Mikhail Kudryavtsev reports: The battle for...
I make such aromatic pitted cherry plum jam every year. I like...
Sergeeva Tatyana Anatolevna
Job title: geography teacher
Educational institution: MBOU secondary school st. Pavlodolskaya
Locality: Art. Pavlodolskaya Mozdok district RNO-A
Name of material: Methodological development
Subject: Exploring the Universe: from Copernicus to the present day
Publication date: 08.01.2017
Chapter: complete education
Like ancient people
imagined
Universe
Universe
-
this is outer space and
everything that fills it.
- Celestial bodies - Gas - Dust
Earth.
1) Ancient Indians.
The earth is flat
and rests on the backs of 4 giant
Elephants
, which stand on
Turtle
. Turtle stands on
snake
, which symbolizes heaven and earthly space.
For a long time the center of the Universe was considered
Earth.
2) Ancient Babylonians.
Earth -
mountain
, all around is the sea,
sky
- an inverted bowl. The sun moves around the mountain, hence the change of day and night.
In Ancient Egypt, the World as represented by the ancient Egyptians: below is the Earth, above it is the goddess of the sky; to the left and to the right is the ship of the Sun god, showing the path of the Sun across the sky from sunrise to sunset.
How the ancient Greeks saw the Earth The ancient Greeks imagined the Earth as a flat disk surrounded by a sea inaccessible to humans, from which the stars emerge every evening and into which they set every morning. The sun god Helios rose every morning from the eastern sea in a golden chariot and made his way across the sky.
Ancient Greek scientist
Pythagoras
(mathematician) Pythagoras was the first to suggest that
Earth
not flat, but
round
, i.e. it has the shape of a ball (sphere).
(c. 580 - 500 BC)
4) World system according to
Aristotle
(philosopher).
Center – stationary
Earth
, around -
8
rotating spheres
(they are hard and transparent). The planets, the Moon, the Sun, and the stars are fixedly fixed on the spheres.
9th sphere
ensures the movement of other spheres -
engine of the universe
. Limits the Universe motionless
sphere of stars
.
Believed that the center
The universe is
not the Earth, but the Sun;
Earth and others
planets are moving
Around him. TO
unfortunately this
genius guess
was at that time
rejected and forgotten.
Aristarch
Samos
(320 – 250 BC)
For a long time, the Earth was considered the center of the Universe.
6) World system according to
K. Ptolemy
.
(127-145 AD)
Center – stationary
Earth
, other celestial bodies are moving around.
Sphere of the Still
stars limit the Universe.
I thought it was around
stationary earth
the Moon and the Sun are moving,
five planets and a "sphere"
fixed stars"
This assumption was considered true for 13 centuries!
Developed a geocentric system.
Claudius Ptolemy outlined his views in detail in a grandiose work
"The Great Mathematical Construction"
astronomy" in 13 books
Title page of "Almagest"
It made it possible to determine
predict location
celestial bodies at one time or another
moment
.
Why the Ptolemaic system
dominated science
13 centuries
?
Exploring the Universe:
from Copernicus to
our days.
??? centuries, Ptolemy's teaching about
Universe.
supported
church
seemed irrefutable.
But time passed...
cities grew
crafts and trade developed,
sailors discovered new countries and peoples...
Finally,
around the world
journey
finally proved the sphericity of our planet.
Poland, Torun:
house where N. Copernicus was born
De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
(“On the revolution of the celestial spheres”),
in which he outlined ideas about
structure of the Universe.
NICHOLAS COPERNIUS
(1473-1543)
Polish astronomer, mathematician,
economist, canon.
A well-rounded person: he studied law,
systems of the world.
Great Polish
astronomer
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543).
Has concluded,
that is not the Earth, but
The sun must be
motionless
the center of the universe
Born in Torun (Poland).
Studied in Krakow.
7) World system according to
N. Copernicus.
Nicolaus Copernicus created
new model of the Universe
. He observed celestial bodies, studied works, and performed mathematical calculations. 1) The Earth revolves around the Sun 2)
The center of the world is the Sun
3) The planets revolve around the Sun and around their axis 4)
Stars
motionless, they are located at enormous distances from the Earth and
form a sphere that
limits the universe
.
Nicolaus Copernicus
developed the heliocentric system
peace.
Copernicus
explained
shift
nights
daily rotation
Earth, changing times
of the year
tilt
rotation
Earth
plane
terrestrial
o r b i t s
appeal
Earth
around
Sun,
Right
arranged the planets
by their distance from
SUN
LAND
took away
this
a number of
third place.
The center of the Universe is the Sun;
The planets revolve around the Sun and on their own axis;
The Earth revolves around the Sun;
The earth rotates around its axis every 24 hours.
Monument to Copernicus in Warsaw
Comprehensively educated
person: studied
astronomy, law,
medicine, philosophy.
Ideas about the structure of the Universe
presented in the book
"On the appeals of heaven
spheres"
On the central
Polish Square
Torun there is a monument
Copernicus, on which
there is an inscription:
"Stopped"
Sun - shifted
Earth."
The teachings of N. Copernicus were supported by many scientists, they spread knowledge and deepened it. 1)
The universe is infinite -
cannot have a single unified center 2) The Sun is the center of the solar system 3)
The sun is one of
stars
, there are many of them and perhaps there is life somewhere else 8) Continued the teachings of Copernicus
Giordano Bruno
(1548 – 1600)
Born in Italy.
Burned in Rome.
Bruno was condemned by secular authorities and
by the Catholic Church as a heretic and was burned in
Rome for the dissemination and development of the teachings of N.
Copernicus.
Three centuries later, in 1889, at the site of the execution in honor of
A monument was erected to Giordano Bruno.
10)
Galileo Galilei
(1564-1642)
Through the telescope he saw: 1)
Bumps on the Moon
2)
Dark spots on
Sun,
they always moved on the surface in one direction => The sun rotates around its axis 3) Opened
satellites
Jupiter
=> not only can celestial bodies revolve around the Earth Galileo Galilei was the first person to see the starry sky through a telescope he made himself (30 times magnification).
Born in Italy
Drawings of the Moon by Galileo.
Sun spots
Telescope and astrolabe, which
used by Galileo
Telescope
Galilee
"Leaning" tower in Pisa.
This is where Galileo
refuted Aristotle
Galileo was the first scientist
who explored space with
using a telescope. In 1609
the Italian made a number of important
astronomical discoveries,
confirming the theory
Copernicus that the Earth
revolves around the Sun, not
vice versa. For this statement in
1663 Galileo was convicted
by the Inquisition as a heretic. Astronomer
was forced to give up his
device claims
solar system and nine years,
before his death, was under
house arrest. In 1992
special commission created
Pope John Paul II,
rehabilitated the scientist and
recognized his trial as "tragic
mistake."
Galileo decides publicly
renounce faith
however, having said his
most famous phrase:
“Eppur si muove” (“And that’s all-
she’s still spinning!”), phrase,
which will cost him
life.
"Dialogues"
Rome, monument
Giordano Bruno
Tombstone of Galileo Galilei.
Santa Corce. Florence.
It's been since then
It's been since then
many years.
many years.
It took scientists more than one generation
to create a modern model
Universe. New devices were required and
tools, new research methods,
human space flights.
Modern model of the Universe
Earth
solar system
(giant cluster of stars) - galaxies
Milky Way Galaxy
(galaxies together form superclusters)
Metagalaxies
Universe
Launch of the first artificial Earth satellite 4
October 1957 the whole world was shocked by the news that
The first Soviet rocket was launched into low-Earth orbit
artificial earth satellite "Sputnik-1".
allowing scientists to make observations without distortion
Dogs in space
FIRST
k o r a b l i
were
B e c p i l o t n y.
n and x
deorbiting was practiced, and
Also
studied
behavior
experimental dogs. On one of
ships
safely
flew off
Belka and Strelka.
yika is the first animal,
launched into Earth orbit. She
was launched into space in November
1957 on a Soviet ship
"Sputnik-2". At that time Laike
was about two years old and weighed
6 kilograms.
Like many other animals in
space, the dog died during
flight - 5-7 hours after
she died from stress and
overheating
First man in space
Vostok-1 was launched at Baikonur.
Having completed one revolution around the Earth
at 108 minutes, the ship completed
planned flight (for one second
earlier than planned).
Gagarin's call sign was "Kedr". Because of
failure in the braking system
lander with Gagarin
did not land as planned
region 110 km from Stalingrad, and in
Saratov region, not far from
Engels, near the village of Smelovka.
G.S. Titov
Second orbital flight -
carried out by G. S. Titov, who
lasted more than a day. During this
flight, the impact on
human body long term
stay in space. Titov first
had to face the "satellite"
illness" - when a person begins to
"rock" in weightlessness. Now
these symptoms are known to occur
in the first days of the flight and are caused
adaptation of the body to weightlessness,
but then it caused big
concerns and were developed
special training methods
vestibular apparatus of astronauts.
The world's first woman
astronaut - Valentina
Vladimirovna Tereshkova
the ship "Vostok-6" made a flight
V.V. Tereshkova. It continued
almost three days. Simultaneously on
there was a spacecraft in orbit
ship "Vostok-5", manned
cosmonaut Valery Bykovsky.
A woman's next flight into space
took place 19 years later.
11) Modern model of the Universe
1)
Earth
– part of the solar system 2)
solar system
– part of our Galaxy 3) Ours and others
galaxies
form clusters of galaxies 4)
Galaxy clusters
together form
superclusters
etc.
The universe is infinite
Check yourself:
Question 1.
The first scientist to express
assumption that the Earth has a shape
ball, was:
a) Ptolemy;
b) Aristotle;
c) Pythagoras.
Check yourself:
Question 2.
The first scientist who believed that the center
The Universe is the Sun, was:
a) Pythagoras;
b) A. Samossky;
c) Ptolemy.
Check yourself:
Question 3.
The word "sphere" translated from Greek
means:
a) rectangle;
b) ball;
c) square.
Right answers:
1 – in;
2 – b;
3 – b.
Summary:
1.
Ancient people believed that the Earth......
The first to suggest that the Earth
has the shape of a ball……….
Aristotle had at the center of the Universe
Aristarchus of Samos believed that the center
the universe is……..
The system………dominated science in
over 13 centuries.
In Ptolemy's model of the Universe, at the center
located…….
One of the first ideas was that in
The Sun is located at the center of the Universe,
expressed……..
It was this discovery that proved that
The earth has the shape of a ball……….
Polish astronomer N. Copernicus managed
conclude that the earth rotates
around……….
10. Italian scientist D. Bruno was the first
expressed the idea that the Universe………
11. Galileo Galilei was the first to use
my observations……….
12.This learned astronomer was burned in
Rome for spreading the teachings
Copernicus.
13. Dying, Galileo said: “And yet she
……….»
14.The solar system is part
giant cluster of stars………..
Homework: Study of the Universe: from Copernicus to the present day (retelling and tests) fill out the table
Scientist
Device
Universe
place of the planet
Earth
1. Nicolaus Copernicus 2. Giordano Bruno 3. Galileo Galilei
Question 1. How did ancient people imagine the Universe?
For a long time, the Earth was considered the center of the Universe. The ancient Indians believed that the Earth was flat and rested on the backs of giant elephants, which in turn rested on a turtle. A huge turtle stands on a snake, which personifies the sky and, as it were, closes the earthly space. The Universe was seen differently by the peoples living on the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The earth, in their opinion, is a mountain surrounded on all sides by the sea. Above them, in the form of an overturned bowl, is the starry sky.
Aristotle proposed his model of the structure of the Universe, or world system. In the center of the Universe, according to the scientist, there is a motionless Earth, around which eight celestial spheres, solid and transparent, revolve (translated from Greek “sphere” means ball). Celestial bodies - planets, Moon, Sun, stars - are fixedly fixed on them. The ninth sphere ensures the movement of all other spheres; it is the engine of the Universe.
Question 2. How did the system of the world created by Copernicus differ from the system of the world according to Ptolemy?
The main difference is that Copernicus has the Sun at the center of the world, and the Earth revolves around it. For Ptolemy, the Earth is located at the center of the world.
Question 3. What are the merits of J. Bruno in the development of views about the Universe?
The Italian scientist Giordano Bruno (1548-1600) believed that the Universe is infinite, it does not and cannot have a single center. The sun is the center of the solar system. But it itself is one of many stars around which planets revolve. Perhaps, J. Bruno believed, they also have life. And the Solar system has not yet been fully studied; it is possible that there are still undiscovered planets in it.
Question 4. What contribution did Galileo make to the study of the structure of the Universe?
In his observations of celestial bodies, Galileo was the first to use a telescope that he made himself. Galileo's best telescope gave a magnification of only 30 times. But this was enough to see irregularities on the surface of the Moon and dark spots on the Sun. The sunspots did not remain stationary; they moved across its surface, but always in one direction. The conclusion was that the Sun rotates around its own axis. What amazed contemporaries most of all was Galileo's discovery of the moons of Jupiter. This proved that not only celestial bodies can orbit around the Earth.
Question 5. What model of the Universe does modern science offer?
Modern science assumes such a model of the Universe. Our Earth is part of the solar system, which is part of a galaxy (a giant cluster of stars). Our and other galaxies, in turn, form clusters of galaxies, and they form superclusters. The world of the Universe is very diverse and contains countless celestial bodies and their systems.
Question 6. What is a galaxy?
A galaxy is a giant cluster of stars moving around a common center.
Question 7. Compare the Copernican world system (see Fig. 44) and the modern model of the Universe (see Fig. 51), find similarities and differences.
In models, the Sun is at the center of the Solar System, the planets are arranged in the same order, rotating around the Sun and around their own axis.
The difference is that for Copernicus all the stars are motionless and form a sphere that limits the Universe.
(Presentation for the lesson “From Copernicus to the present day”)Geography lesson notes
on this topic:"From Copernicus to the present day"
The purpose of the lesson: to acquaint students with the development of ideas of various scientists about the Universe.
Learning outcomes:
Subject: the student will learn to describe the ancient people’s idea of the Universe, to isolate the main thing from the text.
Personal: motivating students for learning activities.
Metasubject: the student learns to work with various sources of information.
Lesson type:combined
Methods and techniques:
Conversation, frontal questioning, completing tasks at the board, story, working with a textbook.
Personalities: Nicolaus Copernicus, Giordano Bruno, Galileo Galile th
Literature:
Geography, 5th grade, Beginning course, Barinova I.I., Pleshakov A.A., Sonin N.I., 2014.
During the classes:
Stage 1. Organizational.
Greeting students. Checking those present in the class.
Stage 2: Checking homework.
1. Remember which ancient peoples represented the Universe as follows:
The earth stands on three elephants, which stand on a turtle, and the turtle stands on a snake (India).
The earth is a closed dome (Mesopotamia).
Everything on Earth, the earth, the sky, and the Sun are gods (Egypt).
The earth stands on 12 pillars (Babylon).
2. Remember which scientist believed that
A) The earth is round (Aristotle and Ptolemy)
B) The planets are motionless and attached to spheres (Aristotle)
C) Planets rotate around their own axis (Ptolemy)
D) The Earth is the center of the Universe (Aristotle and Ptolemy)
3. Which scientist proposed this model of the Universe? (Ptolemy)
What is here at the center of the Universe? (Earth)
How do the Earth and other planets move here? (around its axis)
Stage 3. Studying new material.
Look at the images. Remember what discoveries these people made. Who haven't we covered?
Afanasy Nikitin
Vasco da Gama
Christopher Columbus
Aristotle
Nicolaus Copernicus
Today in the lesson we will get acquainted with the ideas of Nicolaus Copernicus and other scientists about the Universe. Lesson topic: "From Nicolaus Copernicus to the present day".
Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus believed that the center of the Universe is the Sun around which all the planets revolve. Planets also move around their axis. The stars are motionless and limit the Universe.
How do you think Nicolaus Copernicus explained the movement of stars if he believed that they were motionless? (Rotation of planets around their axis)
What are the similarities and differences between the Copernican and Ptolemaic systems? (Planets rotate in orbits and around their own axis; Ptolemy had the Earth at the center of the Universe)
Can we say that Nicolaus Copernicus described the Universe? (No, he described the solar system)
Open and read the textbook about Giordano Bruno. Can we say that Giordano Bruno's guesses were correct? Which guesses do you think are correct?
Italian scientist Giordano Bruno
The universe is infinite and has no center; (right)
The Sun is the center of the Solar System; (right)
The sun is one of many stars; (right)
Perhaps there is life in other star systems as well (not proven)
Italian scientist Galileo Galilei
For the first time I used a telescope to observe celestial bodies;
I saw irregularities on the Moon and dark spots on the Sun;
Discovered the moons of Jupiter.
Match the discovery with the conclusion that can be drawn from this discovery.
Answer: A-2, B-3, C-1
Modern idea of the Universe:
Earth is a planet in the solar system.
The solar system is part of the galaxy (Milky Way)
Our galaxy and other galaxies form supergalaxies.
All supergalaxies are part of the Universe.
Stage 4. Consolidation of the studied material.
Which statements are true and which ones are not?
Nicolaus Copernicus believed that the Earth was at the center of the Universe ( wrong)
Giordano Bruno believed that the Universe is infinite ( right)
Galileo Galilei discovered the moons of Mercury ( wrong)
The solar system and the Universe are one and the same ( wrong)
A galaxy is a collection of stars ( right)
Stage 5. Summing up the lesson. Homework.
Today in the lesson we got acquainted with the idea of the Universe of such scientists as N. Copernicus, G. Bruno, G. Galileo, as well as with modern ideas about the Universe.
Homework: Page 29-32 (oral retelling), Task No. 4 (oral)
