An interjection is a special part of speech that is neither independent nor auxiliary.

This part of speech includes unchangeable words that express emotions or motivation, an invitation to action. Interjections also include formulas of speech etiquette. We will talk more about the classification and syntactic role of this part of speech later.

About emotional interjections

Today, interjection is an incompletely studied phenomenon in the Russian language. Linguists conditionally divide them according to their meaning into those that belong to the category of emotional, imperative and etiquette.

It is probably easiest for every Russian speaker to give examples of emotional interjections, since our speech is unthinkable without them: oh, oh, oh-oh-oh, alas, ugh, well, well, fathers, thank God etc. Please note that all of them do not name, but only convey some feelings. It can be joy, fear, frustration and much more. Moreover, often the meaning of each of them can be determined only from the context. So, for example, an interjection of surprise - “those times” or “wow” - can also turn out to be an expression of annoyance.

The same can be seen in other examples:

• Oh! How beautiful it is! (delight)
• Oh! How you scared me! (fear)
• Oh! Shut up! (annoyance)

What are the interjections?

Imperative interjections mean those that encourage action, and also express commands and orders: shoo, out, march, well, hey, ay, chick, kitty-kitty, guard and so on.

Etiquette includes all interjections that can be attributed to the formula of speech etiquette: hello, excuse me, please, hello, best regards, all the best and etc.

By the way, an interjection is not a part of a sentence! But if you have a sentence in front of you like “A drawn-out au echoed through the forest,” then in this situation it is used in the meaning of a noun and acts as the subject. And in the sentence “Oh, these young ladies!” the interjection acts as a definition (young ladies (what kind?) oh, really). Don't confuse this with other situations: "We only heard oohs and ahhs from her." The words “ahi” and “ooh” are not interjections, but nouns.

Derivative and non-derivative interjections

The described part of speech is divided according to one more criterion - by origin. Linguists distinguish three types of interjections:

1. Non-derivatives (oh, ah, eh, etc.).
2. Derivatives - that is, formed from other parts of speech (think (verb), let's see (verb), pipes (noun)) or from syntactic constructions (who would have thought, etc.).
3. Separately, they cite a group in which the interjection is a word borrowed from other languages ​​(guard, wow, bravo, okay, etc.).

Sentences with interjections

In order not to make mistakes in the placement of punctuation marks, remember: if interjections are pronounced without exclamatory intonation, then they are separated by a comma: “Oh, I’m tired!”, “Whoa, someone flashed outside the window!”

With exclamatory intonation, they are separated, respectively, by an exclamation mark (both at the beginning and in the middle of the sentence): “Wow! How mature you have become!”, “Eh! You shouldn’t have come here!”

Sentences with interjections, which are formed from syntactic constructions, are subject to the same rules, for example: “Thank God, everything turned out well” or “Since then, thank God, he has been feeling well.” But note that the expression “the devil knows” in some cases is not separated by commas:

1. If it means “unknown”: “I went God knows where to find you.”
2. If they talk about something very bad or, on the contrary, good: “They told you God knows what about me” or “God knows how great it is!”

A few more words about interjections

It is necessary to distinguish between interjections and onomatopoeia. The latter does not carry any semantic load and acts only as an image of some sound. The words “car”, “few”, “chirp-chirp” and other “replicas” pronounced by animals and birds are not interjections. The same words can also include the image of the sound from a falling object, a working mechanism or a shot: “pop”, “dr-r-r”, “bang-bang”, “bang”, etc.

Another interesting feature of the described part of speech is that, even after living for a long time in a foreign country and being fluent in a foreign language, our former fellow countrymen continue to use Russian interjections. Most likely, the reason for this is the direct connection of these words with the expression of emotions - they are pronounced unconsciously.

As you can see, interjections are, although unnoticeable, very important objects of our speech, making what is said alive and emotional.

Interjections are divided into two groups:

• 1) emotional, used to express feelings (emotions), for example joy, surprise, fear, indignation, but without naming them: Oh! eh! bis! Bravo! hooray! — Hooray! Ours won! Bis! Bravo!;
• 2) incentives, used to express the desire of the speaker, to encourage someone to act, for example: shh! Hello! chick! stop! chick-chick! (Hello! Who's on the phone?; Shh , be silent!; Stop , You can't go any further!).

Close to incentive interjections are those that serve the sphere of etiquette and are used to express greetings, gratitude, and apologies: Hello(Ivan Ivanovich!); Thank you(for help); Sorry(for concern); Sorry(for intrusion). As can be seen from the examples, etiquette words are open to circulation ( Ivan Ivanovich), may have dependent words ( for your help, for your concern, for the invasion).

Interjections are usually used in oral speech. Therefore, the emotions they express largely depend on intonation, which determines the ability of many interjections to express different feelings: Oh! Oh! wow! O! Ouch! For example, Oh can be used when frightened: I came to tell you, that they are looking for me now... — Oh! — screamed Sonya is scared(F. Dostoevsky) ; when expressing admiration: Oh , what nights they were! What's better than them(V. Garshin); when expressing grief, regret: Oh , Dunya, Dunya! What a girl she was!(A. Pushkin), indignation: Matryona! - Dmitry Stepanovich shouted. — Oh , damn woman(A.N. Tolstoy). Interjection Ouch expresses fear: Oh! Gennady Demyanovich, father, have mercy. Dont kill (A. Ostrovsky); astonishment: How much is each samovar?[boiler] should it weigh? Eight hundred poods, I think no, more, one thousand and a half. — Oh oh oh (I. Kuprin) ; joy: I’ve prepared something nice for you... I’m buying a house from old woman Kugusheva - our garden will grow, A? - Mommy, Ouch, how nice(M. Gorky) ; regret: Now he lives like this - Oh oh oh! I even started drinking out of grief... How long ago did you get married?(M. Gorky).

Some interjections are associated with the expression of only certain feelings: contempt ( Ugh), with a call to something, such as silence ( shh), To cessation of any action (tsyts), to the removal of something ( Down with, away): — Tsyts , Rose, — Marya Petrovna said then, addressing the dog, who started barking furiously, — tuts! (D. Grigorovich); Down with tyrants! Away fetter! No need for oppression, slave fetters!(From the song).

The same feeling can be expressed by different interjections - in other words, synonymous series can be distinguished among interjections:

Oh! What a fate!

Oh! Amazingly evil fate!

Oh! What a fate!

Oh! Amazing fate!

(N. Matveeva)

The soldier rode through the forest, rode all day.

(Ay-ay-ay-ay! Oh-oh-oh-oh!)

Fur tree, pine tree. Yes!

And towards me - a grandmother, stupid as a tree stump.

(Ay-ay-ay-ay! Oh-oh-oh-oh!)

She says...

(I. Matveeva)

The vagueness of the feelings expressed about the riding soldier and the grandmother walking towards him is reinforced by the vagueness of the synonymous exclamations used.

A separate group consists of onomatopoeic words ( Bow-wow, oink-oink), which, on the one hand, as interjections, do not relate to either independent or auxiliary parts of speech, and on the other hand, unlike interjections proper, do not express any feelings. The language has many onomatopoeic words that traditionally convey certain sounds ( the clock goes tick tock, the rooster sings "ku-ka-re-ku", man laughs "ha ha"),

The assignment of certain onomatopoeic words to certain manifestations of human activity associated with sound is evidenced by their consistent use in literary works. For example, in “Song of a Flea” (translated from J. V. Goethe, music by M. Mussorgsky):

Once upon a time there lived a king

A flea lived with him,

flea, flea!

Dearer than your brother

She told him:

flea... Ha, Ha, Ha, Ha, Ha!

Flea? Ha, Ha, Ha, Ha, Ha!

The king of the tailor calls:

"Listen, you blockhead!"

For a dear friend

Sew a velvet caftan!

Flea caftan? Heh, heh, heh, heh, heh!

Flea? Heh, heh, heh, heh! Kaftan?

Ha, Ha, Ha, Ha. Ha, Ha, Ha, Ha!

Bloe caftan!

Most onomatopoeic words are created and used by individuals, who thus convey an individual perception of any sounds emanating from the surrounding world. An example is a “sound” image of digging the ground to free the wheels of a car stuck in it:

Using two shovels from both sides, we began to dig the ground together...

Crack, crack. Zen, Zen, zen, cough, cough. Slap, spank, spank Smack, smack Ah, disgusting. Here you will learn how not to give up. Slap, spank Take it deeper, it will still settle. Smack, smack And when will we have roads? Crack, crack. Where are you from?.. What’s your name? Boule, Bul. Sergey. Clay... You need to remove half a cubic meter from under each wheel. Shmyak, smack... Smack. Fuck! Seryoga straightened up, holding a fragment of a shovel handle in his hands (V. Soloukhin).

It is doubtful to classify “verbal interjections” as interjections, i.e. non-suffixal verbal formations like jump, leap, since, although they are unchangeable emotional words, they still have a lexical meaning correlative with the verbal one, and act in a sentence only as a predicate ( Frog jumping gallop and galloped away).

In their structure, interjections can be simple, i.e. antiderivatives, non-derivatives ( Oh, Oh), complex, formed by repetition of the same interjection or combination of different interjections ( Kitty Kitty, bullshit), as well as compounds representing combinations of words ( Oh my God, thank you Lord, goblin take it).

I consider interjections in the Russian language to be the main means of expressing emotions, so I would definitely like to say a few words about this part of speech.

Interjections are words that express the speaker's feelings and motives, but do not name them.

Examples. Alas, I have saddened my comrades! (P.) - regret is expressed; ABOUT! It turns out we know each other! - surprise is expressed; Wow! Finally, I feel better! - a feeling of relief after a difficult experience is expressed; Shh... attention! - requirement of silence; Hey, who's there! - a call to attract attention; But! Go! - urging; Hey! Stop - a requirement to stop, etc.

Interjections according to their meaning are usually divided into the following groups:

1) Interjections expressing feelings in the form of emotions: surprise, approval, threat, reproach, fear, sadness, grief, etc.: a! Oh! bah! oh yes! hooray! already! eh! Ugh! fi! ugh! ugh! Oh oh! Oh! O! Alas!

Depending on the meaning of the entire speech, on the intonation, on the situation of the conversation, some of the listed interjections are used to express completely different feelings, for example: Oh, how wonderful! (joy). Oh, this is outrageous! (grief, indignation).

2) Interjections expressing various motives: get out! away! (desire to delete); Well! Let's! (inducement to speech or action); on the! (an incentive to take something); chick! shh! (prohibition); March! (urge to go); Hey! (desire to be noticed).

3) Interjections expressing various feelings and expressions of will in relation to the interlocutor’s speech: here’s more! (disagreement), oh? (distrust), right! (confidence), etc.

Interjections are accompanied by onomatopoeic words, with the help of which emotions can also be conveyed: bam! clap! meow! crow! Bow-wow! These words do not name the sounds made by animals or objects, but reproduce them by imitating them, for example: Sometimes a double-barreled gun thumps over and over again: bang-bang! Tra-ta-ta! Shots were fired.

Interjections add liveliness to speech; this part of speech is characteristic of emotional remarks and exclamations: Wow, tired! Atas!

In connection with this function of interjections, it is believed that the main area of ​​their use is the everyday style, when live, relaxed speech is heard. Wow! Great!

In fiction, writers use interjections, firstly, to characterize characters in speech; secondly, they are also used in the author’s text to convey the dynamics of the events described, when expressing the author’s relationship to the described events, and interjections are widely used to convey the suddenness of actions, showing the accompanying sounds, exclamations, etc., for example: General in difficult cases he only said “hm!” (Dostoevsky.) Ay, Moska, know that she is strong, that she barks at an elephant! (Kr.) Fuck-tah-tah, fuck-tah-tah! snowy dust soared to the sky (Block.)

Separately, it should be said about the verbal interjections bam, clap, bang, etc., which are recognized to express the meaning of an instant or unexpected action, and also give the speech clarity and picturesqueness: instead of reporting an action, the speaker seems to paint a picture of this action in front of the listeners, for example: Monkey , seeing your image in the mirror. Quietly kick the bear! (Kr.) Look, oblique, now save yourself. Don't get caught in winter! I take aim - boom! And you’ll lie down... Uuuh!.. (N.)

From this it becomes clear that interjection is one of the main means for conveying emotions.

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Lecture 32 Interjection

This lecture discusses the main features and classifications of interjections.

Interjection

This lecture discusses the main features and classifications of interjections.

Lecture outline

31.1. Interjection as a part of speech.

31.2. Classifications of interjections.

31.3. Onomatopoeic words.

31.1. Interjection as part of speech

Interjection is a little-studied class of words, which, due to its intermediate position in the general system of parts of speech of the modern Russian literary language, has not yet received a precise definition. The history of this issue goes back a long way.

Currently, in school practice it is generally accepted that interjection - this is a part of speech that expresses various feelings and motives, but does not name them.

Expressed interjections feelings or expressions of will are conveyed using special intonation, for example: Oh, how much interesting material I have!.. (A. Kuprin); Hey! A fox fur coat, if you have extra ones, don’t regret five knights... (In. Annensky).

Interjections differ from both significant and auxiliary parts of speech. From significant parts of speech interjections They differ in that they do not name phenomena of reality, and from service ones in that they do not express the relationship between words in a phrase and a sentence, do not serve to connect words and sentences, and do not introduce additional semantic shades into the sentence.

Interjections have neither lexical nor grammatical meanings and cannot act as any member of a sentence. However interjections are the basis for the formation of words of other parts of speech: nouns, adjectives, verbs that are actively used in speech. For example: The horses indifferently stepped over the barrier and moved on, but the driver of the carriage stopped , pulled the reins (B. Akunin).

TO interjections Words denoting instant actions should not be used: bang, clap, slap etc. (although in science there are different points of view on this issue), as well as words that imitate various sounds and voices of animals and birds. (tra-ta-ta; boom-boom-boom; meow-meow; woof-woof; ha-ha-ha and etc. ).

31.2. Classifications of interjections

Types of interjections by origin

By origin interjections are divided into non-derivatives And derivatives.

Non-derivatives interjections do not correlate with words of other parts of speech and usually consist of one, two or three sounds ( a, oh, uh, ah, oh, eh, wow, alas, ay-ay-ay, oh-oh-oh).

Derivatives interjections are formed from words of other parts of speech:

Verbs (hello, goodbye, just think about it);

Nouns (priests, guard, Lord);

adverb (pretty, full);

Pronouns (same thing).

Words of foreign origin (hello, bravo, encore, kaput)

Types of interjections by structure

By structure interjections can be simple, complex or compound.

- Simple, consist of one word (ai, oh, alas);

- Complex, formed by combining two or three interjections (ay-ay-ay, oh-oh-oh, fathers-lights);

- Composite, consist of two or more words (alas and ah; same thing; here you go; here you go again).

Types of interjections by meaning

There are three groups of interjections:

1) emotional interjections,

2) incentive interjections,

3) etiquette interjections.

Emotional interjections

Express various positive or negative emotions, as well as one or another emotional state: joy, gaiety, fear, horror, bewilderment, apprehension, admiration, etc.., For example:

Disappointment - Ah, everything in the world is made of the same clay... (F. Sologub);

Irritation - Ugh, God forgive me! Repeat the same thing five thousand times... (A. Griboyedov);

Regret - Alas! To this day, only people... (Vyach. Ivanov).

Almost all interjections serving the sphere of emotions are clearly expressive. Nevertheless, in some interjections the expressiveness can be further enhanced. In some cases, increasing expressiveness is achieved by means of word formation (by adding suffixes of subjective assessment: oh-oh-oh-oh, oh-oh-oh-oh-oh, oh-oh-oh-oh-oh); the technique of complicating the interjection with the pronoun you is often used, with such use almost completely losing its lexical meaning and intonationally merging with the interjection: oh you, oh you, oh you, oh you, oh you, oh you, ugh you, oh you. A common means of enhancing expression is the joint use of several (usually two) interjections: ugh damn it, oh my god, oh my god.

Incentive(volitional) interjections usually express:

Call, call - Hey, collar, do you speak German? (In. Annensky);

Inducement, prohibition - Shh. not a word... the distance of the past... (John Annenisky);

Assurance - Now, sir, if you were outside the doors, by God, it won’t be five minutes since we remembered you here... (A. Griboyedov).

Due to their natural proximity to the imperative mood of verbs, interjections functioning in the sphere of expressions of will reveal a number of specific verbal features:

Capable of accepting postfix -those (na - here, well - well, that's enough - completeness, let's go - let's go, drop - drop, beat - beat, go ahead - go ahead, throw away - throw away)

Capable of combining with the particle -ka ( na - na-ka - here you go - here you go, well - well - here you go - here you go, let's go - let's go).

They demonstrate the ability to make syntactic connections with certain (usually pronominal) forms: forget me, get away from him, get out of here, march home, go to the river, to the apple.

Can be used when addressing interjections au, hello, hey, na, but (b-no-o), well, whoa, hoo-hoo: Hey, Zhenya, where are you?

Incentive interjections include words used to call animals or control animals: kitty-kiss, chick-chick, bit-bite, but!, whoa! and etc. and interjections used when communicating with young children: bye bye, yeah (agunushki, agushenki), bye-bye, bye-bye (bayushki, bayushki, bayushki), this also includes children's crazy.

Label Interjections are words associated with the expression of etiquette norms in speech: Thank you! Thank you Hello! Hello! Goodbye! Happily! Best wishes!, For example:

greetings - Great, friend, great, brother, great! (A. Griboyedov);

farewell - Goodbye, my friend, goodbye. (S. Yesenin).

All interjections of this group contain a certain amount of significance, which brings them closer to words of other parts of speech. Many interjections of this group are capable of developing secondary meanings and functioning as means of expressive-emotional expression of surprise or disagreement, rebuff, and opposition.

31.3. Onomatopoeic words

Onomatopoeic words are a special group of words that convey various sounds made by humans and animals, as well as sounds that exist in living and inanimate nature: woof-woof, yoke-go, carr-carr, cluck-tah-tah, drip-drip, meow, moo, frrk.

Onomatopoeia does NOT include:

1) words (verbs and nouns formed from them) with the meaning “to make a cry” like whine (whine), bark (bark), bleat (bleat), moo (moo)and etc.;

2) words with the meaning of instant action (truncated forms of verbs) like bang, plop, jump, knock, slap, clickand etc.

Emotional scenarios

Emotional Scripts Ekman: I want to introduce another concept, another complication - or, if you will, another obstacle to achieving emotional balance. But I hope that if we recognize obstacles, we can overcome them. I learned about

Emotional Principles