Documentation of inventories. Primary documents for accounting of industrial equipment Documents for industrial equipment at the enterprise

Incoming documents.

To receive materials from the supplier's warehouse or from a transport organization, the authorized person is issued the appropriate documents and a power of attorney to receive materials.

When materials arrive at the warehouse, the financially responsible person (warehouse manager, storekeeper) checks the compliance of the quantity, quality and assortment of received materials with the supplier’s documents (specifications, plumb lines, invoices, certificates, identifications). If the number of actually received inventories fully corresponds to the documents, a receipt order (M-4). It is allowed not to issue this order, but to put a stamp on the supplier’s documents with the main details of the receipt order. The details of the specified stamp are filled in and the next receipt order number is entered.

If the supplier delivers materials by transport from his warehouse, then he writes out consignment note (form No. M-5, M-6).

If it is determined that the received materials do not comply with the range, quantity and quality specified in the supplier’s documents, as well as in cases where the quality of the materials does not meet the requirements (dents, scratches, breakage, breakage, leakage of liquid materials, etc.), acceptance is carried out by the Commission , which formalizes it with an act of acceptance of materials.

Certificate of acceptance of materials (M-7) used to process incoming goods without payment documents or in case of discrepancies with the data of the supplier’s accompanying documents. The act is drawn up by the selection committee with the obligatory participation of a representative of the supplier or a representative of a disinterested organization, the warehouse manager and a representative of the supply department of the enterprise. The act is drawn up in 2 copies. The first is sent to the accounting department, the second to the marketing department to make claims to the supplier or inform him about the submission of a payment request for the surplus. In the case of drawing up an acceptance act, a receipt order is not issued.

Incoming documents are prepared on the day the goods are received. Control over the timely receipt of arriving cargo is carried out according to the decision of the head of the organization by the relevant departments (supply service, accounting service, etc.) and officials.

Materials purchased by accountable persons are subject to delivery to the warehouse. The posting of materials is carried out in the generally established manner on the basis of supporting documents confirming the purchase (invoices and store receipts, a receipt for a cash receipt order), which are attached to the advance report of the accountable person.

Operations for the transfer of materials from one division of the organization to another are formalized invoices for internal movement of materials (M-11).

Shortages and damage identified upon acceptance materials received by the organization are taken into account in the following order:

a) the amount of shortages and damage within the limits of natural loss norms is determined by multiplying the number of missing or damaged materials by the supplier’s selling price. Other amounts, including transportation costs and VAT related to them, are not taken into account.

The amount of shortages and damage is written off:

D 94 K 60, 76.

At the same time, missing or damaged materials are written off from account 94 (K-t) and attributed to TZR or to the accounts of deviations in the cost of material inventories (16).

If damaged materials can be used in the organization or sold (at a discount), they are accounted for at possible sale prices. At the same time, the amount of losses from damage is reduced by this amount;

b) shortages and damage to materials in excess of natural loss norms are accounted for at actual cost.

The actual cost of shortages and spoilage in excess of natural loss norms is taken into account:

D 76 subaccount 2 “Calculations for claims” K 60.

When capitalizing missing materials received from suppliers and subject to payment by the buyer, the cost of materials, technical requirements and VAT included in the actual cost of shortages and damage is reduced accordingly.

Expenditure documents reflect the release of materials for production needs, economic needs (maintenance of buildings, repairs), and sales of excess materials.

These include:

Limit-fence cards (M-8, M-9);

Requirement-invoice (M-11);

Invoice (M-15).

Limit fence cards issued by departments performing supply or planning functions in two or three copies for a period of one month (quarter). One copy of the limit-fence card before the beginning of the month (quarter) of its validity is transferred to the organizational unit - the recipient of the materials, the second copy - to the corresponding warehouse. The third copy (if it is issued) remains in the departments performing supply or planning functions for control.

The storekeeper notes in both copies of the limit-fence card the date and quantity of materials issued, which are confirmed by the signatures of the recipient and the warehouse manager (storekeeper). At the end of the month (quarter), limit cards are submitted to the accounting department.

Financially responsible persons lead materials inventory cards(M-12). The accounting department opens cards for each item number of the material and transfers them to the warehouse manager against receipt. As the goods arrive at the warehouse, the storekeeper issues a receipt order or other document and registers it in the card. Based on the consumable documents, the consumption of materials is recorded in the card.

On time, the storekeeper draws up registers of delivery of documents for receipt and consumption of materials(M-13). The accountant of the material department accepts documents from the registers, checks the correctness of the reflection of the main details of the documents in the warehouse accounting cards (item number, quantity, balance) and certifies the verification with his signature, after which the card acquires the force of an accounting register.

An accounting employee must conduct control and random checks of the actual availability of remaining materials in warehouses. Any violations identified in the work of financially responsible persons and based on the results of a random check, comments are entered into a special warehouse journal and reported to the chief accountant.

Discrepancies identified during inventory between the actual availability of property and accounting data are reflected in the following order:

A) excess inventory are accounted for at market prices and at the same time their value is included in financial results:

b) amounts of shortages and damage to inventories are written off from the accounting accounts at their actual cost, which includes the contractual (accounting) price of the inventory and the share of the inventory and equipment related to this inventory.

In accounting, the shortage is reflected:

D 94 “Shortages and losses from damage to valuables” K 10 - in terms of the contractual (accounting) price of the stock;

D 94 K 16 - when used in the accounting policy of the organization of accounts for the procurement and acquisition of materials to inventory accounts in terms of the share of goods and materials.

Shortages of inventories and their spoilage are written off from 94 within the limits of natural loss to the accounts of production costs and/or sales expenses; above the norm - at the expense of the perpetrators. If the perpetrators are not identified or the court refuses to recover damages from them, then losses from shortages of inventories and their damage are written off to financial results.

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Accounting for movement and movement of materials

Inventory inventories include: production inventories (materials used in the production of products intended for sale); finished products intended for sale; goods that are used for the management needs of the enterprise.

The material movement process consists of three stages:

Receipt of materials to the enterprise,

Consumption of materials at the enterprise,

Removal of materials from the enterprise.

At the first stage, materials are accepted for accounting on the basis of primary documents, and their value is assessed.

At the second stage, materials are released for production, defect correction, production maintenance, as well as for the management needs of the enterprise.

Documents for accounting materials in the warehouse

Operations for the movement of materials, such as receipt, movement, consumption and disposal, are documented with primary accounting documents. (see current forms)

Receipt of materials

Disposal of materials

Invoice M-15 is issued when materials are released to third parties.

Material movement accounting

The materials accounting card in form No. M-17 is used to record the movement of materials stored in the enterprise’s warehouses. Accounting is carried out for each name, variety, article, brand, size and other characteristics (varietal accounting).

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Primary documents on receipt, movement, as well as on decommissioning of inventories play an important role in organizing the accounting of raw materials and materials; preliminary, current and subsequent control over receipt, movement and rational use is directly carried out on them.

To register and record business transactions related to the movement of materials, the following unified forms of primary accounting documentation are provided, presented in Table 1.

Table 1.

The process of movement of materials in an organization consists of three main stages: the receipt of materials into the organization, the consumption of materials in the organization, and the disposal of materials from the organization.

Receipt of supplies.

For materials received under sales and purchase agreements and other similar agreements, the organization must receive from the supplier (shipper) settlement and accompanying documents: delivery notes, invoices, waybills, specifications, certificates, as well as other documents that are necessary to accept materials for accounting.

The above documents are transferred to the relevant division of the organization (materials and technical supply department, warehouse) as the basis for acceptance and acceptance of materials for accounting.

When accepting materials you must:

· register documents in the journal of incoming cargo;

· check the compliance of these documents with the supply agreements regarding the range, prices and quantities of materials, method and timing of shipment and other delivery conditions stipulated by the agreement;

· check the accuracy of the calculations in the settlement documents;

· pay settlement documents in full or in part or refuse payment with reason;

· determine the actual extent of liability in case of violation of the terms of the contract;

· transfer documents to the organization’s divisions (accounting, finance department, etc.) within the time limits provided for by the organization’s document flow rules.

To receive materials from the supplier's warehouse or from the organization, the authorized person is issued the appropriate documents and a power of attorney to receive the materials.

Powers of attorney are issued in the manner established by current legislation using forms No. M-2 or No. M-2a. Form No. M-2a is used by organizations that receive materials by proxy on a mass scale. A power of attorney on behalf of a legal entity is issued signed by its head or another person authorized to do so by the constituent documents, with the seal of the organization attached. The power of attorney is drawn up in one copy by the organization’s accounting department and issued against signature to the recipient. The issuance of powers of attorney is recorded in a pre-numbered and laced journal for recording issued powers of attorney. Issuance of powers of attorney to persons not working in the organization is not permitted. The power of attorney must be completely completed, contain the date of its issue and a sample signature of the person in whose name it is issued. A power of attorney is usually issued for a period of 10 days.

Upon acceptance, materials are carefully checked for compliance with the range, quantity and quality. The procedure and deadlines for accepting materials in terms of quantity and quality are established by special regulatory documents.

Acceptance and posting of incoming materials and containers (for materials) is formalized by the relevant warehouses, as a rule, by drawing up receipt orders of form No. M-4 in the absence of discrepancies between the supplier’s data and the actual data (in terms of quantity and quality). The receipt order form No. M-4 in one copy is drawn up by the financially responsible person on the day the materials are received at the warehouse. The receipt order must be issued for the actual quantity of materials received.

Instead of a receipt order, the acceptance and posting of materials can be formalized by placing a stamp on the supplier’s document (invoice, invoice), the imprint of which contains the same details as in the receipt order. In this case, fill in the details of the specified stamp and put the next receipt order number. Such a stamp is equivalent to a receipt order. When transporting goods by road, acceptance of incoming materials is carried out on the basis of a consignment note received from the shipper (if there are no discrepancies between the consignment note and actual data).

In the event of a discrepancy between the received materials and the assortment, quantity and quality specified in the supplier’s documents, acceptance is carried out by the acceptance committee, which draws up an act of acceptance of materials in form No. M-7 in two copies with the obligatory participation of the financially responsible person and the representative of the sender (supplier) or representative disinterested organization.

The act of acceptance of materials serves as the basis for filing claims and lawsuits against the supplier and/or transport organization. After acceptance of the materials, the acts with attached documents (waybills, etc.) are transferred: one copy to the organization’s accounting department to record the movement of materials, the other to the supply department or accounting department to send a letter of claim to the supplier. In the case of drawing up an acceptance certificate of form No. M-7, a receipt order (form No. M-4) is not issued.

Materials must be supplied in appropriate units of measurement (weight, volume, linear, pieces). The accounting price is established using the same units of measurement. If the supplier's settlement and accompanying documents indicate a larger (or smaller) unit of measurement than is accepted in the organization, then the materials are received in the unit of measurement accepted in the organization. Received materials must be posted in a timely manner. Reception acts and receipt orders should, as a rule, be drawn up on the day the relevant materials are received at the warehouse.

The posting of materials received from the accountable person on the advance report is carried out in the generally established manner on the basis of supporting documents confirming the purchase (invoices and store receipts, a receipt for a cash receipt when purchasing from another organization for cash), which are attached to the advance report.

Delivery of materials to the warehouse by departments is documented with invoices for the internal movement of materials in cases where:

· products manufactured by divisions of the organization are used for internal consumption in the organization or for further processing;

· the organization's departments return it to the warehouse or workshop storeroom;

· delivery of waste generated during the production process, as well as delivery of defective products;

· delivery of materials received from the liquidation (disassembly) of fixed assets is carried out.

To take into account materials remaining from the liquidation of fixed assets and other property, an act on the recording of material assets received during the dismantling and dismantling of buildings and structures (form No. M-35) is used. Materials received from other organizations (including free of charge) and manufactured in the organization are also subject to acceptance at the appropriate warehouses of the organization.

Primary accounting documents reflecting the receipt of materials must contain data on their quantity and cost. If the document does not contain the information necessary for reliable accounting of received materials, and does not meet the requirements for primary accounting documents, then the accountant does not have sufficient grounds to accept these materials for accounting.

Expenditure and movement of inventories in the organization.

The release of materials to production means their release from a warehouse (storage) directly for the manufacture of products (performance of work, provision of services), as well as the release of materials for the management needs of the organization. Materials are released from the central warehouses of the organization, depending on the structure of the organization, to the warehouses of divisions or directly to the divisions of the organization in accordance with established standards and volumes of the production program (tasks). The release of materials in excess of standards is carried out in accordance with the procedure established in this organization. When dispensing, materials must be measured in appropriate units.

The release of materials from the organization's warehouses is carried out only by the employee of the organization's department assigned to receive them. The lists of persons who are granted the right to receive materials from warehouses, as well as samples of their signatures, agreed upon with the chief accountant, must be communicated to the relevant persons discharging materials from warehouses (storerooms).

The release of materials from the organization's warehouses to production is carried out on the basis of pre-established limits. Limits for the release of materials for production are set by the supply department or other departments by decision of the head of the organization. Limits on the supply of materials are established on the basis of material consumption standards developed by the relevant services of the organization, production programs of the organization's divisions, taking into account the balances (carryover stocks) of materials at the beginning and end of the planning period.

The primary accounting documents for the release of materials from the organization's warehouse to the organization's divisions are the limit card (Form No. M-8), the demand invoice (Form No. M-11) and the invoice for the release of materials to the outside (Form No. M-15).

The limit-fence card is intended for the release of materials that are systematically consumed for the manufacture of products, as well as for monitoring compliance with limits. The limit intake card is issued in two copies for one name of material (item number) for a period of one month. Before the beginning of the month, one copy is transferred to the structural unit - the consumer of materials, the second - to the warehouse. The release of materials into production is carried out by the warehouse upon presentation by a representative of the structural unit of his copy of the limit card. The storekeeper notes in both copies the date and quantity of materials issued, after which he displays the remainder of the limit according to the item number of the material. For small volumes of materials supply, limit and withdrawal cards can be issued for a quarter.

According to the limit-fence card, records are also kept of materials not used in production (returns). At the end of the month (quarter), limit cards are submitted to the organization’s accounting service. In case of supply of materials in excess of the limit, a stamp (inscription) “Above the limit” is affixed to the primary accounting documents (limit cards, invoice requirements). The release of materials in excess of the limit is carried out with the permission of the manager or persons authorized by him. The documents indicate the reasons for the excess supply of materials. The above-limit supply of materials includes additional supply related to the correction or compensation of defects (for the production of products, products to replace rejected ones) and covering overexpenditures of materials (i.e., expenses in excess of the norms). When receiving materials for the production of products to replace rejected ones and to correct defects, acts (notices) of defects indicating the product code, part or order number for which the rejected products were manufactured are attached to the limit card or demand invoice.

To reduce the number of primary documents, Resolution No. 71a in the instructions for use and filling out forms recommends registering the release of materials in materials accounting cards (form N M-17). In this case, expenditure documents for the release of materials are not drawn up, and the operation itself is carried out on the basis of limit cards, issued in one copy. The vacation limit can also be indicated on the card itself. When receiving materials, a representative of a structural unit signs directly on the materials warehouse cards, and the storekeeper signs on the limit-receipt card. With this system of releasing materials from the warehouse, the warehouse accounting card is an analytical accounting register and at the same time performs the functions of a primary accounting document. The list of materials supplied by this method to the divisions of the organization where it is used is established by the head of the organization.

To account for the movement of material assets within an organization between structural divisions or financially responsible persons in accordance with paragraph 113 of Methodological Instructions No. 119n, an invoice requirement (form No. M-11) is applied. The invoice in two copies is drawn up by the financially responsible person of the structural unit handing over material assets. One copy serves as the basis for writing off valuables, and the second as the basis for their capitalization.

To record the supply of materials to the farms of your organization located outside its territory, or to third-party organizations, an invoice for the supply of materials to the third party is used (Form No. M-15). The invoice is issued by an employee of a structural unit in two copies on the basis of agreements (contracts), work orders and other relevant documents and upon presentation by the recipient of a power of attorney to receive valuables, filled out in the prescribed manner. The first copy is transferred to the warehouse as the basis for the release of materials, the second - to the recipient of the materials.

Waste generated in the organization's divisions is collected in the prescribed manner and delivered to warehouses using delivery notes indicating their name and quantity. When transporting goods by road, a consignment note is issued.

Written-off materials, the use of which is possible for economic purposes (materials with reduced quality characteristics), or subject to delivery as waste (scrap, rags, etc.) are transferred to the warehouse (storeroom) of the organization on the basis of a write-off act and an invoice for internal movement of material assets.

The write-off of materials transferred under a gift agreement or free of charge is carried out on the basis of primary documents for the release of materials (waybills, applications for the release of materials to third parties, orders for release, etc.).

All primary accounting documents on the movement of materials in the organization’s warehouses must be submitted to the accounting service within the deadlines established by the organization. The primary documents received from warehouses are subject to control in the accounting department regarding the essence and legality of the transactions performed, as well as the correctness of their execution. In cases where transactions are detected that do not comply with the legislation of the Russian Federation and accounting rules, the accounting employee responsible for accounting for materials informs the chief accountant about this.

In addition, it should be noted that the guidelines for accounting materials allow for the possibility, in addition to the unified forms of primary accounting documents, to use independently developed forms of primary documents. However, the following conditions must be met:

The organization is obliged to use unified forms and only in cases where their use is impossible or not provided for, develop its own forms of primary documentation;

Independently developed forms of primary documentation must meet the requirements for primary documents specified in Article 9 of the Federal Law of November 21, 1996 No. 129-FZ “On Accounting”. In other words, a self-developed document must contain all the required details, namely:

Title of the document;

Date of document preparation;

Name of the organization on whose behalf the document was drawn up;

Measuring business transactions in physical and monetary terms;

The name of the officials responsible for the execution of the business transaction and the correctness of its execution;

Personal signatures of these persons.

If an organization independently develops the form of a primary document, then it is obliged to include it in the appendix to the accounting policy regulations, approved by order of the manager annually.

It should also be recalled that business entities have the right to enter additional details into the unified forms of primary accounting documentation. Removing mandatory details is not allowed. The procedure for approving modified unified forms of primary documentation is similar to the procedure for approving independently developed document forms.

Since the primary document in accounting is confirmation of the fact of a business transaction, its incorrect formation can lead to serious consequences in the form of fines and additional taxes and penalties. There is only one reason for this: an incorrectly drawn up primary accounting document cannot be a confirmation of the fact of a business transaction, and therefore cannot be a confirmation of the company’s expenses.

The reasons why an organization may resort to developing an independent form of primary accounting document for the release of materials into production may be:

The specifics of the materials release process itself;

Features of warehouse accounting of materials;

Technological features of the production process itself.

Features of the organizational structure of the organization.

It should be noted that when developing an independent form for releasing materials into production, it is necessary to provide details indicating for what purposes the material is being released: main production, auxiliary production, or for the production of semi-finished products. The fact is, if this is not provided for in the primary document, then it will be unclear on which account it is necessary to take into account costs in the form of the cost of materials supplied: on the main production account (20), on the auxiliary production account (23) or on account 21 for the production of semi-finished products .

Based on a document that does not indicate for what purposes materials are released from the warehouse, the materials released are under the accountability of the person who received them. In this case, the write-off of materials for production is carried out on the basis of another document - an act on the consumption of materials. There is no unified form for such an act, so the organization should develop such a form independently. You don’t have to do this if you add additional details to the primary document used to document the release of materials from the warehouse, indicating that the costs belong to a particular production (main, auxiliary, production of semi-finished products) or type of expense.

The act of consumption of materials should contain the following approximate details:

Name of the primary document “Act on consumption of materials”

Date of compilation

Name of material

Destination (where this material was used: order N or cost estimate N)

Item number

Unit

Number of units supplied

Price (if the organization uses accounting prices, then the accounting price of the material is indicated)

Material consumption in quantitative and monetary terms

Return to warehouse in quantitative and monetary terms.

Every company must own current assets that provide it with stable production and financial condition. One of the main parts of current assets are inventories (MPI).

They include raw materials necessary for production or for the provision of services (works), assets necessary for management to perform their functions, as well as goods intended for sale, if it is a trading organization. In addition, these are tools, spare parts for equipment, fuel, protective equipment, special clothing and even fixed assets that cost less than 40 thousand rubles.

Inventory accounting has its own range of tasks, which are determined by current legislation. Namely:

• determining the size that affects the cost of inventories;
• correct execution of documentation for the submission at the right time of information on produced, received and sold inventories;
• ensuring the safety of reserves during their storage and operation;
• ensuring continuity of the production process through timely replenishment of stocks;
• analysis of the quantity and structure of inventories in order to identify unclaimed materials or their surplus;
• implementation of activities aimed at analyzing the effectiveness of their use.

The main regulatory document, of course, should be called Federal Law No. 402-FZ. However, it only contains general accounting requirements.

When reflecting inventory, it is necessary to be guided by accounting provisions, namely:

• PBU 5/01. This document reveals the concept of inventories, their composition, reveals the essence of the various methods of their assessment that an enterprise can use, as well as the rules for their reflection in accounting;
• PBU 9/99 – used when calculating the financial result from the sale of goods and manufactured products;
• PBU 10/99 – applies if there has been a disposal of inventories;
• – necessary when drawing up the company’s accounting policy, which should also reflect the valuation methods used, the accounting accounts used, and the rules for conducting inventory.

Also included in the regulatory framework is the chart of accounts along with instructions and corresponding methodological recommendations from the financial department of our country.

Classification in accordance with PBU

PBU 5/01 divides the assets under consideration into following categories:

• raw materials, i.e. assets that are used as input materials for the company's main production;
• assets that were purchased or manufactured for sale. This refers to goods and finished products;
• inventories necessary for the functioning of the company.

Guidelines for accounting

Inventory materials are objects that a person influences in order to obtain finished products, and ultimately, profit. It is necessary to understand that they are completely consumed during the production process, in contrast to the means of labor, i.e. fixed assets, the costs of which are included in the cost of production in parts through the mechanism.

Price

The cost of inventories in accounting is determined based on the actual costs incurred for their acquisition or creation. If the inventory was purchased under a sales contract with a counterparty of the company, then their cost includes:

• amounts paid under this agreement;
• advisory costs associated with the transaction;
• amounts paid to intermediaries with their participation;
• customs payments;
• fare;
• taxes that are not refundable.

This list is not closed. The law requires that all costs associated with their acquisition be included in the cost of inventories.

If MPZ is a product of the company’s own production, then their cost includes all costs incurred in the process of their production.

The assets in question may come to the organization in other ways. For example, they were provided by the founder. In this case, he himself determines their value, having previously agreed on it with the other owners of the company.

If the assets were received free of charge, then the market price of similar objects is taken as the basis.

Inventory cost consists of actual costs expenses incurred in acquiring them. However, the law does not allow it to be changed. However, there is an exception to this rule. So, if MPZ are outdated or have to some extent lost their useful properties, then they must be reflected in the reporting at the price at which they can actually be sold. And the resulting difference accordingly reduces the company’s current profit.

For this purpose, the PBU allows create an appropriate reserve. This provision must be enshrined in the company's accounting policies. According to the current rules, the reserve is formed once at the end of the reporting year.

However, its amount cannot be arbitrary. It is calculated as the difference between current market prices for assets and their value in accounting. It will not be superfluous to prepare documents indicating the level of market prices.

The Chart of Accounts for accounting for reserves for reducing the value of inventories provides count 14. This account is not reflected in the final statements, therefore the balance sheet shows the cost of inventories minus the reserve.

Disposal

Disposal of inventories usually occurs by transferring them to production, for the needs of management and maintenance of core activities. Also, these assets can be sold, transferred as a contribution to another company or to ensure joint activities.

All of the above actions must be accompanied by correctly completed documentation. For example, the release of materials into production occurs on the basis of requirements, limit cards or invoices for internal movement.

The implementation is accompanied invoices And invoices. All these documents have a unified form, but its use is currently not the responsibility of the company. Companies can determine their own document formats. The only condition that must be met is the presence of the mandatory details contained in Federal Law No. 402-FZ.

Reflection on the balance sheet accounts

In the balance sheet, inventories are reflected in the second section, because They refer to current assets that are used by the company throughout the year. For them, a generalized line 210 “Inventories”, which is then deciphered on separate lines, where materials and raw materials, goods and finished products, as well as unfinished production are indicated separately.

Separately, it should be recalled that the balance according to Russian legislation must be recorded in net valuation. That is, it must reflect the real value of inventories.

So, if the company created a reserve, then it is deducted from the value of the assets. And if the organization’s accounting policy provides for the reflection of deviations in the cost of materials on a separate account, then the cost of materials should be indicated minus such deviations.

Accounting for inventories in a company should be organized in such a way that interested parties can quickly obtain information about the composition of inventories, their cost, availability and movement. As a rule, these assets are stored in warehouses, so it is warehouse employees who must provide analytical accounting. Accounting employees should be controlled identity of warehouse and accounting records of inventories, which must be maintained in parallel.

Financial legislation in inventory accounting provides companies with a fairly wide choice.

For example, they may record purchased materials at actual cost or use accounting, while using an invoice to reflect any variances that occur. They can decide for themselves whether an impairment reserve is needed or not, and how often they will conduct it.

Also, companies themselves can determine how accounting and warehouse records are maintained. So, in a warehouse you can account for assets in physical terms, and in accounting - in monetary terms.

The main thing that all the nuances were reflected in the company’s accounting policies. It is this document that serves as the starting point for inspections by various regulatory authorities. Based on it, inspectors draw conclusions about how the accounting of the inventories and its documentation is organized.

Off-balance sheet accounting

The organization's balance sheet should reflect those values ​​that are in its possession, but do not actually belong to it. In the chart of accounts there are the following, on which inventory is recorded:

• 002 – materials that do not belong to the company by right of ownership are reflected here. These may be assets received by mistake, assets in temporary storage, defects, etc.
• 003 – the so-called, i.e. assets that were received by the company for the purpose of further processing and which are subject to return to the transferring party.
• 004 – consignment goods that the organization accepted for sale as an intermediary.
• 006 – strict reporting forms. Used by companies that do not use cash registers.

Forms of primary documentation

Every accounting entry must be made based on document.

If the inventories were purchased from a counterparty, then their purchase was made on the basis of a power of attorney issued to an employee of the company.

A receipt order must be issued at the warehouse, the basis for which is the delivery of supplies along with the delivery note, invoice and TTN.

Movement within the company is accompanied by the following documents:

• limit-fence cards;
• requirements;
• invoices for internal movement;
• acts on the receipt of materials received during the dismantling of property, etc.

If the sale of goods and materials took place, then invoices and TTN must be issued.

All listed documents have approved form, but their use is not required.

Assessment methods

When disposal of inventories, they also need to be assessed. PBU 5/01 allows the use one of the following methods:

• by the value of each asset;
• at average cost;
• at the cost of the earliest acquired asset ();
• at the cost of the last acquired asset (LIFO).

The method used must be specified in the company's accounting policy.

First method assessments can be used by companies that produce products with a small range, i.e. list. In such a situation, she can easily track the movement of materials and accurately account for the spent asset in the cost of goods.

At second method all stocks are divided into homogeneous groups. And for each group its own average cost is calculated by dividing the total cost of the group by the number of assets included in it.

At third And fourth methods estimates, it is considered that the first or last received stocks are released into production first, respectively.

Postings

For accounting of raw materials and materials used accounts, 15, 16, 14. The table shows the main typical wiring.

Inventory

Legislation obliges companies at least once a year carry out an inventory of inventories. An extraordinary one is carried out if a warehouse employee quits, if the property is sold or rented, if theft or fraud has been revealed, etc.

During the inventory, a comparison is made between accounting data and the actual availability of inventories. The inspection must be carried out by a commission that signs the relevant act. This act with the result of the inspection is approved by the head of the company.

Identified surplus inventories are reflected in accounting as income of the organization and are credited to the warehouse. Deficiencies are initially attributed to, and then compensated by the person at fault. If this employee has not been identified, then it is included in other expenses of the company. In case of natural disasters, it is immediately taken into account as a loss.

A webinar on the new inventory accounting procedure is presented below.