoration and industrial design, and a number of other activities where a serious, thoughtful attitude to the work performed is especially important.
3rd scale: (hysteria or repression of factors that cause anxiety) emotivity:
The 3rd scale is called the scale " emotional lability».
An increase in the profile on this scale reveals the instability of emotions and a conflicting combination of multidirectional tendencies:
- a high level of personal claims is combined with the need for involvement in the interests of the group;
- selfishness, with altruistic declarations;
- aggressiveness, with the desire to please others.
Persons with lead 3rd scale are distinguished by the predominance of the artistic type of perception, a certain demonstrativeness, the brightness of emotional manifestations with some superficiality of experiences, the instability of self-esteem, which is significantly influenced by an influential environment.
Their behavior is accompanied by a belief in the identity of their "I" to the declared ideals, some "childishness", immaturity of attitudes.
Easy adaptation to various social roles, artistry of postures, facial expressions and gestures attracts the attention of others, which serves as a stimulating factor for them, exciting and flattering their vanity.
Profile with presenter 3rd scale(70 T and above) reveals accentuation by hysterical type, in which the above features are pointed.
Signs of emotional immaturity more characteristic of female type behavior with known infantilism, affectation, dependent tendencies.
Despite pronounced egocentrism and a tendency to feel sorry for themselves, such individuals strive to level the conflict and attach great importance to the status of a family person.
Individuals with high 3rd scale(above 75 T) is characterized by increased nervousness, tearfulness, excessive dramatization of ongoing events, a tendency to narrow consciousness up to fainting.
In situations of stress, people with high 3rd scale pronounced vegetative reactions are characteristic in the profile.
One of the versions of the formation hysteroid type behavior advocates neurosis-forming the situation of violation of the sex-role mechanism in the processes of the formation of the psyche at the early stages of ontogenesis.
In most cases neurosis-forming situation is formed in girls as a result of inadequate influence on the part of dominant and imperious mothers in response to the child's attempts and, according to his ideas, behave in accordance with such a role.
Excessive punishment in response to behavior that, according to the child, does not go beyond the allowed rules, distorts the mechanism of gender-role behavior, and all later mechanisms of social adaptation are formed under the influence of this distortion.
Mental development "gets stuck" in a situation of misunderstanding the rules for choosing behavior strategies.
The child's psyche begins to carefully and in a certain way fix behavioral techniques and situations that are especially noted by others as significant manifestations of exclusivity and leading to admiration.
Over time, such techniques, transforming, will turn into "templates" and will be used in place and out of place in situations of adult life.
Essentially, hysteroid type behavior is a complex of two mental tendencies.
One trend is directed towards the search for socially approved and acceptable forms and methods of behavior that are not natural and normal for the psyche, because the natural ones were categorically suppressed and, because of this, are unconsciously perceived as forbidden.
Another trend is aimed at developing mechanisms for the realization of natural desires and needs within the framework of such forms, which is expressed as the use of the accumulated "templates" and forms a general strategy of behavior, as "artificial".
Over the personality in adulthood, "childish" authoritarian prohibitions and mechanisms of neurotic "stuck" to control behavior continue to put pressure.
Neurotic "stuck" easily "transfers" the source of the formation of such prohibitions to the spouse and forms a special attitude to marriage as a social state of the individual and to the behavioral aggressiveness inherent in this type of behavior.
The basic basis of the formation hysteroid type behaviors are mainly two temperamental types - weak, with the prevalence of excitation processes and strong, unbalanced type of.
At weak type of temperament, behavioral characteristics under stress-forming factors are easily transformed into a system of using protective mechanisms of “withdrawal” into functional disorders.
The impossibility of meeting the "ideal" norms of behavior is explained as a functional limitation of life forms.
The attempt to defend oneself leads to such forms of merging of the desired state of malaise and its real symptoms that the latter reflect essentially real violations. An attempt to play the disease and conversion symptoms form a state in which the person who plays the disease himself begins to believe in its reality.
Not the last role in this mechanism is played by aggressiveness, in this form it takes the form of passive aggression and has manifestations in the form of attempts to create a significant sense of guilt among others for bringing such a severe physical ailment.
When forming a hysterical type of behavior based on strong, unbalanced type of temperament, conversion symptoms and the strategy of such behavior is not very realistic.
Increased basic personal activity does not contribute to passive withdrawal “into the disease”, on the contrary, concentrating around the “core of neurosis”, it focuses on the social mechanisms of matching the ideal image of a “good girl” that everyone likes.
Attempts to behave in accordance with ideal ideas, significant personal activity and the need for strong innervation as an optimal condition for life, serious problems in the mechanisms for fulfilling needs force such individuals to use a special set of secondary unconscious mental defenses.
Such a complex includes the practice of free sexualized relationships, behavior with an emphasis on challenging social norms and rules, the desire to please everyone and use all available techniques and methods for this.
Such a complex is a kind of destructive desire by behavior and actions to provoke a neurosis-forming situation of distant childhood with an obsessive unconscious desire to experience it again and again.
A significant behavioral imbalance in this type of behavior is the mechanism of transferring the source of the “core of neurosis” to a new and unrelated object.
Not experiencing empathic dependence in the systems of personal interaction due to the unformedness of the empathic properties themselves, such persons skillfully play the whole gamut and depth of personal involvement in the interaction and convince themselves and experience the significance of their feelings.
The lack of empathy in these external manifestations of the desire for love and admiration on the part of all those around turns these desires into “inexhaustible” from the inside, and any individual manifestation of love and admiration becomes equally valuable and significant for them. Because of this, any personal behavioral “negativity” is carefully controlled and only what is likely to please remains in the behavior.
When choosing an object and understanding that the relationship is strong enough, the transfer mechanism is activated. It seems that such a transfer of a neurosis-forming source to another object is the main one in the very unconscious motivation for building serious relationships of interaction.
The psyche tries to “make” the primary external source of limiting the mechanisms of satisfaction of needs and which has long become internal and own, external and “foreign”, transferring the properties of the primary source to a suitable object. As soon as this succeeds, the psyche begins to behave in relation to the object that replaces the primary source as to the very source of restrictions and begins to “fight” with it with all available means, limited in childhood. Hence such a behavioral complex and such a special set of psychological defenses.
From the point of view of an object that replaces the source of neurotic restrictions, the transformation of "ideal", well-controlled relationships into a system of neurotic interaction with a full set of behavioral attributes and destructive tendencies corresponding to such interaction is unexpected and incomprehensible and contributes to the preservation of relations only until the object is convinced that what is required of him is what he cannot give by definition.
The desire to explain the nature of the formation of the neurotic mechanism and the principles of its activation and functioning follows from the general mental characteristics concentrated in the system of dependencies of neurotic and normal types of behavior.
The neurotic severity of behavioral characteristics, equated in terms of clinical level (pronounced neurosis, the level of borderline mental state and psychoses, as the extreme severity of behavioral maladjustment), is of little interest to non-specialists in the field of psychiatry and, even more so, has little to do with aspects of production activity.
However, the ability to maintain stable behavioral tendencies in normal behavior, mechanisms for the implementation of activity, elements of unconscious motivation, etc. as a kind of behavioral stable type, identical to the neurotic, but not so saturated and maladjusted, contributes to the study of neuroses as a kind of matrix of normal behavior.
The presence of such an ability to preserve and the “similarity” of normal behavior to neurotic behavior made it possible, on the basis of clinical deviations, to develop a number of diagnostic methods, including MMPI, and at the level of quantitative indicators to determine the degree of severity of behavioral characteristics as stable and typical in relation to neurotic ones.
Such a neurotic feature as primitively described in our case hysterical type, in normal behavior can be reflected as a stable type of behavior to a certain extent (depending on the severity on the scale) corresponding hysterical and preserving its inherent tendencies.
Any normal behavior is the result of a complex concentration of typical behavioral features that, with clinical abnormalities, have a bright, hypertrophied severity, but normally have only a tendency to manifest, or slightly correct behavior, giving it a unique character and personality traits.
A complex concentration of typical features is rarely found as equally pronounced. In a behavioral system, one or two types will necessarily prevail over the rest, giving it stability and features inherent in their nature and shaping behavior within the framework of these features.
Actually, the definition of these features and their use in systems for organizing effective activities is the main goal.
Various temperamental natures hysterical type of character and the use of “their own” types of unconscious psychological defenses does not exclude from the behavioral complex the types of defenses characteristic of another temperamental type. They are just less common and less readily used.
At weak temperament type and the main type of defense through “going into illness”, it is difficult to physically participate in extended interaction systems, but it is possible to perfectly apply “playing” role-playing skills for a narrow circle of viewers.
At strong, unbalanced temperamentally, passive clinical difficulties are unbearable due to the inability to realize activity and provide an optimal level of excitation of the nervous system, but fantasies about accidents and suicidal tendencies are preferable and applicable.
The latter, in an intricate way, combine the components of self-pity, attempts to correct the existing state of affairs, the pity of others and the availability of opportunities for the implementation of aggression.
Suicide games are most popular among mentally active people hysteroid type. In addition to manipulating others, which is carried out at the highest artistic level (because they themselves believe in the possibility of such a way out), they make it possible, due to the sensation and experience of the fear of death, to significantly reduce the level of personal anxiety and experience a kind of relief from this.
Combination in MMPI high 1st and 3rd scale with relatively low 2nd looks like roman V and is called the "conversion five". The properties inherent in the 3rd MMPI scale come to the fore, absorbing, to a large extent, the signs 1st scale. At the same time, the focus on social standards remains relevant, which only mask the egocentric tendencies of the individual.
With a high conversion five, the transformation of neurotic anxiety into functional somatic disorders, to a certain extent, serves as a way to gain a comfortable social position.
The combination of high performance in 3rd and 4th scale greatly enhances performance 3rd, increasing the likelihood of behavioral responses to hysterical type with a tendency to "self-inflate" in conflict situations and a pronounced desire for emotional involvement.
Behavioral features hysteroid type represent great opportunities for organizing effective production activities.
Stable, organized behavior, motivationally oriented towards a wide range of social contacts and effectively optimized and well-equipped for this with personal means, turns such specialists into unique ones, in activities focused on external factors of production activity.
Adapted behavior of specialists with hysterical type of character is a consequence of the ability to manage their activity and allows them to remain within the normative framework of the rules, leveling all the negative manifestations inherent in neurotic features.
However, a significant basic personal activity and a prevailing focus on social contacts to the detriment of the rationing and regulation of production activities require specialized management tools and certain operating conditions in which such specialists can be especially effective and efficient.
4th scale: (psychopathy or the realization of emotional tension in direct behavior) impulsivity:
As the leading one in the profile, located within the normative range, this scale reveals an active personal position, high search activity.
The structure of the motivational orientation is dominated by achievement goals, accompanied by confidence and speed in decision-making.
With objective indicators indicating the presence of a sufficiently high intelligence, persons with this characterological type can demonstrate an intuitive, heuristic style of thinking, which, without relying on accumulated experience and in haste in making decisions, can become speculative.
The behavioral complex may manifest impatience, propensity to risk, high level of claims, the stability of which has a pronounced dependence on momentary motives and external influences, on the success of the actions taken.
The behavior is uninhibited, accompanied by immediacy in the manifestation of feelings, in manners. Statements and actions often outstrip the systematic and consistent thoughtfulness of actions.
There may be a tendency to resist external pressure, the tendency to rely mainly on one's own opinion, and even more - on one's own motives.
Behavior is colored by a pronounced lack of conformity, a desire for independence and independence. In a state of emotional capture - the predominance of emotions of anger or admiration, pride or contempt, i.e. pronounced emotions, polar in sign, while the control of the intellect does not always play a leading role.
In personally significant situations, conflict may appear.
In stress, an effective, sthenic type of behavior, decisiveness, and masculinity are manifested.
Persons of this type do not tolerate monotony, monotony makes them sleepy, and the stereotypical type of activity bores them.
One of the versions of the formation psychopathic type behavior is a persistent lack of attention, "warmth" of interaction and care in the early stages of ontogenesis.
In extreme manifestations, the inattention of parents (or persons replacing them) leads to the impossibility of forming the mechanism of reverse personal dependence, which plays an important role for the emerging psyche in future structures of social interaction.
In response to the unfulfilled socialized need for care and interaction, the psyche begins to develop and function in an autonomous, socially isolated mode. Such a development can lead to a structural basic relationship, as a relationship with missing personal socialized obligations.
More broadly and conventionally given relation can be defined as the absence conscience.
If we consider the concept conscience as a system of internal personal attitude to the consequences of actions and actions, then in our case such an attitude was not formed, there was no one to form it, and the psyche had to adapt to life without this important mental component in autonomous conditions.
Without conscience as an internal criterion for evaluating actions, the psyche develops, focusing on external criteria. "Good" and "bad" are beginning to be fixed by the consequences of external reactions. "Bad" becomes "bad" if it is noticed and reacted to. Everything that was not noticed and not reacted to (not punished) is “good”.
Naturally, such a system of gradation of consequences forms such behavioral features as cunning, dexterity, raises intuition danger, forms and develops aggressiveness as a preventive protection system and many other properties inherent psychopathic type of character.
The basic temperamental property for psychopathic type is strong, unbalanced type.
For weak the temperament type lacks “energy”, while the strong, balanced and mobile and inert types are sufficiently stabilized in the manifestation of activity and need less attention during periods of the formation of socialized complexes of object interaction.
Temperamental features color behavior and give it a number of properties concentrated in the field of personal activity.
By itself, the psychophysiology of response is no different from the standard parameters of temperamental features, and it is the socialized components of the psyche that orient it accordingly.
In the process of life activity, three main tasks are constantly solved, around which the main personal orientation is formed.
First - implementation of personal activity and ensuring optimal innervation of the functioning of the psyche.
Second - ensuring the highest possible social status as a position that reflects the exclusivity of the individual.
Third - the desire for manipulation and control, and the actual manipulation as a reflection of the ability to do this without a significant focus on the result.
In the desire to manipulate others, the desire and ability to manage are concentrated as well as a reflection of exclusivity, and a kind of object transfer is realized, which is characteristic of all neurosis-forming complexes.
Similar behavioral tendencies correlate well and manifest themselves in the pole dominance factor a E and pole insight factor a N and reflect in behavioral originality the mechanism of fusion and realization of these three personal tasks.
High performance in 4th MMPI scale(above 70 T) reveal a hyperthymic (excitable) variant of accentuation, characterized by increased impulsivity. One of the features of this behavior is difficult self-control.
At the same time, against the background of good intellect, such individuals have the ability to take a non-standard approach to solving problems, to moments of creative insight. A person is not dominated by the dogmas of the traditional approach and the lack of reliance on experience is compensated by the mechanism of original creative perception and processing of relevant information.
A pronounced tendency to be creative in solving problems is especially characteristic of individuals with a high level of intelligence and a profile with peaks in 4th and 8th scale and low values for 2nd or 9th.
With such behavioral features, the originality of thinking can be accompanied by the originality of personal experiences, impulsiveness of behavioral reactions and common system non-conformal behavior, which requires increased attention to determining the conformity of views and behavior in general with generally accepted norms.
high peak on 4th scale(above 75 T) reveals psychopathic traits of an excitable type, pronounced impulsiveness, conflict, enhancing the characteristics with concomitant increases on other scales of the sthenic register - 6th, 9th, and, giving the corresponding features of behavioral characteristics, high rates 3rd and 8th scale.
With a combination of high 4th and 2nd scale, the properties of the latter weaken the aggressiveness, non-conformity and impulsiveness of indicators 4th scale, as there is a higher level of consciousness control over behavior.
Two equally high peaks 2nd and 4th scale the profile reveals an internal conflict rooted in an initially contradictory type of response.
The behavioral structure combines multidirectional tendencies - high search activity and dynamism of excitation processes and pronounced inertia and mental instability.
In behavior, this is manifested by the presence of a contradictory combination of a high level of claims with self-doubt, high activity with rapid exhaustion, which is characteristic of the neurasthenic type of experiences.
Under adverse social conditions, such features can serve as a breeding ground for alcoholism, as well as for the development of some psychosomatic disorders.
Peaks by 4th and 6th MMPI scale reflect the explosive (explosive) type of response.
The height of peaks in the range of 70-75 T reflects the accentuation of this type, higher values are characteristic of the profile of a psychopathic personality of an excitable type with a tendency to explosive aggressive reactions.
If the personal characteristics inherent in this profile and manifested by a pronounced sense of rivalry, leadership traits, aggressiveness and stubbornness are channeled into the mainstream of socially acceptable activities, then the owner of these properties can remain sufficiently adapted mainly due to the optimal social niche for him, within which such qualities and properties are preferred and acceptable.
In situations of authoritarian-imperative pressure, any forms of opposition that hurt the self-esteem and prestige of the individual, aggressive reactions from others, persons with this type of profile easily lose the adaptive state mode and give an explosive reaction, the degree of controllability of which is determined by the indicators of scales reflecting inhibited traits.
In production activities, features of adaptive behavior psychopathic types of character can and find very effective types and methods of application.
The main problem when working with people of this type is the motivational-target system of group interaction.
Personal qualities and properties that form the orientation initially isolate such specialists from the systems of common goals for the group. However, if they are given the opportunity to independently form group goals and, at the same time, the success of their activity will be adequately reflected in their status position, then such conditions will significantly level out the behavioral features that are negative for the activity.
When building optimal interaction based on the correspondence of personal and group goals, while optimizing the conditions of activity and fulfilling a number of secondary and quite feasible conditions, it is possible to significantly increase the efficiency and effectiveness of activities by attracting employees with such behavioral characteristics.
5th scale: (severity of male or female character traits):
5, the MMPI scale is interpreted differently depending on the gender of the subject.
Increased rates for 5 scale in any profile means a deviation from the role behavior typical for this sex and the complication of sexual adaptation.
Otherwise, the interpretation is polar, depending on whether the female or male profile is to be deciphered.
In the profile men increase in 5 scale reveals passivity personal position (if other scales do not contradict this), humanistic orientation of interests sentimentality, sophistication of tastes, artistic and aesthetic their direction, the need for friendly, harmonious relationships, sensitivity, vulnerability.
In interpersonal relationships, a tendency to smooth out conflicts, contain aggressive or antisocial tendencies is revealed even in those profiles where increased 5th scale combined with equally elevated scales sthenic register 4th, 6th or 9th.
Quite often there is an increase 5th scale in the normative profile of adolescents and young men. Basically, this is a consequence of a certain non-differentiation of gender-role behavior and softness, unformed character.
This phenomenon can cause certain difficulties in the processes of professional selection. With maturity indicators 5th scale tend to decrease.
During the period of aging, the violation of sexual adaptation is reflected in an increase in the profile of 5th scale. Similar violations can be reflected in some chronic diseases, accompanied by a decrease in libido.
Profile with peaks by 5th and 8th scale and low values for 4th, characterizes narcissistic type personalities with a penchant for demagogy, narcissism, aesthetic reasoning, mannerisms.
Such behavior is characteristic of "cold" individualists who are sensitive to the dissonance of their "I" with the environment and, because of this, have a weakness only for those who bow before them.
These behavioral features correlate well with personality traits reflected by the pole suspicion factor a L 16 PF and significantly specify the behavioral type.
In the profile reflecting the sthenic type of response, relatively low rates 5th scale(50 T and below) reveal a typically masculine style of gender-role behavior, rigidity of character, lack of sentimentality.
At women high scores on the 5th MMPI scale reflect traits masculinity, independence, desire for emancipation, independence in decision-making.
In the profile of the sthenic type, an increase 5th scale enhances traits of cruelty, and in the hypersthenic profile - antisocial tendencies.
With a simultaneous increase 5th and low 3rd scales the absence, usually inherent in women, is found coquettishness, softness in communication, diplomacy in interpersonal contacts. At the same time, masculine characteristics of behavior are quite clearly manifested.
Features of sex-role behavior of women with high (70 T and above) 5th scale in profile they acquire the features of a masculine style.
In behavior, tendencies of a pragmatic attitude towards social contacts with a lack of inclination for constancy and emotional attachment prevail.
These tendencies are intensified with a profile with peaks along 4th, 5th and 9th scale and low values for 0th scale.
Low performance 5th scale in the female profile reflect the traditionally female style of gender-role behavior - the desire to be taken care of and find support in her husband, gentleness, sentimentality, love for children, commitment to family interests.
Combination of low scores 5th scale with elevated 3rd and 8th characteristic of women with a pronounced aesthetic orientation, with a rich imagination, emotionality and impressionability. Typically, this combination is accompanied by a tendency to quickly get used to different role positions and artistic images, manifested by rich plasticity of the body and expressive facial expressions and intonation.
For the tendencies determined by this factor, there is no unambiguous basic mental basis.
It can be assumed, that weak type of temperament can contribute to the formation of "smoothness" of male features in the male profile and variations strong temperament can contribute to the formation of "masculinity" in the female profile.
In this case, energetically active men of non-traditional gender orientation and active "traditional" women completely drop out of the behavioral system.
There are many reasons that deform gender-role behavior and they can concentrate both in the field of neurosis-forming factors of early ontogenesis and in the field of formation of later socialized behavioral structures, for example, during the period of pubertal formation of gender identity, which immediately precedes and is the basis for inter-sex interaction.
For production activity, these reasons are the least significant of the totality of reasons that deviate behavior because they practically do not give freedom of maneuver in building effective models of production activity.
Any variations of deviations and male and female behavior do not provide tangible benefits in improving the efficiency of production activities.
Increased female "masculinity" is easily replaced by even average male "masculinity", and male "femininity" is caricaturely demonstrative and socially rejected by both sexes.
Production activity is more or less gender-indifferent and, therefore, gender-role mismatch negatively affects the system of interpersonal relations and is a prognostically unfavorable sign.
6th scale: (paranoid or rigid affect):
The 6th MMPI scale with a single peak in the profile that does not go beyond the normal spread reflects stability of interests, perseverance in defending one's own opinion, stenic attitudes, activity of the position, which is intensified by the opposition of external forces.
Persons of this type tend to practicality, sober outlook on life, the desire to rely on one's own experience, a synthetic mindset with a pronounced desire for systemic constructions and specifics, for the exact sciences and areas of knowledge.
Persons with lead 6th scale in the profile show love for accuracy, fidelity to their principles, straightforwardness and perseverance in upholding them.
The ingenuity and rationality of the mindset can be combined with its lack of flexibility and the difficulty of switching in a suddenly changing situation.
They are impressed by accuracy and concreteness, they are annoyed by the amorphousness, the uncertainty of tasks, the carelessness and inaccuracy of the people around them.
In interpersonal contacts, it is manifested feeling of rivalry, competitiveness, striving for a prestigious role in the reference group.
High emotional capture by the dominant egoistic idea, the ability to "infect" others with one's enthusiasm and a pronounced tendency to systematic actions are the foundation for the formation of leadership traits, especially with good intelligence and high professionalism.
In short, people of this type affective, touchy, stubborn, hardworking, inventive, sincere and naive. They may be characterized by rigidity, malice and rigidity of thinking.
Rigidity of affect in persons of this type is mainly associated with selfish motives, and behavioral patterns are usually a response to the actions of others, perceived affectively as infringing on the personality, and already on this basis, the construction of rigid personal attitudes is carried out.
The formation of such attitudes often occurs on the basis of an erroneous perception or misinterpretation of situations of interpersonal interaction. Such situations are presented as internally logically justified and even based on real facts of attempts at personal infringement.
Rigid affect associated with selfish motives causes vindictiveness. Associated with it is a long-term experience of one's own success, and this experience includes pride in one's own value, increased self-love, and dissatisfaction with the lack or insufficiency of recognition from others.
Persons of this type are significantly preoccupied with their prestige and are distinguished by increased sensitivity to real or imaginary injustices.
The combination of sensitivity with a tendency to self-affirmation gives rise to suspicion, a critical, hostile or contemptuous attitude towards others, stubbornness, and often aggressiveness.
Persons of this type are ambitious and guided by the firm intention to be better and smarter than others, and in group activities they invariably strive for leadership.
They are incapable of mental “repression” and, therefore, in order to satisfy their ambition and “mental optimization” of life, they constantly need real achievements that confirm their prestige and significance.
Such a trend can form high motivation and high productivity in areas and activities, where the level of achievement is determined and depends on the level of motivation, perseverance and is quite normalized.
Even a modest increase 6th scale usually indicates affective rigidity, a tendency to suspicion, a tendency to consider the actions of others who seem incompetent or dishonest, especially in compliance with the rules and regulations of activity.
The basic basis of this type of behavior is the deepest, little studied and, therefore, not quite obvious and unambiguous in terms of its influence on the psyche, the system of object interaction, which is formed at very early stages of ontogenesis.
In the process of mental development, the mechanisms of subject interaction are formed. There is a peculiar process of studying subject properties and their intermediary significance between the personality and objects (parents).
The system of object interaction itself begins to develop and become more complex through objects in the form of toys, dishes, clothes, etc.
This process is very stable both due to the underdevelopment of socialized mental structures and due to the relatively low significance of objective functions for this process. However, peculiar deviations can occur in it, forming behavioral features.
They are expressed in a more substantive intermediary meaning for the psyche. That is, in normal functioning, the psyche, having passed the stage of intermediary objective development, passes into another stage, normally using objects exclusively from the standpoint of their functionality.
In our case, originality is expressed as a process of endowing objects with some object properties, or, more precisely, as an incomplete separation of subject and object properties.
The object, being an exclusively functional intermediary in the process of object interaction, pulled over some of the object properties and itself turned into a kind of object.
Such a kind of "stuck" at the stage of subject interaction is always accompanied by three main behavioral properties, ranked according to the degree of formation.
The first is the unconscious desire to master an unlimited number of consumer goods and, as the highest stage, material (monetary) accumulation as an unconscious tendency of meaningless (unused) possession.
The second is a clear and special structural relationship to subject interaction.
This attitude is expressed in the unconscious desire for order, cleanliness, neatness, the development of cleaning rituals, the determination of a reasonable place for each item and strict adherence to the rules and procedures for its use, etc.
The third is the transfer and use of the rules of subject interaction in systems of socialized object interaction.
If the first two basic behavioral properties have relatively little influence on the overall structure of behavior and can be considered as a "hobby", then the third one is very significant and can serve as the basis for a wide behavioral diversity.
The third behavioral property corrects the manifestations of two important personal mental qualities - aggressiveness and volitional components.
Aggressiveness and will in the behavioral manifestations of the features of the mental structure are, to a certain extent, manifestations of the activity of rivalry as a state of interpersonal interaction and the very level of its effective manifestation.
In our case, the system of object interaction is objective and activity is realized indirectly through object interaction without penetrating into the systems of direct interpersonal interaction. Therefore, in persons of this type it is difficult to meet situations of manifestation of open interpersonal aggression and they rarely participate and try to avoid situations that require extreme manifestations of significant volitional properties.
Both activity and will are concentrated within the framework of the functional properties of interpersonal interaction. The interaction system itself is built and implemented on the principles of functional interaction. Therefore, the structural basis of interaction is rationing and regulation. Both the internal attitude and external manifestations reflect this normalization and form behavioral features.
It is not surprising that individuals of this type have great resistance to stressful situations. They are simply not affected by non-functional manifestations of interaction, they do not perceive and do not understand what they want from them outside the framework of norms and rules, but they perfectly navigate within the framework of the rules and actively and persistently (manifestation of will) participate in bringing justice when they are violated.
The ability to live by the rules for them is the only available system of interpersonal interaction. Violation of the rules confuses them and “forces” them to unconsciously “devalue” both the situations of such violations and the persons who form them.
The impossibility of avoiding such situations (official production interaction, social and household, forced group interaction) provokes the maximum concentration of activity (aggression) and the will to change such situations and bring them in line with the understood norms and rules.
The consequences of such a struggle at the level of clinical behavioral maladaptation form a wide range of behavioral properties, from compulsive neuroses to paranoid constructs of extensive modification.
Both clinical maladaptation and normal manifestations of behavioral characteristics are reflected in the structure of the personality profile.
The combination of peaks on 6th and 1st scales characteristic of persons in whom concern for the state of physical health develops on the basis of affective rigidity. At the same time, the number of unpleasant physical sensations is small, but the significance of somatic sensations and their influence on behavior are very high.
Peaks on the 6th and 2nd scales of the MMPI reflect the propensity for the emergence of affectively saturated delusional ideas in initially subdepressive individuals and the presence of a melancholy-spiteful construction.
With such features, difficulties in the system of interpersonal relations often appear, and suspicion and malice contribute to a violation of social adaptation.
The combination of peaks on 6th and 3rd scales. In this case, the desire to focus on external evaluation runs into ideas of hostility on the part of others.
As a result of a combination of these tendencies, suspicion and aggressiveness are suppressed during social interactions and even a positive attitude is declared both towards others and towards situations of interaction. However, sometimes, few but persistent somatic complaints are used to pressure others.
This phenomenon is especially pronounced when the peak is combined 6th scale and " conversion V» neurotic triad.
Peak Combination 6th and 4th scale reflects a propensity for antisocial behavior.
With such features, neglect of moral and ethical norms, customs and rules is characteristic.
The higher 6th MMPI scale towards 4th, the more often antisocial manifestations are replaced by persistent hostility towards others.
Such persons are characterized by gloom or dysphoric-malicious affect, a tendency to stubborn objections and outbursts of aggression.
Open manifestations of intolerance, hostility, suspicion and other characteristics reflected 6th scale will be more pronounced with decreasing values 5th scale for men and with their increase in women.
The specialization of such modifications is mainly determined by temperamental characteristics and situational factors.
Temperamental properties form the level of activity and "color" behavioral properties, situations provoke and trigger maladjustment mechanisms.
In our case, behavioral modifications of maladaptive forms and their diversity are the least interesting, since they are exclusively in the area of psychiatric knowledge and are categorically unacceptable for any type of production activity.
Actually, the personal characteristics of well-adapted individuals of this type and the specifics of their formation and manifestation provide a huge amount of analytical material that does not contribute to the unambiguity of conclusions in model activity forecasts.
Persons of this behavioral type demonstrate a significant set of properties that are positive for activity.
The main ones are diligence and the desire to follow the rules and regulations, the prevailing trend of status growth.
Despite the fact that their trend of status growth is the result of a personal egoistic orientation, entirely focused on occupying a position that is comfortable from the position of the psyche in the system of normalized activity (pronounced careerism), it is quite often realized in high official appointments, especially in systems of administrative and economic orientation. facilitating bureaucratic mechanisms for organizing activities.
One gets the impression that such organizations are purposefully staffed with specialists and managers who, in their mental make-up, seek to further formalize and standardize, “dehumanize” the already formalized and standardized activity to the limit.
If for administrative and economic management activities the personal characteristics of the type under consideration may look positive, then for most types of production activities, especially management, they are hardly acceptable.
Specialists of this behavioral type can be very effective in areas of activity, the conditions for the implementation of which are normalized and regulated.
Applied economics and accounting, almost all types of "functional" industries - everything that requires punctuality, perseverance, scrupulousness in following norms and rules, attention to detail from a specialist and, moreover, does not require direct and intense personal interactions.
Especially the presence of the latter condition can greatly contribute to a significant "improvement" of the character.
The implementation of interaction on the principles of "objectivity" - through numbers, norms and rules, not only harmonizes external behavioral manifestations, but also internally contributes to good mental stabilization through an optimal understanding of the rules of activity.
Such stabilization to a certain extent contributes to the decline in status tendencies. A significant basis for achievement motivation disappears. It makes no sense to strive to change the status position in order to optimize the already stable and optimal (arranged as a system of interaction) position.
Naturally, this is possible only if internal personal and external, real status criteria coincide. This is facilitated by a high level of material reward, which makes it possible, by accumulating material (cash) resources, to realize the main unconscious tendency - the "hobby" of accumulation.
In order for a specialist of this behavioral type to function effectively in production activities, it is necessary to significantly stimulate him financially, limit direct personal interaction, normalize and regulate the conditions for carrying out activities, isolate him from making strategically decisive decisions, limit status trends, exclude him from situations of official competition, etc.
It can be seen from the foregoing that industrial activity for persons of this type can offer a very limited scope for the application of efforts.
Such a behavioral type would not need close attention if its representatives did not have a number of pronounced and superficially very promising features for activity.
Almost fanatical purposefulness, consistency and independence from group influence, strict adherence to norms and rules personally and demands from others, striving for status growth and personal recognition, professional improvement, impeccable appearance, etc. - a portrait of an almost ideal leader.
Failure to recognize this behavioral type and the involvement of such specialists in the implementation of activities without restrictions can lead to serious negative consequences both for the specialist and for the activity.
Individuals of this behavioral type are difficult to recognize. Leading Peak 6th MMPI scale often accompanied by a low-lying profile, reflecting a tendency to hide the depth of existing personality problems. This is due to the increased sense of caution and incredulity inherent in such individuals.
Profiles with a "recessed" profile should be especially alarming. 6th scale. Indicators below 50 T are implausible and are the result of hypercompensatory
attitudes of aggressive individuals, reflecting their excessive tendency to emphasize their peacekeeping relations.
7th scale: (psychasthenia or fixation of anxiety and restrictive behavior) anxiety:
7th scale refers to indicators of hyposthenic, inhibited type of mental response.
Profile boost reveals the predominance of a passive-passive position, lack of confidence in oneself and in the stability of the situation, high sensitivity and susceptibility to environmental influences, increased sensitivity to danger.
The behavior of people of this type is dominated by the motivation to avoid failure, sensitivity, focus on congruent relationships with others, and dependence on the opinion of the majority.
This type of person is different a developed sense of responsibility, conscientiousness, commitment, modesty, increased anxiety in relation to minor everyday problems, anxiety for the fate of loved ones.
They have a peculiar empathy - a feeling of compassion and empathy, increased nuance of feelings, pronounced dependence on the object of affection.
Thinking is somewhat inert. The peculiarity of target control with elements of "fluctuating" attention is expressed in a tendency to double-check what has been done, an increased sense of duty.
noted pronounced intuitiveness, a tendency to doubt, reflexivity, critical self-observation with a tendency to low self-esteem.
Moderate increase in values 7th scale at men accompanied by behaviors such as shyness, sentimentality, peacefulness, pronounced individuality, often with a feeling of dissatisfaction.
At women - is more often a sign of a neurotic reaction and is expressed as increased sensitivity, conscientiousness, pickiness and pedantry in work, developed intuitiveness.
The general trend for men and women is indecisiveness with a lack of self-confidence.
The peak on the 7th MMPI scale is typical for individuals with pronounced anxious and suspicious features with a tendency to self-flagellation, "chewing" various problems and painful self-observation.
Often attention is focused on their bad habits, relationship difficulties and the manifestation of authority.
Persons of this type are very preoccupied with questions of morality and are the most anxious of representatives of all characterological types.
The mental feature of this type of behavior is the low ability to repress negative signals and increased attention to them. They strive to keep even unimportant facts in the spotlight, consider and anticipate even unlikely possibilities, and are in a state of constant anxiety.
Persons of this type are incapable of isolating the really important and essential in the totality of facts, of abstracting from insignificant details.
In activity, such behavior is expressed as a leading tendency to avoid failure and is formed by fear of the possibility of incurring danger by a wrong act or failing as a result of a mistake.
This fear underlies restrictive behavior, which manifests itself in the refusal of activities in cases where success is not guaranteed.
The tendency to avoid failure translates into a tendency to develop a system of rules that eliminates the need to make a decision in each individual case, which can come across as rigid, stubborn and formal. Such a system of rules is a kind of struggle with obsessive anxiety, internal mental tension and low noise immunity.
Situations with an unpredictable outcome, a rapid change of significant, disordered and unplanned factors are stressful for people of this type of behavior.
The basic basis for such behavioral characteristics is excessive parental severity or "rigidity" of attitude during the formation of "empathic socialization" in the developing mental structure.
The inadequacy of a single mother, expressed in relation to the child as an obstacle in building personal relationships and (or) a constant reminder by her presence of an experienced family failure, forces the child's psyche to adapt in a certain way.
For boys and girls, the consequences of this adaptation are different. It is likely that gender mental differences already at an early stage of ontogeny suggest that boys are less dependent on their mother as an object in the process of forming socialized behavioral structures.
Therefore, a “tough” attitude during the period of socialization, or, more precisely, the consequences of such an impact, is expressed in the male type of such behavior only as sentimentality and peacefulness, and is accompanied by a large and peculiar “attachment” to the mother in adulthood, which in a peculiar way “colors” behavior and causes difficulties in relations with the other sex, but practically does not maladjust behavior in general and very rarely leads to neurotic deviations.
For girls, “empathic socialization” is an important and significant process of personal socialization formation, in which the mother is not only an object of gender identification, but also a “guide” in behavioral strategies.
A “hard” attitude in this process forms a model of an unattainable “ideal self”, which is constantly set as an example and attempts to match this model form systems of maladaptive behavior leading to neurotic deviations.
The features of this behavior is a low threshold of stress formation. This is also facilitated by temperamental features in the form weak type of the nervous system and an available strategy of unconscious defense against external "objective" pressure.
The totality of such features, although it forms behavioral modifications, but all their diversity is concentrated in defense techniques.
The combination of peaks on 7th and 1st scales indicates an easily arising concern about the state of one's physical health as a result of a high level of anxiety and the desire to avoid possible dangers.
Anxious fears about the state of one's physical health are often combined with more or less vague unpleasant physical sensations.
With a high tendency to form fixed obsessive fears, somatic sensations are relatively constant and few in number.
Typically, such a behavioral system is also reflected by increased values 2nd scale, and the level 9th depends on a pessimistic assessment of the situation and the level of personal activity.
Such a personality profile is usually accompanied by high values scale F and low scale K, which reflects the degree of "basic" anxiety and the unconscious need for help.
The combination of peaks on 2nd and 7th scales The MMPI usually indicates that low self-esteem and a pessimistic outlook depressive type(isolated peak 2nd scale) in this case are more pronounced and stable and are combined with constant internal tension, anxiety or fears.
High values 7th scale and a more or less pronounced decrease in performance 9th may reflect the personal gloomy coloring of life situations and future prospects, a sense of one's own insufficiency, which may be accompanied by a decrease in activity productivity, initiative and creates a general feeling of depression.
Peak Combination 7th and 2nd scale and increase the profile to 3rd MMPI scale may reflect a combination of anxiety and phobic disorders with a tendency to display one's condition in a vivid and colorful way, with a desire to arouse the protective attitude of others through emphasized helplessness.
Isolated peaks 7th and 3rd scale reflect a relatively rare and pronounced disharmonious behavioral type. It combines elements of polar personality structures - a tendency to punctuality, thoroughness, accuracy, the desire for solidity, some heaviness and underestimated social spontaneity, paradoxically combined with demonstrativeness, self-centeredness, the desire to be in the spotlight.
Such behavioral features are accompanied by frequent anxiety reactions, since while maintaining a high need for attention, recognition and general demonstrative behavior, persons of this type are much more critical than purely demonstrative personalities and react very painfully to noticeable negative signals.
The combination of high values for 7th and 4th MMPI scale with relatively low rates 2nd scale reflect behavioral features of careful adherence to social norms and control of aggressive tendencies.
Such personal characteristics make it possible to hide open asocial tendencies and internal rejection of moral and ethical standards. However, aggressive tendencies are still realized through techniques and methods of causing feelings of anxiety and guilt among others.
Peak Combination 7th scale and an increase in the severity of male character traits (indicators 5th scale) reflect an increase in the tendency to rigid behavior.
With an increase in the severity of female traits, an increase in diverse fears and difficulties in making independent decisions is reflected.
Combination of high values 7th and 6th scale, especially with increasing values and 2nd scale often indicates a tendency to delusional or delusional education with a high level of anxiety. Typically, such a structure of the profile indicates the relative ease of occurrence of pathological conditions.
In production activities, specialists of this behavioral type can be effective if their personal characteristics are taken into account.
Along with negative qualities for activity - a mismatch of self-esteem with overestimated ideal personal ideas, a reduced threshold for stress formation and, as a result, blocking of activity or driven activity following the majority or the leader, general restrictive behavior and excessive intellectual processing, there are a number of positive qualities.
Easy tolerance of monotony, good motivation through incentives and measures to increase self-esteem, thoroughness in the implementation of norms and rules contribute to efficiency in a number of activities based on stable stereotypes of job operations.
The most common type of personality in which there is a significant increase in the profile 7th scale - psychasthenic.
This type of person is different self-doubt, indecisiveness, a tendency to carefully recheck their actions and work done, very obligatory and responsible, with a dependent position, guided by the opinion of the group, with a highly developed sense of duty and adherence to generally accepted norms, prone to altruistic manifestations, conformal, reacting with increased guilt and self-flagellation for the slightest failures and mistakes.
At all costs trying to avoid the conflict, which they experience extremely painfully, psychasthenics act at the limit of their capabilities in order to earn the approval of others, and most importantly - and most difficultly - their own approval.
With an excessively self-critical attitude towards themselves, they are characterized by an unconscious desire for an unattainable personal ideal. In this regard, they are in a state of constant tension and dissatisfaction, manifested in obsessions, excessive actions of a restrictive nature, rituals necessary for self-soothing.
Peculiarities psychasthenic responses are most common among normally adapted individuals and practically do not distort the system of socialized interaction.
Even clinical maladaptation relatively rarely goes beyond acceptable forms of interaction and is expressed only by a number of phobias (fear of heights, closed or open space, diseases, etc.), or by abscessive and compulsive neuroses, which often present few difficulties for others. Therefore, maladapted forms psychasthenic types do not particularly hinder the implementation of production activities with the correct organization of its conditions, and a number of personal characteristics make it possible to carry it out very effectively.
A big plus of this type of behavior for activity is “group dependence”. The "painful" experience of conflict situations by the owners of this type turns them into a kind of "barrier" in the systems of intragroup interaction, which significantly contributes to the reduction of interpersonal tension and the establishment of productive systems of production interaction.
8th scale: (schizoid or autistic) individualistic:
8th scale - "individuality scale" at MMPI. Increased, in a profile with normative indicators on other scales, it reveals detached-contemplative personal position, analytical mindset.
With this personality type, the tendency to think prevails over feelings and active activity.
A holistic style of perception is being formed - the ability, based on minimal information, to recreate a holistic image.
With good intelligence, this type of personality is distinguished by creative orientation, originality of statements and judgments, as well as interests and hobbies.
There is a certain selectivity in contacts, well-known subjectivity in assessing people and phenomena surrounding life, independence of views, a certain attraction to abstraction, a high need for actualization of one's individualism.
It is more difficult for personalities of this type to adapt to everyday forms of life, the prosaic aspects of everyday life. Their individuality is so pronounced that it is practically useless to predict their statements and behavior by comparing them with the usual stereotypes. They do not have a well-formed rational everyday platform, they are more guided by their subjectivism and intuition.
Even minor frustrations can lead to anxiety and the expression of negative emotions. At the same time, compensation of the state is achieved through autism and distancing, that is, due to "leaving" in " inner world”and maintaining a“ mental distance ”between oneself and the environment.
In clinically expressed cases, behavior can take on the form and features defined as schizoid syndrome.
The term " schizoid syndrome» is conventionally used to refer to that characteristic set of manifestations, which includes emotional coldness and inadequacy of emotions, originality of perception and judgments, which is expressed in strange or unusual thoughts and actions, selectivity or formality of contacts.
For individuals with a peak profile on 8th scale characterized by an orientation mainly to internal criteria, a decrease in the ability to intuitively understand others, to play their roles, that is, the inability to put oneself in the place of one or another of the people around and, in connection with this, insufficient adequacy of emotional response.
For persons of this type, it becomes difficult, and in sharply pronounced cases, impossible to objectively evaluate themselves "from the outside" in the system of interpersonal interaction.
The behavior of such individuals may appear devoid of natural emotional coloring, idiosyncratic, eccentric or haughty. At the same time, they are characterized by dissatisfaction with the situation and vulnerability, which are weakened by autism, which acts as a psychological defense mechanism.
Even with a moderately pronounced profile peak on the 8th MMPI scale, the originality of perception and logic may be accompanied by difficulties in communicating with others.
These difficulties are manifested in both non-verbal and verbal contacts.
In non-verbal contacts, communication difficulties are associated with insufficiently adequate facial expressions or motor maladaptation.
In verbal contacts, difficulties are manifested in the fact that although the statements of this type of persons are logical and grammatically correct, they may give the impression of ambiguity or lack of clarity to those around them.
The tendency to vague and vague formulations is largely due to the fact that obtaining a clear idea of a well-structured social situation, the intrusion of outlined social stimuli into the inner world of individuals of this type can act as a source of anxiety, tension, and long-term negative emotions.
Violation of social communication can lead to a lack of a clear idea of how to behave in a given situation, what exactly others expect.
The peculiarity of thinking may be due, in particular, to the loss of the ability to control the clarity and acceptance of one's judgments as a result of the already noted violation of social communication. At the same time, many of these individuals show great ability to build communications in which symbols are used that obey an initially set rigid system of rules, for example, the rules for operating with mathematical symbols.
Difficulty in everyday contacts leads to even greater isolation, since situations requiring such contacts generate or increase a sense of internal tension.
Distance, alienation lead to even greater difficulties in a real assessment of the situation and the overall picture of the world and increase the feeling of alienation and misunderstanding, inability to become a full member of the group to which they formally belong.
The desire to eliminate one's isolation and inability to overcome communication difficulties gives rise to ambivalence in relations with people, associated with the expectation of attention from others and the fear of coldness on their part.
As a result, either excessive friendliness or unjustified hostility is manifested towards others, and excessively intense contacts can be replaced by sudden breaks.
The insufficiency and "originality" of social contacts causes concern about the significance of one's personality, serves as the basis for autistic fantasizing and the formation of affectively saturated ideas or groups of ideas.
A peculiar system of autistic perception significantly limits and filters external negative signals, distorting the systems of socialized interaction. One gets the impression of "empathic coldness" and a general inability to emotionally rich relationships.
However, there are events and relationships that can cause an emotional response. In such cases, unexpected for others and empathic sensitivity and personal vulnerability are manifested.
Personalities of this behavioral type can have a wide range of social contacts, which are distinguished by formality and the absence of adequate emotional content and proceed without sufficient consideration of the reactions of the environment.
The main feature of the considered behavioral type is the maladjustment of the foundations of socialized interaction.
If in all other cases, the basis of maladjustment behavior is based on the mechanisms of a kind of interaction with an object already formed and significant for the psyche (parents), then in this case, the most likely source of the formation of such behavior can be considered violations of a peculiar, deepest, primary, in some ways even up to personal process of interaction.
If we abstract to the level before object interaction (biological), it becomes clear that during this period it is the process of satisfying needs (food, warmth, care) that in a certain way forms the future system of object interaction.
Insufficient satisfaction of needs for the psyche (perhaps both conditions and personal relationships are important in this process) maladjusts the psyche in the construction of systems of object interaction.
The only possible response of the emerging psyche to the insufficient satisfaction of the needs for interaction is their limitation - autism.
These restrictions are also transferred to the system of object interaction, confusing the very important object distinctive complex “friend or foe”.
Such object non-discrimination takes root in the process of mental development and forms the process of "withdrawal" into a personal "cocoon".
Such “freedom” from socialization contributes to the development of both systems of extra-object interaction (communication through symbols) and abstract (non-object) operation, not tied to systems of socialized needs and a peculiar attitude to stress-forming situations and many other behavioral peculiarities.
If the personality traits reflected in the peak of the profile on 8th scale combined with unpleasant physical sensations (often peculiar) and ideas related to the state of physical health, then there is an increase in the profile and on 1st scale.
In this case, if the profile peak at 8th MMPI scale significantly higher than the peak 1st and, especially, if at the same time there is an increase in the profile by 6th scale with a simultaneous low profile level on 3rd and 7th scales, then the formation of affectively saturated and difficult to correct concepts related to the state of physical health, overvalued and even delusional formations is likely.
With a slight excess of the profile peak by 8th scale this type of profile most often indicates a rigid stereotype of behavior focused on caring for physical well-being. Such care is used as a means to rationally explain alienation and isolation from others by the presence of somatically conditioned difficulties.
It should be noted that the more pronounced the peak on 8th scale, the more pretentious and unusual are the descriptions of somatic sensations.
If a feeling of insufficient connection with the environment, an unsatisfied need for contacts is expressed in an increase in anxiety or depression, the peak of the profile is at 8th scale combined with the peak 2nd.
At the same time, an ambivalent attitude towards others, along with the desire for contacts, gives rise to gloomy distrust, and a frequent increase in the profile on the 4th MMPI scale reflects socialization difficulties associated with an insufficient ability to perceive the customs, rules and norms that guide most of the people around them in their behavior .
At the same time, the peak of the profile is noted on the rating scales at scale F, associated mainly with low, conventionality. This profile configuration is quite typical for schizoid individuals who are concerned about their isolation and experiencing difficulties in social adaptation.
If demonstrative tendencies due to a high level of repression appear in individuals who feel alienated, not understood and not included in the social environment, then a combination of peaks on the 3rd and 8th MMPI scales is usually noted.
This profile testifies to a deep disharmony, since it reflects a paradoxical combination of focus on actual behavior, on external assessment, on the approval of others with a tendency to build one's behavior based on internal criteria, with difficulties in interpersonal communication.
Concerned about the place of their personality in society and its significance, these individuals often form their circle of acquaintances and contacts in such a way as to create a kind of environment in which their significance is unconditionally recognized.
Along with building a unique environment, the issue of their place in society and the significance of their personality, persons with the described type of profile can be resolved by identifying with some form of activity, the high significance of which they proclaim. At the same time, they prefer situations in which this identification, as well as competence in the chosen field of activity, cannot be questioned (individual activity, narrow specialization, etc.).
Such a combination, with a fairly pronounced rise in the profile, almost always indicates a disease state of one nature or another, or at least the ease of decompensation.
If, as a result of the difficulty of interpersonal relationships, social adaptation is disturbed, this is usually reflected in the personality profile by a combination of peaks on 8th and 4th scales.
In clinical cases, this combination, sometimes with an additional peak on 6th scale, occurs quite often.
Personalities with this type of profile are characterized not by aggressive antisocial behavior, but by antisocial acts committed as a result of misunderstandings, inability to adapt to certain conditions, inability to clearly understand the social norm and as a result of a peculiar approach to the situation.
The inability to properly organize and control their contacts and the originality of thinking can determine the connection of these individuals with deviant groups. This connection is one of the most common causes of their antisocial behavior.
This type of profile is typical for adolescents and young men with a pronounced tendency to treat others with distrust, to perceive them as a source of potential danger, or, in any case, as strangers.
A constant sense of threat can push them to a preemptive attack.
If such a stereotype of behavior persists into adulthood, it contributes to the growth of isolation and alienation and to the strengthening of violations of social adaptation.
In cases where the violation of interpersonal relationships and increasing autism are accompanied by the formation of an affectively charged idea or group of ideas, the personality profile is characterized by a combination of peaks on 6th and 8th scales.
Pronounced rises in the profile on these scales, especially in the absence of rises on the scales neurotic triad, indicate a tendency to form difficult-to-correct concepts associated with the idea of the presence of threatening or dangerous actions of others.
In these cases, a pronounced selectivity of perception is characteristic, in which information is predominantly perceived that reinforces an already formed concept.
If such a selection of information is so pronounced that it leads to a loss of contact with reality, and interpersonal relations are organized on the basis of uncorrectable concepts, then a person with the described type of profile replaces the real society with a pseudo-society, which is a set of his own projections. It appears in the clinic delusional syndromes.
If the tendency to focus on internal criteria and communication difficulties is combined with severe anxiety, then the personality profile may be characterized by an isolated and more or less uniform rise (“ plateau") on the 7th and 8th MMPI scale.
This type of profile reflects a sense of specialness or uniqueness of one's personality and anxiety about the lack of recognition of such a person by the environment.
Such feelings (not necessarily unconscious) lead to depressive tendencies, which may not be reflected by an increase in values. 2nd scale.
Depressive phenomena are often combined with irritability and anxiety or a feeling of increased fatigue and apathy.
This type is more common in adolescents. In adulthood, such manifestations are the result of a certain degree of infantilism.
Involvement of specialists in production activities schizoid type of adapted behavior and their inclusion in group activities is accompanied by a number of organizational issues and generates consequences that initially require close attention.
The prevalence of "functionality" or "creativity" in the activity is a strategic issue and is formed by the goals of the activity and is adjusted by the conditions for its implementation.
faces schizoid type are " professional", inborn analysts, " specialists» mediated through symbols of interaction, since they are practically the only representatives of maladaptive behavior that use intellectualization as the leading unconscious psychological defense mechanism.
Operating with cause-and-effect relationships is not a job for them, reflecting mediated personal needs, but in fact is the primary need for social functioning.
Initially disturbed mechanisms of personal-object interaction provoke and motivate them for a close study and analysis of interpersonal interaction systems, an analysis of motivations and needs, and a painstaking study of others.
Being outside these systems of interaction and excellent analytical capabilities allow them to understand interpersonal problems well, however, communication maladaptation and the peculiarity of interactions do not allow them to effectively implement these features.
The same mechanisms, that is, a certain personal isolation, provoke them to study and analyze global causal relationships and aspects of world functioning, and it is quite possible that the same mechanisms underlie genius.
It turns out that the impossibility of optimal inclusion in the system of interpersonal interactions forms a number of abilities that lead to the “generation” of ideas, which the “generator” itself practically cannot use properly.
The use of such specialists in the form of creative analysts gives a huge effect and significantly pays off all the costs associated with the conditions for organizing their activities.
These conditions are relatively simple. Persons of this behavioral type need a free, creative style of activity not limited by formal and regime frameworks.
Any direction of their activities will cause opposition.
The most optimal option is partnership cooperation at the level of ideas, since any practical implementation with their participation can be so intricate, in which all ideological advantages are easily lost.
A special condition is the creation of "industrial isolation".
The tendency to create a "personal environment", high activity, egocentrism, bright individuality and intellectual development of such persons under conditions of free activity can be realized in the formation of employees " interest club”, which lies far beyond the boundaries of production activities, which cannot contribute to its effectiveness.
Actually, the competent suppression of such attempts and the constant provision of materials for reflection and a “front” for applying efforts is a sufficient guide for such specialists who, having almost transcendent personal motivation, do not need more managerial interaction and control. And how to take advantage of the results of their work will depend on the abilities and capabilities of the leaders of the activity.
9th scale: (hypomania or anxiety denial) of optimism:
The leading peak on the 9th MMPI scale of a normatively appropriate profile reflects activity of a personal position, a high level of love of life, self-confidence, positive self-esteem, high motivation to achieve a certain originality.
Such activity and motivation are oriented to a greater extent on motor mobility and speech productivity, rather than on specific and practical goals.
Such behavioral features are often accompanied by a general high spirits.
In response to opposition, an angry reaction easily flares up and just as easily fades away.
Success causes a certain exaltation, an emotion of pride.
Everyday difficulties are perceived as easily overcome, otherwise the significance of an elusive state or position is easily depreciated.
In individuals of this behavioral type there is no inclination to seriously deepen into complex problems, carelessness prevails, a joyful perception of the whole world around and one's being, iridescence of hopes, confidence in the future, conviction in one's happiness.
Increased 9th MMPI scale reflects accentuation by hyperthymic or exalted type and reveals overestimated personal self-esteem, ease of decision-making, lack of particular intelligibility in contacts.
These features are accompanied unceremonious behavior, condescending attitude to their mistakes and shortcomings.
Easily occurring emotional outbursts end in quick release. Often there is inconstancy in affections, excessive laughter, amorousness, in a word, characteristics that are completely natural for adolescence, but are significantly infantile for an adult.
In cases where the main way to eliminate frustrating stimuli is the denial of any difficulties, anxiety, one’s own and others’ guilt (impunitive reactions), then the personality profile is usually characterized by a peak in 9th scale.
The tendency to deny anxiety is usually expressed by the absence of spontaneous references to any difficulties that may cause it, by an expression of disregard for the difficulties that are mentioned from the outside, declared by optimism.
Individuals with moderate elevations in profile 9th scale characterized optimism, sociability, the ability to be highly active, ease in communication.
This type of person is characterized "emotional brightness", the ability to experience the pleasure of life, realistic, imaginative thinking and lack of adherence to a rigid scheme.
They easily become the "soul of society", adapt well to changes and even strive for them, do not experience difficulties if it is necessary to restructure their life stereotype.
In situations of stress, persons with leading 9th scale in profile, they show excessive, but always purposeful activity, while they can imitate a person who is authoritative for them.
The basis of such behavioral features is not the system of personal-object interaction that distorts mental development, but the socialized environment itself, which acts as a limiter of unconscious mental activity.
The energy of this behavioral type is the basic temperamental activity corresponding to strong, unbalanced type of nervous system.
In this case, the increased basic mental activity, which initially needs optimal external innervation, already at the early stages of development encounters problems that form behavioral originality.
Increased personal activity forms a search diversity, which leads in the process of interaction with the outside world to repeatedly experienced states of fear. Fear of the unknown external world and personal activity, intertwined, form a conglomerate of external activity, which is a reflection of unconscious personal aspirations to constantly experience new impressions.
Such a feature of mental development is transformed into adult behavioral tendencies, adapts in the process of development and takes its final form in behavioral features that have a wide range of manifestations, since there is no object restriction on the expression of activity.
To be more precise, with personal-object maladaptation, personal activity in a certain way concentrates on the mechanism of maladjustment and in a certain way constantly “revolves” around it. In our case, there is no such attachment, all the diversity of the external environment performs this function and diversifies the behavioral features and relatively rarely leads to maladjustment of the clinical level.
Increased self-esteem and high activity, reflected by an increase in the profile on 9th scale with a simultaneous decrease in the profile by 2nd and 7th scales can find their expression in the desire to lead others or to rise above others through competition.
In the first case, the peak 9th scale and a decrease in 2nd and 7th scale combined with an increase in profile by scale K, reflecting the desire to deny one's own weaknesses and emotional problems, the desire to comply with conventional norms and intolerance for the violation of these norms by others.
Persons of this type cannot stand uncertainty and hesitation, strive to be as informed as possible, willingly take on leadership, revealing great energy and organizational abilities.
Their leadership is usually perceived by others as a natural phenomenon, since they command respect for themselves due to energy, awareness and high performance.
For people of this type, situations in which their desire for leadership is blocked or there is no sufficient information, in their opinion, are sources of mental stress.
If with the same type of profile on the main scales there is a decrease in the profile by scale K, usually reflecting a tendency to critically evaluate others and be suspicious of their motives, then activity and high self-esteem are realized in the desire to rise above others through competition, demonstrate their strength and (or) emphasize the weakness of other people.
In men, this tendency can be realized by demonstrating the possibilities provided by physical superiority; in women, it can manifest itself in an effort to emphasize their external attractiveness.
Persons of this type experience a sense of threat if they find themselves in a situation where they cannot arouse envy and demonstrate their superiority, and especially if this requires them to express or acknowledge dependence.
If increased activity, high ambition, and self-esteem, reflected in an increase in profile by 9th scale are combined with the inability to achieve the desired position and realize actual aspirations, and the resulting anxiety is attributed to the somatic state, then the profile shows a simultaneous increase in the values of and 1st scale.
Persons of this type usually consider themselves somatically ill and have a negative attitude towards attempts to interpret their complaints as the result of situational or emotional difficulties.
Their behavior is characterized either by tension and an active desire for somatic therapy, or by demonstrative optimism and the desire to emphasize their resilience in the face of severe illness. The latter option is especially likely if "neurotic triad" expressed "conversion V".
Profile boost by 9th scale may reflect a high level of urge and activity, formed by a pronounced sense of threat.
In this case, a paradoxical combination of profile rises by 2nd and 9th scales. Such a profile may reflect a combination of a sense of self-importance and high personal capabilities with anxiety about the recognition of these qualities by others.
Preoccupation with problems of this kind is typical for adolescents and young men in the period of personality formation, and in adulthood indicates the features of infantilism.
The combination of increased self-esteem, the ability to ignore difficulties, high but poorly organized activity with a high ability to repress negative signals, demonstrativeness, emotional immaturity and selfishness is reflected by high values 9th and 3rd scale.
Often this combination is characteristic of individuals of an artistic disposition, whose enthusiasm, capacity for prolonged effort and efficiency of activity increase in the presence of a large audience.
Peaks on 9th and 4th scales reflect the insufficient ability of the internal perception of social norms.
Persons with this type of profile experience a constant attraction to experiences, to an external exciting situation. If this attraction is not satisfied, they easily develop a sense of boredom, which is discharged in dangerous, sometimes destructive actions that seem senseless and without foundation to an outside observer.
Their disregard for existing rules and customs, their protest against moral and ethical norms is actively implemented, often without any correction of their behavior in connection with a situation that poses a threat to themselves.
Persons of this type can commit offenses, and their social danger increases if the described line of behavior is carried out consistently and rigidly, which is usually accompanied by the appearance of a peak and on 6th scale.
The presence of additional peaks on 7th scale and scales "neurotic triads" reflects less likely antisocial behavior depending on the severity of these peaks. In this case, antisocial attitudes are realized in socially acceptable ways.
The combination of peaks on 9th and 6th MMPI scales indicates a certain sequence and purposefulness of organized behavior around a certain personal concept.
In this case, affective rigidity and a sense of hostility from others complicate the system of interpersonal interaction.
Persons of this type usually strive to assert their superiority and use others to achieve their goals, which they consider useful and necessary for everyone.
In clinical maladjustment, such features are accompanied by the appearance of overvalued or paranoid formations against the background of hypomanic affect.
High activity, a constant desire for action, combined with anxiety can be expressed in profile rises to 7th and 9th scales.
High activity makes it easy to commit certain, often insufficiently thought-out actions, and high anxiety leads to a subsequent careful analysis of one's actions, to constant doubts about the correctness of what has already been done.
Such persons easily feel guilt and regret in connection with the past situation, but this does not change their behavior in the future. Under extreme conditions, this can lead to chaotic behavior.
If autism, orientation to internal criteria, difficulties in interpersonal contacts are combined with increased activity, ease of switching attention and optimism, then in the profile this is usually reflected in an increase in indicators 8th and 9th scale.
A significant increase on these scales may indicate a lack of ability for consistent actions and logical constructions due to the fact that the results of such actions and conclusions are alarming.
The lack of fixation on anything, the rejection of clear formulas or the avoidance of complete formulations in this case has a defensive character.
The main problem for persons of the considered behavioral type is the constant “loading” of the psyche with the optimal level of innervation, a kind of realization of the search trend.
This trend is well realized in socialized systems of interaction, in changing the forms and places of activity.
The socialization of interaction provides communication, makes it possible to realize the desire for dominance, for example, through high competence in the areas of counseling, the desire to be visible, etc.
When the forms and places of activity change, “saturation” with monotony is avoided, the desire for “novelty” and a kind of search aspiration for the “best option” of activity are realized.
Providing such conditions of activity in a complex guarantees the most productive and effective results of such specialists.
The best environment for their activities are conditions that require frequent switching of attention.
Constant and diverse mental "employment" is the most optimal for such specialists.
At the same time, situations associated with monotonous activity that requires thoroughness, painstaking, long-term fixation of attention are stressful for them and can cause mental adaptation disorders.
0th scale: social introversion or social contacts:
This scale, as well as the attitude to behavioral characteristics itself, based on the identification extroverted or introverted personal properties and qualities are more controversial than informative.
Attempts to identify stable behavioral characteristics in the characteristics of thinking, affectation and the degree of intensity of social contacts can be of some practical value as secondary reflected typological personality characteristics in the field of socialized interaction and cannot serve as a leading factor in determining the basic features that shape behavior.
0th scale due to its functionality, aimed at determining the nature of socialized interaction, it correlates well with both temperamental personality traits and a number of factors 16 PF, predictively enriching the process of modeling production activities.
Increased 0th scale reflects the hyposthenic type of response and reveals the passivity of the personal position and the greater appeal of interests to the world of inner experiences.
This behavioral response is different inertia in decision-making, secrecy, selectivity in contacts, the desire to avoid conflicts.
In a situation of stress - lethargy, avoiding contacts, running away from problems.
High performance 0th scale reflect not only isolation, taciturnity, but are often a sign of internal disharmony and a way of hiding from others the originality of their character, awkwardness in communication.
Sometimes such faces can give the impression of being quite sociable, but this is given to them at the cost of significant personal tension.
Difficulties in interpersonal interaction form isolation, lack of communication, the desire for activities not related to communication and anxiety reactions in cases where forced contacts are made regardless of the will of the subject.
Such features can be transformed into significant autism, which is characteristic schizoid type response.
Decreasing the profile level by 0th scale reflects the desire for interpersonal contacts and interest in people.
Persons with this type of profile are sociable, emotionally responsive, syn-tons, they have well-developed communication skills.
They willingly take on public duties, have a large number of interpersonal contacts in various fields and experience great satisfaction from the implementation of these contacts.
If the profile is 0th scale is sharply reduced, then this usually indicates the presence of such a large number of contacts that their implementation is inevitably accompanied by the transience and superficiality of communication.
Degree "social extraversion" represents a secondary characteristic of typical personality traits and can be concretized from them.
The most pronounced extraversion is determined by the spontaneity of behavior, that is, the ability to take active actions that are not caused by direct external stimuli - a quality that is highly correlated with both temperamental characteristics and characterological types.
The increase in the spontaneity of behavior in the implementation of interpersonal contacts reflects the growing need for social connections, in communicating with new people, the liveliness of the emotional response, the ability to endure the inevitable friction without reactions of anxiety and depression, that is, social extraversion is growing.
Such features, along with a profile reduction by 0th scale, are reflected by its increase by 9th and scale K, and often on 3rd scale.
Decreasing the profile level by 0th scale may be associated with a tendency towards self-assertion, increasing one's importance in the eyes of others, dominance. In this case, along with a decrease in the profile along 0th scale is usually noted to increase 6th.
The profile level is often elevated and 9th scale but, unlike the previously considered type, there are low rates for scale K.
Individuals with this type of profile are different independence, perseverance in achieving a goal, a tendency to lead others (especially subordinates) and are critical of the instructions received and the dominant authorities. The principles that guide them may be quite strong, but usually they are not conventionally determined, but are formed on the basis of personal experience.
With a decrease in social spontaneity, aspirations arise to prefer a narrow circle of close people to wide contacts. At the same time, difficulties arise in establishing new contacts with anxiety reactions during interpersonal friction, and in this regard, social introversion is growing.
This behavior, in addition to increasing the profile by 0th scale correspond to his rise to 2nd and 7th scales.
social extraversion It can also manifest itself as a desire to fulfill duties associated with the awareness of a sense of duty. In this case, there may be a “willing” acceptance of social responsibility associated with the implementation of broad contacts.
In view of the relatively low social spontaneity, such contacts will be given with difficulty and serve as a source of disturbing reactions or emotional tension.
Individuals with such characteristics can be difficult to communicate due to their inherent tendency to be guided in their behavior by a rigid code of norm and a tendency to moralize. At the same time, others can note their reliability.
social extraversion, due to such personal characteristics, in the personality profile is usually reflected by a decrease in values by 0th scale and an increase in 7th.
If the desire for social contacts is not based on an internalized norm and a sense of duty, there is a departure from social contacts whenever this is not prompted by one's own need.
In this case, increasing the profile by 0th scale combined with a decrease in 7th.
If the increase social extraversion associated with an orientation towards external evaluation, with a constant need for support from the group, then a decrease in the profile by 0th scale usually combined with an increase in 3rd.
Decreased need for support from the group, increased autism leads to an increase in the profile by 0th scale, lowering it by 3rd and often an increase in 8th.
It should be noted that a pronounced increase in the profile on 0th scale may also indicate autism and about the peculiar approach to interpersonal relationships, characteristic of schizoid personalities, even in the absence of a peak on 8th scale.
Peak profile on 8th scale when lowering it to 0th also reflects the originality of the approach to interpersonal relationships, which in this case are expressed in extensive, but poorly organized and devoid of adequate emotional contact.
With profile peaks at 1st and 0th scales we can talk about the limitation of the sphere of communication in connection with the feeling of somatic distress.
Level reduction 0th scale at profile peak 1st usually indicates a combination of a tendency to present somatic complaints with a pessimistic assessment of the prospects and the need to familiarize with such an assessment the widest possible range of people.
Profile Level 0th scale when peaking it on 2nd generally reflects the severity "call reactions" and seeking help.
Profile drop 0th scale reflects the severity of anxiety disorders, the increase - actually depressive tendencies.
Peak Combination 4th and 0th scale indicates a limited range of social contacts and a decrease in the likelihood of antisocial behavior, more real with a decrease in indicators 0th scale.
0th scale, indirectly reflecting the behavioral features of the system of socialized interaction, is more of an auxiliary value for the processes of modeling production activities.
© Sergey Krutov, 2008
© Published with the kind permission of the author
Questionnaire SMIL. Female version (F.V.)
Instruction You will be presented with a whole series of different statements. Evaluating each of them, do not spend a lot of time thinking. The first immediate reaction is the most natural. Carefully read the text, reading to the end of each statement and evaluating it as true or false in relation to you. Try to answer sincerely, otherwise your answers will be recognized as unreliable and the survey will have to be repeated. Deal with the questionnaire as if alone with yourself - "What am I really?". Then you will be interested in the interpretation of the data obtained. It concerns only the features of your temperament and describes your stable professionally important qualities.
If your answer is "correct", then put a cross in the registration sheet above the NUMBER corresponding to the QUESTIONNAIRE. If your answer is "false" then put a cross under the corresponding number. Pay attention to statements with double negatives (for example, "I have never had seizures with convulsions": if not, then your answer is "true". and. Conversely, if you have had this, then the answer is incorrect).
Some of the statements on the questionnaire require you to - Circle the number of this statement. In this case, in the registration sheet, the number corresponding to this statement should be circled in the registration sheet (these are statements that turned out to be ballast during the standardization process and are not included in the general automated calculation). If some statements cause great doubt, be guided in your answer by that. which is presumably more characteristic of you. If the statement is true for you in some situations and false in others, then stop at the answer that is more appropriate at the moment. Only as a last resort, if the statement does not suit you at all, you can circle the number of this statement on the registration sheet. However, an excess of circles in the registration sheet will also lead to unreliable results. When answering even fairly intimate questions, do not be embarrassed, because no one will read and analyze your answers: all data processing is carried out automatically. The experimenter does not have access to specific answers, receiving results only in the form of generalized indicators that may be interesting and useful to you.
1. I like to read scientific and technical literature 2. I have a good appetite 3. In the morning I usually get up fresh and rested 4. I think I would like the work of a librarian 5. The slightest noise wakes me up 6. I like to read notes about crimes 7. My hands and feet are usually quite warm 8. My daily life is full of events that interest me 9. My working capacity is no worse than before 10. I often feel a "lump" in my throat 11. I believe that dreams always come true 12 I like to read about crimes and mysterious adventures 13. The work is given to me at the cost of considerable stress 14. Answer “I don’t know” *) 15. Sometimes such bad thoughts come into my head that it’s better not to talk about them 16. I think that life is merciless to me 17. My father is a good man 18. I very rarely get constipated 19. When I start a new job, I prefer to know with whom I should establish a good relationship 20. My sex life is satisfactory 21. At times I really wanted to leave the house 22. At times I have fits of laughter or crying that I can’t control 23. I suffer from bouts of nausea and vomiting 24. It seems to me that there is no such person who would understand me 25. I would like to be a singer 26 If I get into trouble it is best for me to keep my mouth shut. I have heartburn once a week 30. Sometimes I feel like cursing 31. I have nightmares almost every night 32. I find it hard to focus on a particular task or job 33. Answer this question “I don’t know” 34. Most of the time time I have a cough 35. If people had nothing against me, I would have achieved much more 36. I rarely worry about my health 37. I have never had trouble because of my behavior, related to gender issues 38. In my youth there was a time when I committed petty theft 39. At times I want to break things, break dishes 40. I would rather sit doing nothing and dream most of the time 41. I had such periods, stretching days , weeks or even months when I could not take on anything, because. could not get involved in work 42. My family does not like the job that I have chosen (or am about to choose) 43. I have intermittent and restless sleep 44. Most of the time I have a headache 45. I don't always tell the truth 46. My mind is working better now than ever 47. Once a week or more, I suddenly get "hot" for no apparent reason 48. Answer this question "no I know" 49. It would be better if almost all laws were repealed 50. Sometimes I have the feeling that "the soul is parting with the body" 51. My physical health is no worse than that of most of my acquaintances 52. I prefer to pass by my school friends or people I haven't seen for a long time if they don't speak to me first 53. I believe that a touch of the hand and prayer can cure an illness 54. Most people who know me treat me well 55. I rarely have pain in my heart or in the chest 56. When I was a girl, I was expelled from school for pampering and absenteeism 57. I am a sociable person 58. Everything that lies ahead for humanity has long been destined 59. I often had to follow the instructions of people who know me shorter than me 60. I don't read newspaper editorials every day 61. I've led an unhealthy lifestyle 62. I often feel burning, tingling, or numbness in various parts of my body 63. Answer this question "I don't know" 64. Sometimes I insist on my own, that others lose patience 65. I love (loved) my father 66. Answer this question “I don’t know” 67. Others seem to me happier than me 68. I almost never have pain in the back of my neck 69. On this one answer the question “I don’t know” 70. I liked to play “gardener” or “ringlet” (i.e. such games where boys and girls chose each other based on personal sympathies) 71. I think that many people exaggerate their misfortunes in order to gain sympathy and help 72. Several times a week or more I am disturbed by unpleasant sensations in the upper abdomen (under the pit of ) 73. I am a significant person 74. I always think: "it's good that I was born a woman" 75. Sometimes I am angry 76. Most of the time I have a depressed mood 77. I like to read about love 78. I love poetry 79. I am not easily offended (I am not touchy) 80. Sometimes I tease animals 81. I think I would like the job of a forester 82. I am easily persuaded 83. Anyone who can and wants to work hard has a good opportunity to succeed 84. Me now it is difficult to give up hope to achieve anything in life 85. And sometimes I am so attracted to other people's things (gloves, shoes, etc.) that I want to decorate them, although I do not need them 86. I certainly lack self-confidence 87. I would love to grow flowers 88. I believe that life is worth living 89. It takes a lot of evidence to convince people of any truth 90. Sometimes I put off until tomorrow what I what I should do today 91. I don't mind being used as a target for ridicule 92. I would enjoy babysitting (care for the sick) 93. I find that most people are capable of lying if it is in their interest 94. I often commit things I later regret (more and more often than others) 95. I regularly take part in meetings and other social events 96. I very rarely quarrel with my family members 97. At times I feel an overwhelming need to hurt someone or do something indecent 98. I believe that justice will prevail in the end 99. I like to visit or go to other places where there is a lot of noisy fun 100. I have had problems with so many decisions that it was difficult for me to settle on one of them 101. I believe that a woman should have the same sexual freedom as a man 102. The most difficult struggle for me is the struggle with myself 103. I very rarely have muscle cramps or twitches (or not at all) 104. I have no reason to worry about what will happen to me 105. Sometimes, when I feel bad, I am irritable 106. Most of the time I feel like I did something bad or evil 107. I feel happy most of the time 108. I have a feeling of fullness in my head or nose almost all the time 109. Some people are so bossy that I want to do the opposite, even if I know that they are right 110. I know that there are people who are against me 111. I have never taken a risky business for the sake of strong impressions 112. I often find it necessary to stand up for what I think is right 113. I understand how Laws are important 114. I often feel like my head is hooped 115. I believe in justice 116. I enjoy playing or racing more if I bet 117. Most people are honest only because they are afraid of punishment 118. B school, I was sometimes called to the director for absenteeism 119. My speech is the same as always (no faster, no slower, no hoarseness and difficulty in pronunciation) 120. My manners at the table at home are not as good as at a party 121. Answer "I don't know" to this question 122. I seem to be as capable and smart as most of the people around me 123. Answer this question "I don't know" 124. I believe that most people would rather act dishonestly for profit 125. I am very worried about my stomach 126. I like drama 127. I know who is to blame for most of my troubles (not referring to myself) 128. I am not afraid at the sight of blood and I do not feel sick 129. Often I cannot understand why I was so stubborn and grouchy 130. I have never vomited blood or coughed up blood 131. I am not worried about the danger of contracting any disease 132. I like to pick flowers or grow houseplants 133. This answer the question “I don’t know” 134. Sometimes my thoughts flow faster than I can express them 135. I cross the street in the wrong place when I’m sure that the policeman won’t notice me 136. If someone does something nice for me, I usually wonders what lies behind it 137. I think that life in my house is no worse than most of my acquaintances 138. Criticism and remarks hurt me terribly and hurt me 139. Sometimes I feel that I must inflict damage either on myself or to someone else 140. I like to cook food 141. My behavior is largely determined by the rules and habits of the people around me 142. At times I am sure of my own worthlessness 143. As a child, I was in such a company where everyone in everything stood up for each other friend 144. I enjoy being a soldier 145. At times I feel like getting into a fight 146. I have a wanderlust and can’t be happy without traveling and wandering 147. I often lose a lot because I can’t get enough make a decision quickly 148. I lose patience with people who seek advice or otherwise distract me during serious work 149. I kept a diary 150. I enjoy winning in a game, h I can lose 151. Answer this question “I don’t know” 152. Most of the time I fall asleep without disturbing thoughts 153. For the last few years, I have been feeling well most of the time 154. I have never had seizures or convulsions (if “not” - the answer is "correct") 155. I have a fairly constant weight 156. I have such states when I am not aware of what I am doing 157. I believe that I was often undeservedly punished 158. I can easily cry 159. I began to understand the content of what I read worse 160. I now feel better than ever in my life 161. The parietal part of my head is sometimes very sensitive 162. I am indignant and annoyed when I have to admit that I was cleverly tricked 163. I would not say that I quickly get tired (if "I don't get tired" - correct) 164. I like to read literature in my specialty 165. I like to have significant people among my acquaintances, as this increases my prestige 166. I am afraid to look down from a height 167. I would not worry 168. Answer this question “I don’t know” 169. I’m not afraid to deal with money 170. I don’t care what others say about me 171. I sometimes feel uncomfortable fooling around at a party, even if everyone else is doing it 172. I often have to hide my shyness at the cost of great effort 173. I loved school (for students - "I love") 174. I never fainted 175. I don't get hungry 176. I would not say that I am very afraid of snakes 177. My mother is a good woman 178. Everything is fine with my memory 179. I am concerned about some issues related to sexual life 180. It is difficult for me to keep up a conversation with people I just met 181. When I'm bored, I try to do something fun 182. Answer this question "I don't know" 183. I am against giving alms 184. Answer this question "I don't know 185. My hearing is no worse than most people 186. I notice that my hands tremble when I try to do something 187. My hands do not become clumsy 188. I can read for a long time without noticeable eye fatigue 189. Most of time I feel weak 190. I rarely have a headache 191. Sometimes, when I am embarrassed, I sweat and it is very unpleasant for me 192. It is not difficult for me to keep my balance when walking 193. I do not have attacks of fever or asthma 194. I have visited the priest 195. I don't like everyone I know 196. I like to visit places I've never been before 197. Answer this question "no know" 198. I don't daydream often 199. Children should be taught the right idea about the basic issues of sexuality 200. Answer this question "I don't know" 201. I wish I were less shy 202. I consider myself a doomed person 203. If I were a journalist, I would really like to write about the theater 204. I would like to be a journalist 205. Answer “I don’t know” to this question 206. I adhere to the principles of morality and morality very strictly, much more than all the people around me 207. I I like different games and entertainment 208. I like to flirt (have a playful conversation with a man I like) 209. I am sure that my misdeeds are not forgiven 210. All food tastes the same to me 211. I want to sleep during the day, but at night I suffer from insomnia 212. My family treats me like a child, not like an adult 213. When walking, I step very carefully over cracks in the pavement 214. I have never had any skin rashes that bother me 215. I I was excessively fond of alcoholic drinks 216. In my family, relations are less warm and friendly than in other families 217. I often notice myself that I worry about something 218. I am little moved by the sight of suffering 219. I think I would like a job related to the material supply of large organizations 220. I love my mother 221. I am interested in science 222. It is not difficult for me to ask for the favor of my friends, even if I cannot return the same 223. I I love hunting very much 224. My parents often did not approve of my acquaintances 225. Sometimes I can gossip a little 226. Some members of my family have habits that annoy me and bother me 227. I was told that I sleepwalk 228. Sometimes I I feel that it is unusually easy for me to make decisions 229. I would gladly enroll in several different circles and societies 230. I almost never noticed attacks of palpitations or shortness of breath in myself 231. I like to talk about sexual topics, i.e. related to gender issues 232. I have outlined a life program for myself based on a sense of duty and responsibility, and I try to fulfill it 233. Sometimes I do not yield to people, not because the matter is really important, but simply out of principle 234. I easily lose my temper, but I quickly calm down 235. I was completely independent and free from the rules and traditions accepted in our family 236. I indulge in thoughts too often 237. Almost all my relatives treat me well 238. I have periods of such strong anxiety when I cannot to sit in one place for a long time 239. I have experienced disappointment in love 240. My appearance never causes me anxiety 241. I often have such dreams that it is better to keep silent about 242. I do not consider myself more nervous than most people around me 243. I rarely get hurt 244. My actions are usually misunderstood by others 245. My parents and other family members often find fault with me for no reason 246. My neck often turns red spots 247. I have reason to feel envious of some members of my family 248. Sometimes for no reason, or even when things are not going well, I feel excitedly happy, "on top of bliss" 249. I am sure that someone who commits evil deeds, punishment awaits in the future 250. I do not condemn the one who seeks to snatch everything that he can in this life 251. I had such lapses in consciousness when my actions were interrupted and I did not understand what was happening around me 252 Nobody cares what happens to you 255. Sometimes I give good marks to people about whom I know very little 256. The only interesting page in the newspaper is the department of humor 257. Usually I hope for success when I take on something 258. I believe in the triumph of justice 259. To me it is very difficult to start any kind of work 260. At school I did not learn the material well 261. If I were an artist, I would like to draw flowers 262. My appearance does not particularly upset me 263. I sweat excessively, even in cool weather 264. I absolutely confident 265. It is safer not to trust anyone 266. Answer this question “I don’t know” 267. When I am among people, it is difficult for me to choose a topic for conversation 268. It is always easy for me to correct a spoiled mood with something interesting 269. I sometimes I scare people for fun, as it is easy for me to make others afraid of me. 271. I do not blame a person for deceiving those who easily allow themselves to be deceived 272. At times I am full of energy 273. I feel numbness in some areas of the skin 274. My vision is as sharp as before 275. Answer this question “not I know" 276. I love children 277. At times I am so amused by the dexterity of a swindler that I want him to be lucky 278. I often noticed that strangers look at me critically 279. I drink unusually large amounts of water every day 280. Most people turn on dating because friends can be useful 281. I rarely notice noise or ringing in my ears 282. At times I feel hatred towards members of my family, whom I usually love 283. If I were a journalist, I would prefer to write about sports 284. I am convinced that I am the subject of discussion 285. It happens that I laugh at a free (indecent) joke 286. I feel happiest when I am alone 287. I have less reason to be afraid of anything compared to others 288. I am bothered by bouts of nausea or vomiting 289. I am outraged that a criminal for some reason can be released and he remains unpunished 290. The work is given to me at the cost of considerable effort 291. There have been times in my life when I felt that someone was forcing me to act, hypnotizing me 292. I prefer not to talk to people until they will not contact me themselves 293. Answer this question “I don’t know” 294. I have never broken the law 295. I loved Andersen’s fairy tales “the ugly duckling”, “the tenacious tin soldier” and others 296. I have periods of causeless joy 297. I would like to get rid of thoughts related to the sexual issue, because they bother me (worried) 298. When several people get into an unpleasant story, they better agree what to say later 299. I think that I feel everything more acutely than most people 300. There was no such period in my life when I loved play with dolls 301. Life is tense for me most of the time 302. I have never had trouble with my gender-related behavior 303. I am so sensitive about some topics that I try not to touch them in conversation 304 During my high school years, it was very difficult for me to speak in front of the whole class 305. Most of the time I feel alone, even when I am among people 306. I receive as much sympathy from others as I deserve 307. I refuse to play some games because that it doesn't matter I play 308. At times I really wanted to leave the house 309. It seems to me that I get along with people just as easily as others 310. My sex life is satisfactory 311. there was a time in my youth when I committed petty thefts 312. It is unpleasant for me to be among people 313. A person who leaves valuable things unattended and thereby leads to temptation is almost as guilty as a thief 314. Sometimes such bad things come to my mind thoughts that it is better not to talk about them 315. I believe that life is merciless to me 316. I think that almost everyone can lie to avoid trouble 317. I am more touchy than most people 318. My daily life is full of events that interest me 319. Most people do not like to sacrifice their interests for the sake of others 320. I often have dreams about topics connected with sexual life 321. I am easily embarrassed 322. I am worried about my money and business affairs 323. I have had completely unusual, very strange, peculiar experiences 324. I have never been in love with anyone 325. I am frightened that committed by someone in my family 326. At times I have fits of laughter or crying that I cannot control 327. I often had to obey my parents, even when they were wrong in my opinion 328. I notice that I became difficulty concentrating on a particular task or job 329. I very rarely have dreams 330. I have never had paralysis or unusual weakness in the muscles of my arms, legs, or other ca 331. If people didn’t intrigue against me, I would have achieved much more 332. Sometimes I lose my voice, or it changes even if I don’t have a cold 333. It seems to me that there is no such person who would understand me 334. On answer this question "I don't know" 335. It is difficult for me to focus my thoughts on one thing 336. I easily lose patience with people 337. I almost always feel anxious or worried about someone or something 338. I have certainly more reason to worry than others 339. Most of the time I wish myself dead 340. Sometimes I get so excited that it's hard for me to sleep 341. Sometimes I can hear so well that it disturbs me 342. I immediately forget that they tell me 343. I usually have to stop and think before doing something, even if it's small things 344. I often cross the street so as not to meet someone I see 345. Often I have this feeling that everything around is unreal 346. I have I have a habit of counting unnecessary items such as windows, light bulbs, signs, etc. 347. I have no enemies who would seriously want to harm me 348. I am alarmed by people who treat me more friendly than I expected 349. Answer “I don’t know” to this question 350. Answer this question “I don’t know” 351 I become anxious and upset when I have to leave home even for a short time 352. I am afraid of certain objects and people, although I know that they are not dangerous to me 353. I am not afraid to enter a room where people are already gathered and talking 354. I am afraid to use a knife or other sharp objects 355. Sometimes I find it pleasant to hurt those I love 356. It is more difficult for me to concentrate than others 357. I quit more than once some business, because I thought that I could not cope with it 358. Bad, often even terrible words come to my mind and I cannot get rid of them 359. Sometimes some unimportant thought is spinning in my head and bothers me for several days in a row 360. Almost every day something frightens me 361. I tend to take everything hard 362. I am more touchy than most people 363. Sometimes I was pleased if the person I love caused me pain 364. People say offensive things about me and vulgar things 365. I am restless when I am indoors 366. Most of the time I feel alone, even when I am among people 367. I am not afraid of fire 368. Sometimes I try to keep stay away from people so as not to do or say something that I will later regret 369. Religious matters do not interest me 370. I hate it when I have to rush my work 371. more inclined to be fond of many things than for a long time stop at one thing 373. I am sure that there is only one correct understanding of the meaning of life 374. At times it seems to me that my mind is working more slowly than usual 375. When I feel happy and full of strength, someone bad mood can ruin everything 376. Accountants are usually honest people 377. At a party, I sit alone or talk with one of the guests more often than with the whole group 378. I don’t like it when a woman smokes 379. I rarely have bouts of bad mood 380. When someone expresses stupidity or ignorance about things I know, I try to correct him 381. I am often told that I am quick-tempered 382. I would like to get rid of thoughts about my statements, which, it seems to me, could offend someone or upset me 383. People often disappoint me 384. I feel like I could not tell anyone everything about myself 385. Lightning is one of those phenomena that makes me afraid 386. I like to keep people in the dark about what I am going to do 387. I consider all kinds of miracles only tricks that some people play in front of others 388. I am afraid to be alone in the dark 389. My plans often seem to me full of difficulties, which is why I refuse I call myself from them 390. I am often misunderstood when I try to warn someone against a mistake, and this hurts me very much 391. I like to go to such evenings where you can dance 392. The storm fills me with horror 393. Horses that are bad 394. I often take people's advice 395. The future is too uncertain to make serious plans 396. Often, even if things are going well, I feel that everything is indifferent to me 397. I sometimes feel that there are too many difficulties and there is no point in trying to overcome them 398. I often think: "It would be nice to be a child again" 399. It is difficult to make me angry 400. If conditions allowed, I could be of great benefit to humanity 401. I am not afraid of water 402. To come 403. It is wonderful to live in our time, when there are so many interesting events going on 404. People often do not understand my intentions when I I hide to correct or help them 405. I have no difficulty swallowing 406. I have often met people who were considered experts, but in fact knew no more than I did 407. I am usually calm and not easy to unbalance 408. I tend to hide my feelings from the considerations that people can unwittingly offend me 409. At times I wear myself out by taking on too much 410. It would certainly give me pleasure to trick a swindler in his own way 411. When I hear about the successes of people I know, I begin to feel like a failure 412. I am not afraid to see a doctor when I get sick or injured 413. I deserve severe punishment for my misdeeds 414. I tend to experience disappointments so acutely that I cannot throw them out for a long time out of my head 415. With a good set of circumstances, I could become a major manager 416. I feel uncomfortable when someone watches me work, even if I know that I can do my job well 417. Often I am so annoyed by the subject trying to get ahead of me out of line, that I will not fail to tell him this 418. At times I feel that I am not good for anything 419. I often skipped school 420. I happened to experience extremely unusual mystical experiences 421. In my family there is very nervous people 422. I feel embarrassed for some members of my family because of the nature of their work 423. I love (or used to love) fishing 424. Most of the time I I feel hungry 425. I often dream 426. Sometimes I have to be harsh and rude with people who irritate me 427. I am embarrassed by indecent jokes 428. I like to read fundamental articles in newspapers and magazines 429. I like to listen to lectures on serious topics 430. Me attracted to people of the opposite sex 431. I don't care much about the possibility of any trouble 432. My beliefs and views are unshakable 433. I am used to having an imaginary companion 434. I would like to be a race car driver 435. I would rather work with women 436. People usually demand a lot respect for their rights than others respect themselves 437. It is quite possible to get around the law if you do not essentially violate it 438. There are people who are so unpleasant to me that I internally rejoice when they get what they deserve 439. I am nervous if I have to wait 440. I try to memorize interesting stories so that I can tell them to others later 441. I like tall women 442 I have periods when I lose sleep due to worries 443. I am ready to give up my plan if others think that I started doing it wrong 444. I do not try to correct people who make erroneous judgments 445. In my youth ( or as a child) I loved vivid, exciting experiences 446. I would rather play cards, dominoes or other games for at least a small bet 447. I am ready to do anything to win an argument 448. It is unpleasant for me if strangers are on the street, in store or on the bus watching me 449. I like social events where I can be among people 450. I like the excitement of an excited crowd 451. My worries disappear when I get into the company of cheerful friends 452. I like to play tricks on people 453. As a child, I did not aspire to be a member of a street company 454 I could live happily alone in a hut among forests and mountains 455. For the most part, I am not aware of the gossip and conversations of the people around me 456. People who violate those laws that they consider unreasonable should not be punished 457. I believe that people never should not touch alcohol 458. The man who did the most with me as a child (father, stepfather or other person) was strict with me 459. I have one (or more) bad habit that is so strong that it is not possible to fight it 460. I drink alcoholic beverages moderately (or not at all) 461. It is difficult for me to put off the work I have started, even for a short time 462. Answer this question “I don’t know” 463. I liked to play to "classes" or jumping on a rope 464. Answer this question "I don't know" 465. I have changed my attitude towards my profession more than once 466. I always take medication or sleeping pills only when prescribed by a doctor 467. I often memorize unnecessary numbers (for example, car numbers) 468. I often regret being so stubborn and grouchy 469. I often met people who were jealous of my ideas only because they did not come to their minds first 470. Topics related to sexual issues cause me to I am disgusted 471. My grades in school were systematically poor 472. I have an irresistible attraction to fire 473. I try to avoid large crowds as much as possible 474. Answer this question “I don’t know” 475. Finding myself “backed against the wall”, I I tell only that part of the truth that will not harm me 476. I am called to perform a great mission 477. If I were in trouble along with my friends who are as guilty as I am, I would rather take all the blame rather than betray them 478. I have never been particularly worried about the troubles that happened to my family members 479. I am willing to meet new people 480. I am afraid of the dark 481. There were times when I pretended to be sick, to avoid something 482. In trams, buses, etc. I often talk to strangers 483. I believe in miracles 484. I have flaws that are so significant that it is better to accept them as they are and try to control than to try to eradicate 485. A man, when in the company of women, usually thinks about things related to their gender 486. I have never noticed blood in my urine 487. I quickly quit if it goes badly 488. I would like my fate to be favorable to me 489. I sympathize with people who tend to get stuck in their troubles and sorrows 490. I like to read books that help to live correctly and understand the meaning of life 491. I am annoyed by people who believe that only their understanding of the meaning of life is the only true one 492. I am afraid of the thought about the possibility of an earthquake 493. I prefer work that requires close attention than one in which you can be careless 494. I am afraid to be in a small enclosed space 495. I usually act in the open if I feel it necessary to correct someone 496. I have never had double vision 497. I love adventure stories 498. It's always better to tell the truth 499. I have to admit that at times I worry for no reason about what o doesn't really matter 500. I'm willing to do anything for a good idea 501. In my work, I prefer to find my own solution rather than follow the instructions of others 502. I like others to know my opinion 503. I am not inclined to give categorical assessments of the actions of others 504. I do not consider it necessary to hide my contempt or negative opinion of anyone 505. There are periods when I feel so full of energy that it would seem that I could go without sleep for several days 506. I am a nervous and easily excitable person 507. I have often worked under the guidance of such people who take credit for all achievements and blame all omissions and shortcomings on subordinates 508. I think that I distinguish smells as well as others 509. incontinence 510. Any dirt frightens me or disgusts me 511. I have a world of dreams that I don’t tell anyone about 512. I don’t like to wash in the bathroom 513. I would I like to work with a leader who gives strict clear instructions more than with a leader who gives more freedom 514. I like masculine women 515. My house always had everything I needed (sufficient food, clothes, etc.). 516. Some members of my family have a short temper 517. I can’t do anything right 518. I often feel guilty because I express my sympathy to people to a greater extent than I actually feel 519. My sexual organs are not all right 520. As a rule, I stand firm in my opinion 521. I am not embarrassed in front of people to express my opinion or enter into an argument on a matter well known to me 522. I am not afraid of spiders 523. I blush very rarely 524. I am not afraid of contracting any disease through doorknobs 525. Some animals make me shudder 526. My future seems hopeless to me 527. My family members and my close relatives get along with each other 528. I blush no more than others 529. I like to wear expensive clothes 530. I am often afraid of blushing 531. People can easily change my opinion, which before that I thought was final 532. I can endure pain as long as others 533. I rarely burp (or do not completely) 534. It used to be that I was the last of all to refuse an attempt to do something 535. My mouth dries up almost all the time 536. I get angry when they make me hurry 537. I would like to go hunting take on lions or tigers 538. I think I would like a dressmaker's job sewing women's dresses 539. I am not afraid of mice 540. I have never had a paralyzed face 541. My skin is unusually sensitive to touch 542. Answer this question "not I know" 543. Several times a week I have a feeling that something terrible is about to happen 544. I feel tired most of the time 545. Sometimes I have the same dream 546. I like to read historical literature 547. I like to visit at parties and meetings 548. I would never watch a sexual performance if I could avoid it 549. I try to avoid conflict and embarrassment 550. I enjoy fixing door locks 551. Answer “I don’t know” to this question 552. I like to read about science 553. I am afraid to be alone in a place open on all sides 554. If I were a journalist, I would prefer to write about the theater 555. Sometimes it seems to me that I am "on the verge of death" 556. I am very careful about how I dress 557. I would love to work as a secretary 558. Most people can be blamed for bad sexual behavior 559. I often get scared in the middle of the night 560. It often annoys me that I forget where I put things 561. I really like horseback riding 562. The person to whom I was most attached in my childhood and whom I most adored was a woman (mother, sister, aunt, etc.) 563. I like adventure stories more than romantic ones 564 . I am ready to give up my intentions if others think it is not worth doing 565. I feel like jumping down when I am at a height of 566. In movies, I like to watch love episodes
