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Taiga occupies vast territories of our country, forests stretch from west to east. Trees growing in taiga conditions must withstand the climate of this zone. Summer here is quite warm, but very short. The winter period is long, characterized by severe frosts and an abundance of snow.
The taiga is dominated mainly by evergreen conifers, their share is about 78%; these trees can withstand long cold weather well. Hardwood trees (oak, ash, beech) occupy approximately 5% of the forest area, softwood trees (birch, linden) - 17%.
Experts distinguish the following types of evergreen taiga:
- light coniferous forests. They are predominantly represented by pine and larch;
- dark coniferous forests. Spruce, fir, and cedar grow here. As the name suggests, this type of taiga is very gloomy. Almost no sunlight penetrates through the tree crowns, so there are almost no shrubs or grasses near the surface of the earth. The root surface is usually covered with mosses and lichens.
Deciduous trees are found mainly near rivers and reservoirs; here you can find rowan, alder, birch, and aspen. As for the southern part of the country, maple, linden, oak, as well as currant and raspberry bushes are more typical for it.
In the light-coniferous taiga, under deciduous trees, there is also a second tier, these are various shrubs - honeysuckle, viburnum, euonymus, etc. In some areas there are climbing species (actinidia, lemongrass, etc.) entwining tree trunks.
Having knowledge of what trees grow in the taiga, people have learned to use them in their lives. The main representative of the dark coniferous taiga is, of course, spruce. This is a long-lived tree; its age can be 500-600 years. Spruce wood is widely used for making paper.
Siberian fir is also of no small importance for humans. Its needles are used to obtain valuable oil with medicinal properties. In addition, fir wood is suitable for making a variety of souvenirs, crafts, and interior decorations.
Pine wood, widely used in the construction industry, is characterized by the greatest value. In addition, resin is extracted from this tree, which is used in the chemical industry.
Larch has the greatest resistance to frost of all taiga trees; it can withstand drops in ambient temperatures down to -70 0 C. This tree sheds its needles in the winter; in the spring, with the beginning of sap flow, they appear again. Larch wood has a dense structure and does not absorb much moisture. The material is used in shipbuilding and is also used to make railway sleepers.
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cedar spruce birch aspen rowan Pine Spruce Birch Aspen Rowan)))) house coniferous cedar spruce fir to deciduous birch aspen rowan The basis of plant life in the taiga is coniferous trees.
In general, the vegetation of the taiga is very diverse. The entire territory can be divided into three parts. In the northern part of the taiga there are low-growing trees, most of them are spruce and pine. The middle part is characterized by spruce and blueberry forests, and in the southern part one can observe the most diverse vegetation. There is little light in the forest, so the low amount of undergrowth is understandable. In some places whole glades of green moss grow. In addition to trees, shrubs, such as juniper, currants, and honeysuckle, also grow in the taiga. Closer to the south, lingonberry and blueberry bushes are found in the forest. In the taiga in the Urals, trees such as cedar, rhododendron, fir and some valuable deciduous species grow Domprosto coniferous fir, cedar, spruce, pine, larch The basis of plant life in the taiga is coniferous trees.
In general, the vegetation of the taiga is very diverse. The entire territory can be divided into three parts. In the northern part of the taiga there are low-growing trees, most of them are spruce and pine. The middle part is characterized by spruce and blueberry forests, and in the southern part one can observe the most diverse vegetation. There is little light in the forest, so the low amount of undergrowth is understandable. In some places whole glades of green moss grow. In addition to trees, shrubs, such as juniper, currants, and honeysuckle, also grow in the taiga. Closer to the south, lingonberry and blueberry bushes are found in the forest. In the taiga in the Urals, trees such as cedar, rhododendron, fir and some valuable deciduous species growwhat animals and plants are there in the taiga? I urgently need 15. I need 15 urgently. There are pears, apple trees and plums growing in the garden. There are 147 trees in total. There are three times more apple trees than plum trees and 28 more than pear trees. What trees grow in a coniferous forest? Which trees grow in a coniferous forest and which in a broad-leaved forest? Why are broadleaf forests almost devoid of undergrowth? what trees are there in winter.
From time to time I am visited by thoughts of leaving the noisy city, forgetting about the eternal rush and bustle of the city. Go to the taiga under the shadow of the taiga giants and spend the rest of your life there, breathe in clean air and be happy that there are still huge areas of terrain covered with tall trees on the planet.
What trees grow in the taiga zone
Coniferous tree species predominate in most of this climate zone; these include fir, spruce, pine, and many others. Despite the fact that most people associate taiga only with coniferous forests, you can also see in it:
- rowan;
- alder and some other deciduous trees.
Taiga trees are rich in various forest products: hazelnuts, pine nuts, resin and some essential oils. Previously, pine needles were used to treat scurvy, and it saved many lives.
Amazing taiga tree
An amazing tree growing on the border of tundra and taiga - taiga dwarf tree. Some individual trees reach two hundred and fifty years of age. These trees grow exclusively on stones and are small trees. The famous medicine turpentine is obtained from this tree. The content of essential oils in elfin wood is twice as high as in pine. Substances obtained from taiga elfin wood are widely used in medicine. In general, a very interesting evergreen tree.
Take care of the trees
Taiga forests, consisting of millions of trees and spread over a vast territory of the Far East, Scandinavia and North America, supply oxygen to the entire planet. By creating a separate ecosystem for thousands of representatives of the animal world to live, they serve them as a reliable shelter and home. Humanity is mercilessly cutting down forests, destroying entire hectares of untouched forest. I wouldn’t be surprised if in a few decades the general condition of taiga forests will deteriorate significantly. But let's hope for the best. I have been to the taiga and always tried to preserve its pristine beauty, not to litter there, not to light a fire or harm the trees in other ways, which I encourage you to do as well.
We can confidently call it “the lungs of the Earth”, because the state of the air, the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide depend on them. Rich reserves of timber and mineral deposits are concentrated here, many of which are being discovered to this day.
Location in Russia
The taiga spreads across our country in a wide strip. Coniferous forests occupy most of Siberia (Eastern, Western), the Urals, the Baikal region, the Far East and the Altai Mountains. The zone originates on the western border of Russia and stretches to the Pacific coast - the Sea of Japan and the Sea of Okhotsk.
Coniferous forests of the taiga border on other climatic zones. In the north they are adjacent to the tundra, in the west - with In some cities of the country, there is an intersection of taiga with forest-steppe and mixed forests.
Location in Europe
Coniferous forests of the taiga cover not only Russia, but also some foreign countries. Among them are the countries of Canada. All over the world, taiga massifs occupy a vast territory and are considered the largest zone on the planet.
The extreme southern border of the biome is located on the island of Hokkaido (Japan). The northern side is limited by Taimyr. This location explains the leading position of the taiga in terms of length among other natural zones.
Climate
The large biome is located in two climatic zones at once - temperate and subarctic. This explains the variety of weather conditions in the taiga. The temperate climate provides warm summers. The average temperature of the natural area in the summer is 20 degrees above zero. Cold Arctic air causes sudden changes in temperature and affects taiga winters; the air here can cool to 45 degrees below zero. In addition, piercing winds are observed at all times of the year.
Coniferous forests of the taiga are characterized by high humidity due to their location in swampy areas and low evaporation. In summer, most precipitation falls in the form of light and heavy rains. In winter there is a lot of snow - the thickness of its layer is 50-80 centimeters, it does not melt for 6-7 months. Permafrost is observed in Siberia.
Peculiarities
The largest, most extensive and rich natural zone is the taiga. Coniferous forests occupy fifteen million square kilometers of the Earth's land area! The width of the zone in the European part is 800 kilometers, in Siberia - more than 2 thousand kilometers.
The formation of taiga forests began in the last era, before the onset of and However, the zone received a detailed analysis and characteristics only in 1898 thanks to P. N. Krylov, who defined the concept of “taiga” and formulated its main characteristics.
The biome is especially rich in water bodies. Famous Russian rivers - the Volga, Lena, Kama, Northern Dvina and others - originate here. The Yenisei and Ob taiga cross. The largest Russian reservoirs - Bratskoe, Rybinsk, Kama - are located in coniferous forests. In addition, there is a lot of groundwater in the taiga, which explains the predominance of swamps (especially in Northern Siberia and Canada). Thanks to the temperate climate and sufficient moisture, there is a rapid development of the plant world here.
Subzones of the taiga
The natural zone is divided into three subzones, which differ in climatic features, flora and fauna.
- Northern. Characterized by a cold climate. There are harsh winters and cool summers. Huge areas of land are occupied by marshy areas. The forests are in most cases low-growing; small spruce and pine trees are observed.
- Average. Characterized by moderation. The climate is moderate - warm summers, cold but not frosty winters. Many swamps of different types. High humidity. The trees are of normal height; mostly spruce and blueberry trees sprout.
- South. The most diverse flora and fauna and coniferous forests are observed here. Taiga has an admixture of broad-leaved and small-leaved tree species. The climate is warm, characterized by hot summers, which last for almost four months. Reduced swampiness.
Types of forests
Depending on the vegetation, there are several types of taiga. The main ones are light-coniferous and dark-coniferous forests. Along with trees, there are meadows that arose where forests were cleared.
- Light coniferous type. Mainly distributed in Siberia. Also found in other areas (Ural, Canada). It is located in a sharply continental climate zone, characterized by abundant precipitation and moderate weather conditions. One of the common types of trees is pine - a light-loving representative of the taiga. Such forests are spacious and bright. Larch is another commonly encountered species. The forests are even lighter than pine. Tree crowns are sparse, so in such “thickets” a feeling of open terrain is created.
- Dark coniferous type- most common in Northern Europe and mountain ranges (Alps, Altai Mountains, Carpathians). Its territory is located in a temperate and mountainous climate characterized by high humidity. Fir and spruce predominate here; juniper and dark coniferous pine are less common.
Vegetable world
Even at the beginning of the 19th century, no one divided natural zones, and their differences and features were not known. Fortunately, today geography has been studied in more detail, and the necessary information is available to everyone. Coniferous forest of the taiga - trees, plants, shrubs... What is characteristic and interesting about the flora of this zone?
In forests there is weak or absent undergrowth, which is explained by insufficient light, especially in dark coniferous thickets. There is a monotony of moss - as a rule, only the green species can be found here. Shrubs grow - currants, junipers, and shrubs - lingonberries, blueberries.
The type of forest depends on climatic conditions. The western side of the taiga is characterized by the dominance of European and Siberian spruce. Spruce and fir forests grow in mountainous areas. Clusters of larches extend to the east. The Okhotsk coast is rich in a variety of tree species. In addition to coniferous representatives, the taiga also contains deciduous trees. consist of aspen, alder, birch.
Taiga fauna
The fauna of the coniferous forests of the taiga is diverse and unique. A wide variety of insects live here. Nowhere else are there so many fur-bearing animals, including ermine, sable, hare, and weasel. Climatic conditions are favorable for sedentary animals, but unacceptable for cold-blooded creatures. Only a few species of amphibians and reptiles live in the taiga. Their low numbers are due to the harsh winter. The remaining residents have adapted to the cold seasons. Some of them go into hibernation or suspended animation, and their vital activity is slowed down.
What animals live in coniferous forests? The taiga, where there is so much shelter for animals and an abundance of food, is characterized by the presence of predators such as lynx, brown bear, wolf, and fox. Ungulates live here - roe deer, bison, elk, deer. Rodents live on tree branches and under them - beavers, squirrels, mice, chipmunks.
Birds
More than 300 species of birds nest in the forest thickets. Particular diversity is observed in the eastern taiga - wood grouse, hazel grouse, some species of owls and woodpeckers live here. Forests are characterized by high humidity and numerous bodies of water, so they are especially widespread here. Some representatives of coniferous expanses have to migrate to the south in winter, where living conditions are more favorable. Among them are the Siberian blackbird and the wood warbler.
Man in the taiga
Human activity does not always have a beneficial effect on the state of nature. Numerous fires caused by the carelessness and frivolity of people, deforestation and mining lead to a decrease in the number of forest fauna.
Picking berries, mushrooms, and nuts are typical activities popular among the local population, for which the autumn taiga is famous. Coniferous forests are the main supplier of wood resources. The largest mineral deposits (oil, gas, coal) are also located here. Thanks to the moist and fertile soil, agriculture is developed in the southern regions. Breeding animals and hunting wild animals is common.
Boreal taiga forests are the largest ecosystem in northern Eurasia, North America and Scandinavia. Taiga plants are represented mainly by conifers, mosses, lichens and small shrubs, but taiga is different. There are several types of boreal taiga forest, in which certain plants predominate. Taiga forests are divided into light-coniferous taiga, dominated by pine and larch, and dark-coniferous taiga, dominated by spruce, Siberian cedar, and fir. The taiga soil is soddy-podzolic and acidic.
Let's look at the main plants of the taiga, which in some way can be useful to a traveler, hermit or commercial hunter.
First, let's look at the habitat of these plants:
We see that coniferous forests spread across almost the entire north of the land. On my own behalf, I would like to add that taiga also covers the mountain ranges of the European Alps, the Carpathians, and the Rocky Mountains of North America, which is not shown in the diagram.
Coniferous trees of taiga forests
Siberian spruce
The most important representative of the taiga. The basis of the dark coniferous taiga, which has become its symbol. Most often, spruce grows in mixed forests, but is often the main forest former. Spruce wood is used in logging and is suitable for construction, although a little worse than pine wood. A spruce cone appears at the age of 15 to 50 years, depending on the place of growth. The interval between harvests is 3-5 years. Needles and cones are rich in vitamin C and other beneficial substances, and they also contain a lot of essential oils. The needles secrete phytoncides that play an antibacterial role.
Scots pine
Pine forest
Scots pine, along with spruce, is widespread in Russia. The basis of the light-coniferous taiga. Pine wood is widely used in construction; due to its high resin content, it is one of the best natural building materials in the taiga zone. The resin has a very pleasant smell and is used for distilling tar, turpentine, and rosin. Previously, resins were widely used in shipbuilding and other construction projects that required the preservative properties of pine. The needles contain vitamin C and other beneficial substances.
Fir
I call fir the most affectionate tree of the dark coniferous taiga due to the fact that its needles are very soft and do not prick at all. Fir paws are good to use for bedding if you spend the night in the forest without a tent or foam mat. I also prefer to drink tea with brewed needles. The tea turns out aromatic, although without vitamins, since vitamins are destroyed when heated. Fir wood is little used and is poorly suited for construction.
Fir is more of a medicinal tree than a material for construction. Fir resin can be used to cover wounds: it has an antiseptic effect and promotes their rapid healing. Fir oil is widely used in cosmetics.
Siberian cedar
I already have an article about Siberian cedar. Let me just say that this is the most noble tree of the dark coniferous taiga. Pine nuts are highly valued due to their rich composition of nutrients. The presence of pine trees in the taiga indicates the presence of fur in it, which is another important factor. Cedar wood is used in construction and carpentry. It has a reddish tint and a pleasant smell. The wood is less resinous than pine wood. Cedar lives up to 800 years. The growing season is 40-45 days a year. The cones ripen within 14-15 months. Each cone contains from 30 to 150 nuts. Cedar begins to bear fruit on average after 60 years, sometimes later.
Larch forest, Yakutia
Larch is the hardiest tree in the taiga zone. It grows in mixed forests, but most often, due to its resistance to frost, larch forms a monoforest - larch. Larch can withstand frosts of -70°C, and even more. The needles are annual, not at all prickly, soft. Larch loves light areas of the area, so it is very difficult to find it in dark coniferous forests. As a rule, these will be solitary trees or monoleaf forests. Larch wood is very dense due to the short growing season. She has many rings. A thin tree can be very old. Very well suited for construction, it is a desirable material for making the first crowns of taiga winter huts. Wood is not afraid of moisture and rots very slowly. Contains a lot of resin.
Deciduous taiga trees and shrubs
The most popular representative of deciduous trees in the taiga forest. Distributed everywhere. Present in almost all mixed forests of northern latitude. Almost all parts of this tree are widely used. Wood is used for construction, crafts, and carpentry. Tar is extracted from the bark, various items are made, and it burns well. In the spring, birch sap, rich in vitamins and sugars, is extracted from living birch trees. Buds and leaves are used in medicine.
Another representative of deciduous species in the taiga. Aspen is a relative of poplar; their bark can even be confused. Used for landscaping settlements as a fast-growing tree. The bark is used for tanning leather. It is used to produce yellow and green paint. Bees collect pollen from aspen flowers in April, and glue from the blossoming buds, which is processed into propolis. It is used in the construction of houses, used as roofing material (in Russian wooden architecture, church domes were covered with aspen planks), in the production of plywood, cellulose, matches, containers and other things. Young growth is winter food for moose, deer, hares and other mammals. It is a medicinal plant. Aspen has antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antitussive, choleretic and anthelmintic effects. The combination of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties in aspen bark makes it promising in the complex treatment of tuberculosis, smallpox, malaria, syphilis, dysentery, pneumonia, coughs of various origins, rheumatism and inflammation of the bladder mucosa. An aqueous extract of aspen bark is used to treat opisthorchiasis.
From the Berezov family. In the north it is a small shrub, in the south it is a tree about 6 m in height. Distributed in the taiga zone, less common than birch and aspen. Grows on wet soils. Bark and leaves provide dye for animal skins. Practically not used in everyday life. It is food for moose and serves as a refuge for game animals.
In the taiga forest, this guest is quite rare; it grows mainly in the south, in the central part of Russia, here and there in Western Siberia and in the Amur taiga. Wood is widely used in carpentry and joinery; it lends itself well to processing due to its softness. Medicines are made from some parts of the linden tree, and it is also an excellent honey plant. Basts, bast shoes, and mats are made from the bark of the tree (bast).
Widely distributed throughout Europe, Asia and North America. It grows everywhere in the taiga. The use of rowan is small. The berries are eaten, rowan is a honey plant, and carpentry is made from the wood. The berries are used in folk medicine as an antiscorbutic, hemostatic, diaphoretic, diuretic, choleretic, laxative and as a remedy for headaches. Fresh rowan fruits have a bitter taste, but the first frosts lead to the destruction of the bitter glycoside sorbic acid - and the bitterness disappears. The fruits of the most famous variety of rowan (nevezhinskaya), containing up to 9% sugar, have a sweet taste even before frost.
A small shrub that grows everywhere in the taiga. It also grows in the mountains of Nepal, Bhutan, and Pakistan. The fruits are cones and contain sugars, organic acids and microelements. Juniper is widely used in folk medicine due to its high content of phytoncides. Used in the treatment of various diseases such as tuberculosis, kidney disease, bronchitis, etc.
It grows in relatively mountainous areas, on the border of taiga and tundra. It grows on stones, very slowly, and lives up to 250 years. The resin of dwarf cedar is rich in various substances. Turpentine is obtained from resin, which is an antiseptic, diuretic, causing skin hyperemia, and anthelmintic. Used to treat kidneys and bladder. Nuts are rich in nutrients and are in no way inferior to their older brother - Siberian cedar. Previously, pine needles were used as an antiscorbutic remedy; it also contains more carotene than carrots.
