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In the southern part of the Russian Plain, in the area of the modern Voronezh region, traces of the oldest site of Homo sapiens - Kostenki - were discovered. In fact, over 60 sites dating back to 50 thousand years BC have been discovered here on an area of about 10 km2. up to 15 thousand years BC
Genetic code of human remains buried at the Kostenki site 26 thousand years BC. corresponds to the genetic code of modern Europeans found in Spain. Also, genetic analysis revealed that the Neanderthal admixture of this person is 2.8%.
At the Kostenki site, the oldest jewelry in Eastern Europe was discovered - piercings with ornaments made from the tubular bones of a bird and pendants from Black Sea shells (indicating a developed exchange with the Black Sea region).
The artifacts were found in a layer of volcanic ash brought to the Russian Plain from the territory of modern Italy around 33-31 thousand years BC. The composition of the ashes turned out to be identical to those found in the bottom sediments of the Adriatic Sea. Ashes of similar composition and age were also found in sections of a number of Paleolithic sites in Central and Eastern Europe, indicating the global impact of a volcanic eruption that provoked a sharp climate change - something like the “nuclear winter effect.” The finds of the Kostenki settlement show that the catastrophic consequence of the eruption was the cessation of the existence of this settlement, like many others in Europe during this period.
In addition, archaeologists came to the conclusion that the Kostenki site changed owners several times: a large number of purposefully broken figurines of deities were discovered. In more ancient cultural layers, the remains of people belong to the Caucasoid type; in younger burials, the skeletons belong to Negroids, and then again to Caucasians.
In the north of the European territory of Russia in Siberia, on the Usa River (not far from the mouth of the Pechera River), a Cro-Magnon site was discovered, called Mammoth Kurya, dating back to 38 thousand years BC. This Upper Paleolithic site, located at 66° N. sh., beyond the Arctic Circle, contradicts the concept of continental glaciation in this area. Bones of horses, reindeer, wolves, stone tools, arrowheads, and a mammoth tusk covered with a primitive pattern (age 36-32 thousand years BC) were discovered at the site.
The parking lot near the village of Byzovaya (64° N), is located in the foothills of the Subpolar Urals. Ninety-eight percent of all bones found here are from mammoths. Bones of woolly rhinoceros, reindeer, horse, muskox, wolf, bear, arctic fox and lemming are also present. Judging by the remains of animals, at that time the dry continental climate of open spaces dominated here. The age of the found tools and animal bones is estimated at 32-29 thousand years BC. The tools are made in the style of the Mousterian culture. Probably, the Byzovaya site was perhaps the last refuge of Neanderthals (but not all scientists consider the found tools to be Neanderthal).
It is noteworthy that the sites of Mamontova Kurya and Byzovaya are located on local accumulations of mammoth bones, i.e. Probably the “cemeteries” of mammoths were a kind of resource base for people.
An equally interesting site was discovered within modern Central Russia on the territory of the Vladimir region (Sungir site). Traces of dwellings and households, hearths, utensils, and animal remains were found on it, dating back to 27,000 - 18,000 years BC. The burials of Sungir are unique in their preservation and richness of grave goods. For example, in the burial of a girl and a boy, unusual objects were preserved - three disks (plates) with slots made of mammoth tusk with a diameter of several centimeters. A spear made from mammoth ivory reaching a length of 2.4 m was also found. To make such a weapon, it was necessary to have the technology to straighten tusks! Material from the site
Finds also indicate that already twenty-six thousand years ago, in the area of modern Vladimir, human ancestors walked in leather shoes, wore leather jackets with set-in sleeves and hoods, hats and pants. Everything was sewn according to the figure, that is, patterns were used. Our ancestors of this distant time already knew astronomy, mathematics, and the calendar; occurrence is recorded
Vorontsov caves
The total number of caves in the Sochi National Park alone is about 200, of which a quarter are of interest for scientific use for caving tourism. For tourist purposes, the following caves in Sochi are of particular interest: Akhtyshskaya Cave and Vorontsov Caves, which were sites of primitive people. Scientific research was carried out in them and now the caves are equipped for tourists to visit.
Akhshtyrskaya Cave(village Kazachy Brod, Adler district)
Akhtyshskaya cave Lovers of ancient history and tourists captivated by the beauties of the underground kingdom should definitely visit one of the most interesting caves in Russia because...
- according to mythologists, it was here that Odysseus met with the Cyclops Polyphemus;
- this is the oldest and largest site of primitive man on the territory of Russia;
- the cave is adapted for visiting by tourists.
Akhtyshskaya cave The cave was formed approximately 350 thousand years ago, when the waters of the Mzymta River washed it into the thickness of soft limestone rock. Scientists have established that the first people (Neanderthals) appeared here about 70 thousand years ago, but they left the underground labyrinths, which were often flooded with water.
And 35 thousand years ago, Cro-Magnons lived here, who learned to make various products from clay and bronze and improved the Akhshtyrskaya cave. Underground it was cold, damp, the wind was constantly blowing, and the ancient inhabitants erected stone partitions that protected them from drafts.
Odysseus and the Cyclops. Illustration by A.S.Plaksin. It is believed that in ancient times Greek colonists visited the mysterious grottoes, and Homer, inspired by the story of the Akhshtyrskaya cave, which was inhabited by formidable giant bears, told the whole world about the valiant Odysseus, who fought a one-eyed Cyclops in a stone labyrinth.
The underground grottoes were discovered in September 1903 by the French scientist and founder of speleology Edouard Martel, who, at the invitation of the Russian government, visited the Black Sea coast of Crimea and the Caucasus. In Sochi, Martel was researching the prospects for the city's water supply.
Edouard Martel – father of speleology For some time the discovery was forgotten, and only in 1936 the Soviet archaeologist S.N. Zamyatnin, who became interested in underground grottoes, established that where the Akhshtyrskaya cave is located, the first site of ancient people was located. About six thousand archaeological finds were discovered, which are now stored in the historical museum of the city of Sochi.
Akhtyshskaya cave In 1978, the caves received the status of a monument of primitive architecture, but the entrance to the scientific site was securely closed. And only in 1999 the caves were equipped with artificial lighting, equipped with stairs with wide steps, wooden flooring and opened for excursions. In 2013, the Akhshtyrskaya Cave became a nominee in the “Ten Visual Symbols of Russia” competition.
Observation deck of the Akhtysh cave The journey through the halls takes about an hour, and the path ends at the observation deck, which offers a beautiful view of the gorge. Far below, among the rocky shores, the Mzymta River (the longest river in Russia flowing into the Black Sea) carries its waters to the Black Sea. She has a stormy mountain character and is translated as Crazy. But once upon a time, 350 thousand years ago, the water level was so high that it reached the very entrance to the cave, and sometimes flooded it. 50 thousand years passed and the water receded, leaving a cave high on the rock.
View from the observation deck of the Akhtyshskaya cave on the river. Mzymtu How to find a cave : you need to go from Sochi along the highway to Krasnaya Polyana. Next, follow the sign to the village of Kazachiy Brod and go straight to the sign to the “Akhshtyrskaya Cave”.
Vorontsov caves (Khostinsky district)
Vorontsov caves The Vorontsov Caves became known a little more than a century ago. But they began to be explored only in the middle of the 20th century. The first excavations were carried out in 1957 and discovered traces of primitive man. After the research was completed, tourists had the opportunity to explore the caves. The entire excursion route was ready in 2000. All objects discovered in the Voronovsky caves were transferred to the Sochi Museum of History, where they can currently be seen.
Vorontsov caves
The Vorontsov caves have the longest labyrinthine passage system in the Krasnodar region - 12 km (the sixth longest in Russia), but not everything is open to ordinary tourists - a standard route along a small ring accompanied by a guide will take about forty minutes, the length of the excursion is 600 meters. The tour of the caves begins with the Prometheus Grotto, its length is 120 meters. From there the tour moves to the Chandelier or Theater Hall. It got its name due to the many beautiful sagging marks. Its length is about 20 meters and its width is 9 meters. There are many sinter formations in the Round Hall and the Prometheus Grotto. The trail is equipped and illuminated, so the route does not pose any particular difficulties for either the elderly or children.
Vorontsov caves A tour of the Great Ring is more difficult and longer. Tourists have to climb wells and walk through flooded halls. Due to its complexity, a tour of the Great Circle must be ordered individually.
Vorontsov caves The air in caves is healing: it destroys pathogenic microflora in the nasopharynx and upper respiratory tract (trachea, bronchus). The temperature in the cave is always the same regardless of the time of year: +12 degrees.
Vorontsov caves Near the Vorontsov caves there are beech, oak, apple trees, pears, chestnuts, rose hips and blackberry thickets, Caucasian cherry laurel and relict boxwood. The caves are a karst system that is connected to the surface of the slope by several passages.
How to find caves: take a regular bus (No. 127) from the bus station in the village of Khosta to the Kalinovoe Lake stop, then follow the direction of the bus towards the village of Vorontsovka and further to the parking lot for excursion buses, this is about 7 km. From the bus parking lot, go left up the asphalt path past the monument to fallen pilots and past the checkpoint of the Sochi National Park. Next you need to walk 900 meters along a dirt road and 400 meters along a path and you will come to the Prometheus Grotto - the main entrance to the Vorontsov Caves.
4 Sungir 4 Sungir is a Paleolithic site of an ancient man on the territory of the Vladimir region at the confluence of the stream of the same name into the Klyazma River, near Bogolyubovo. Discovered in 1955 during the construction of a plant and studied by O. N. Bader. Estimated age is 25 thousand years.
Burials. 4 Sungir became famous for its burials: a one-year-old man (the so-called Sungir-1) and teenagers: a boy of about 2 years old (Sungir-2) and a girl of 9-10 years old (Sungir-3), lying with their heads facing each other. The teenagers' clothes were trimmed with mammoth bone beads (up to 10 thousand pieces), which made it possible to reconstruct their clothes (which turned out to be similar to the costume of modern northern peoples); In addition, the graves contained bracelets and other jewelry made of mammoth bone. Darts and spears made from mammoth bone were placed in the grave, including a spear 2.4 m long. The burials were sprinkled with ocher.
Economy The main occupation of the Sungir people was hunting mammoths, reindeer, bison, horses, wolves and wolverines. During the entire period of excavations and research of the site, a rich collection of archaeological finds was collected, numbering about 68 thousand items. A significant part of the collection consists of flint flakes, chippers, anvils and cores necessary for the manufacture of tools, as well as various tools (knives, scrapers, scrapers, burins, piercings, chisel tools). Flint dart tips (triangular with a slightly concave base and almond-shaped), covered on both sides with the finest retouch, are distinguished by particular care in processing and perfection of form. The Sungir site is distinguished by a large number of products made from bone, horn and mammoth tusk (hoes, points, shaft straighteners, “rods”, weapons, jewelry, animal figurines), as well as high technology for their processing.
Here in the 19th century in the village of Kostenki near Voronezh, on an area of about 10 sq. km, at different times more than 26 sites of primitive Stone Age man were discovered and explored, some of which are multi-layered. People of the modern type lived here, in the middle reaches of the Don on territory of present-day Russia, at least years before they appeared in Central and Western Europe. This is supported by new artifacts discovered in recent years. for example, human burials "aged" from up to years, cultural objects
The bones of the Dwelling were round or oval in plan, often conical in shape and covered with skins. The base of the dwelling was secured with mammoth skulls and heavy bones, the ends of which were buried in the ground. On the roof, the skins were pressed against the antlers of a deer and the fangs of a mammoth. At the end of the Ice Age, twigs and logs began to be used instead of mammoth bones. Inside the dwelling there was one or several hearths located in the center or along the axis. Tools and clothing, food were communal property; all relatives had equal rights. Dwellings of Paleolithic man (reconstructions): 1, 2 – Kostenki, 3 European sites Samples of dwellings in the Upper Paleolithic from excavations of sites on the territory of our country
Bones. Voronezh region. The appearance of Paleolithic man on the Russian Plain was dominated by Caucasoid features. However, it is worth noting that the remains from the burial at the Kostenki 14 site are characterized by individual features of the Negroid type, and the children from Sungir showed signs of Mongoloidity. This may indicate that the formation of races was not yet completed. The characteristics that later became characteristic of different races were generally inherent in the emerging single type of modern man. Only with adaptation to the surrounding natural and climatic environment did people experience a final division into races. The appearance of Paleolithic man on the Russian Plain was dominated by Caucasoid features. However, it is worth noting that the remains from the burial at the Kostenki 14 site are characterized by individual features of the Negroid type, and the children from Sungir showed signs of Mongoloidity. This may indicate that the formation of races was not yet completed. The characteristics that later became characteristic of different races were generally inherent in the emerging single type of modern man. Only with adaptation to the surrounding natural and climatic environment did people experience a final division into races. In the photo - reconstruction of the aborigines
Venuses from Kostenki are more than 20 thousand years old. Paleolithic landscape in the Kostenki region. Almost all burials of the Upper Paleolithic era known in Russia were found in Kostenki. The discoveries made by archaeologists made it possible to restore the appearance of the first people and learn about their way of life and way of life. This was the period of the last and most severe Valdai Ice Age in the history of the earth. Following the retreating glacier, deer, Arctic foxes, musk oxen and, of course, mammoths, accustomed to the cold, went north. It was they who attracted the Stone Age pioneers here. By this time, people had already mastered the techniques of hunting large herd animals. In the photo - the ruins of a dwelling made of mammoth bones.
Kapova Cave Kapova Cave is located in Bashkiria in the Southern Urals and is a Paleolithic site of the same period as Sungir. The cave is difficult to access and well preserved. It has many halls and floors. 300 m from the entrance, a lot of drawings of animals from the Paleolithic period were found - mammoths, woolly rhinoceroses, horses, etc. People lived in the cave thousands of years ago. Tools, 4 beads, a knife, pendants, and part of a clay lamp-lamp were discovered - a rare find for the Paleolithic. The cave is located on the Belaya River in the Shulgantash Nature Reserve in Bashkiria.
Lyalovo archaeological culture of the Neolithic era Settlement 4-3 thousand BC. in the region of the village of Lyalovo near Zelenograd, the oldest among the Neolithic cultures of Europe. Currently, in the Moscow region, a huge number of settlements are known that belong to the Lyalovo archaeological culture, covering the territory between the Oka and Volga rivers... 4 The remains of round and oval-shaped buildings, with floors sunk into the ground and the remains of fireplaces or hearths inside, have been studied. There are dwellings measuring 140 sq.m., and in the Ivanovo region. - a dwelling with a volume of 200 sq.m. The Lyala culture is part of the cultural and historical community of the Forest Neolithic of Eastern Europe. Its main feature is the presence of clay round-bottomed and sharp-bottomed vessels, decorated over the entire surface with an ornament in the form of pits and impressions of comb or jagged stamps.
Trypillian culture is an archaeological culture named after the discovery site near the village of Tripolye near Kyiv. It was widespread in the Chalcolithic era in the territory of Ukraine to the west of the Dnieper and in Moldova, as well as in eastern Romania, where it is called the Cucuteni culture (Cucuteni). Time of existence: second half of VI - 2650 BC. e. Occupations of residents: agriculture, cattle breeding, hunting, fishing. The dwellings were first dugouts and small above-ground adobe “platforms.” Later, two-story houses. Tools were made of flint, stone, horn and bone; There are a few copper products (awls, fishhooks, jewelry).
Village of Fatyanovo 4 Fatyanovo culture - 4 archaeological culture of the Bronze Age (2nd millennium BC) in the Upper Volga region and the Volga-Oka interfluve. It was named after the village of Fatyanovo, near Yaroslavl, where ground graves with stone and copper tools and weapons, ceramics, jewelry, etc. were excavated. The population was engaged in cattle breeding and partly in agriculture.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL MONUMENTS OF THE MOSCOW REGION Fatyanovo culture is an archaeological culture of the Bronze Age (2nd millennium BC). Named after the first discovered burial ground near the village of Fatyanovo, near Yaroslavl. On the territory of modern Moscow, burial grounds of the Fatyanovo culture were discovered near the former villages of Spas-Tushino and Davydkovo; individual stone tools and weapons were found in Krylatskoye, Zyuzin, Chertanovo, etc. A number of burial grounds were excavated and studied. In the 2nd millennium BC. In the Upper Volga region and the Volga-Oka interfluve, the so-called Fatyanovo archaeological culture, dating back to the Bronze Age and represented only by burial grounds and individual random finds, was widespread. The inhabitants of the Fatyanovo settlement were people of the “Mediterranean” type with a high, steep forehead, a massive, beautiful skull, a thin nose, often with a small hump, and a wide chin.
In the West, relatives of the Fatyanovo people, united by the mega-culture of “battle axes” (according to the most common characteristic characteristic of all these cultures), are known in Sweden, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Poland, Denmark and the Baltic states. The dead were buried in a crouched position with weapons (stone and copper axes, spears, arrows), tools made of stone, bone, less often copper (wedge-shaped axes, knives, chisels, awls, pins, hoes, etc.), jewelry (necklaces made of teeth, bones, shells, amber), pottery (spherical vessels with carved ornaments, solar, that is, depicting the sun, signs on the bottoms). There are bones of domestic and wild animals. The main occupations of the tribes of the Fatyanovo culture are cattle breeding and hunting; agriculture took shape; bronze metallurgy was known. The social system is patriarchal and tribal. Beliefs are characterized by cults of the sun, ancestors, and bear. The Fatyanovo culture was part of a large cultural and historical community of the so-called culture of battle axes and corded ceramics, the creators of which were ancient Indo-European tribes. The Fatyanovo residents were cattle breeders - a burial of men with dogs and vessels for churning butter was found. Sheep and goats were placed in the grave. They knew how to smelt metal and make iron axes. battle ax of the Fatyanovo culture made of diorite
4 Archaeological culture of the Iron Age, which existed in VII BC. e. VII centuries on the territory of the Moscow, Tver, Vologda, Vladimir, Yaroslavl and Smolensk regions. The carriers of the Dyakovo culture are usually considered the ancestors of the Meri, Murom, and Vesi tribes. According to one version (there are others), the Dyakovites came from beyond the Urals and replaced the Fatyanovo culture. The Dyakovites were replaced by the Slavic tribes of the Krivichi and Vyatichi, who possibly assimilated the Dyakovites. 4 The Dyakovo culture is characterized by molded ceramics, Scythian jewelry, and clay weights of unknown purpose. At the beginning of development, the tools were bronze, then they were replaced by iron, and non-ferrous metals were used for decoration. But in general there was little metal, apparently it was highly valued, but tools made of bone were widely used. The Dyakovites lived in small fortified settlements, which were usually built on the cape; Apparently, such a settlement existed on the site of the Moscow Kremlin. 4 SPIRITUAL CULTURE The Dyakovites buried their dead in the so-called. “houses of death” (a prototype of Baba Yaga’s huts on chicken legs). One of them was discovered near Rybinsk (Yaroslavl region), the other near Zvenigorod (Moscow region).
1 - neck hryvnia; 2 - buckle with champlevé enamel; 3 - arrowhead; 4 - copper pendant; 5 - copper bell; 6 - clay weight; 7 - horse figurine made of bone. The basis of the economy of the tribes of the Dyakovo culture is settled cattle breeding (horses, cattle, pigs); The role of hunting is significant. Agriculture, which was at first a subsidiary occupation, has been around since the first centuries AD. becomes more important. View of Dyakovo from an airplane in the Kolomenskoye area in Moscow
Description of the presentation Primitive sites on the territory of Russia. Paleolithic sites: according to slides
Sungir is a Paleolithic site of ancient man on the territory of the Vladimir region at the confluence of the stream of the same name into the Klyazma River, near Bogolyubovo. Discovered in 1955 during the construction of a plant and studied by O. N. Bader. Estimated age is 25 thousand years.
Burials. Sungir became famous for its burials: a 40-50 year old man (the so-called Sungir-1) and teenagers: a boy 12-14 years old (Sungir-2) and a girl 9-10 years old (Sungir-3), lying with their heads facing each other. The teenagers' clothes were trimmed with mammoth bone beads (up to 10 thousand pieces), which made it possible to reconstruct their clothes (which turned out to be similar to the costume of modern northern peoples); In addition, the graves contained bracelets and other jewelry made of mammoth bone. Darts and spears made from mammoth bone were placed in the grave, including a spear 2.4 m long. The burials were sprinkled with ocher.
Economy The main occupation of the Sungir people was hunting mammoths, reindeer, bison, horses, wolves and wolverines. During the entire period of excavations and research of the site, a rich collection of archaeological finds was collected, numbering about 68 thousand items. A significant part of the collection consists of flint flakes, chippers, anvils and cores necessary for the manufacture of tools, as well as various tools (knives, scrapers, scrapers, burins, piercings, chisel-shaped tools). Flint dart tips (triangular with a slightly concave base and almond-shaped), covered on both sides with the finest retouch, are distinguished by particular care in processing and perfection of form. The Sungir site is distinguished by a large number of products made of bone, horn and mammoth tusk (hoes, points, shaft straighteners, “rods”, weapons, jewelry, animal figurines), as well as high technology for their processing.
PARKING KOSTENKA Here in the 19th century in the village. Kostenki near Voronezh on an area of about 10 square meters. km, at different times more than 26 sites of primitive Stone Age man were discovered and explored, some of which are multi-layered. Modern humans lived here, in the middle reaches of the Don in what is now Russia, at least 20,000 years before they appeared in Central and Western Europe. This is supported by new artifacts discovered in recent years. for example, human burials "aged" from 35,000 to 40,000 years, cultural objects
The bones of the Dwelling were round or oval in plan, often conical in shape and covered with skins. The base of the dwelling was secured with mammoth skulls and heavy bones, the ends of which were buried in the ground. On the roof, the skins were pressed against the antlers of a deer and the fangs of a mammoth. At the end of the Ice Age, twigs and logs began to be used instead of mammoth bones. Inside the dwelling there was one or several hearths located in the center or along the axis. Tools and clothing, food were communal property; all relatives had equal rights. Dwellings of Paleolithic man (reconstructions): 1, 2 – Kostenki, 3 European sites. Samples of Upper Paleolithic dwellings from excavations at sites in our country
Bones. Voronezh region. The appearance of Paleolithic man on the Russian Plain was dominated by Caucasoid features. However, it is worth noting that the remains from the burial at the Kostenki 14 site are characterized by individual features of the Negroid type, and the children from Sungir showed signs of Mongoloidity. This may indicate that the formation of races was not yet completed. The characteristics that later became characteristic of different races were generally inherent in the emerging single type of modern man. Only with adaptation to the surrounding natural and climatic environment did people experience a final division into races. Pictured is an Aboriginal reconstruction
Venuses from Kostenki are more than 20 thousand years old. Paleolithic landscape in the Kostenki region. Almost all burials of the Upper Paleolithic era known in Russia were found in Kostenki. The discoveries made by archaeologists made it possible to restore the appearance of the first people and learn about their way of life and way of life. This was the period of the last and most severe ice age in the history of the earth - the Valdai Ice Age. Following the retreating glacier, deer, Arctic foxes, musk oxen and, of course, mammoths, accustomed to the cold, went north. It was they who attracted the Stone Age pioneers here. By this time, people had already mastered the techniques of hunting large herd animals. The photo shows the ruins of a dwelling made from mammoth bones.
Kapova Cave is located in Bashkiria in the Southern Urals and is a Paleolithic site of the same period as Sungir. The cave is difficult to access and well preserved. It has many halls and floors. 300 m from the entrance, a lot of drawings of animals from the Paleolithic period were found - mammoths, woolly rhinoceroses, horses, etc. People lived in the cave 13 -14 thousand years ago. Tools, 4 beads, a knife, pendants, and part of a clay lamp-lamp were discovered - a rare find for the Paleolithic. The cave is located on the Belaya River in the Shulgantash Nature Reserve in Bashkiria.
Lyalovo archaeological culture of the Neolithic era Settlement 4 -3 thousand BC. e. in the district of Lyalovo near Zelenograd is the oldest among the Neolithic cultures of Europe. Currently, in the Moscow region, a huge number of settlements are known that belong to the Lyalovo archaeological culture, covering the territory between the Oka and Volga rivers. . . The remains of round and oval-shaped buildings, with floors sunk into the ground and the remains of fireplaces or hearths inside, have been explored. There are dwellings measuring 140 sq. m, and in the Ivanovo region. - a dwelling with a volume of 200 sq. m. The Lyalovo culture is part of the cultural and historical community of the forest Neolithic of Eastern Europe. Its main feature is the presence of clay round-bottomed and pointed-bottomed vessels, decorated over the entire surface with an ornament in the form of pits and impressions of comb or jagged stamps. .
Tripoli Chalcolithic Culture Tripoli culture is an archaeological culture named after its discovery site near the village of Tripoli near Kyiv. It was widespread in the Chalcolithic era in the territory of Ukraine to the west of the Dnieper and in Moldova, as well as in eastern Romania, where it is called the Cucuteni culture (Cucuteni). Time of existence: second half of VI - 2650 BC. e. Occupations of residents: agriculture, cattle breeding, hunting, fishing. Dwellings - at first dugouts and small above-ground adobe “platforms”. Later two-story houses. Tools were made of flint, stone, horn and bone; There are a few copper products (awls, fishhooks, jewelry).
Reconstruction of Trypillian clothing based on ceramics Ritual clothing of the priestesses of the Great Mother Goddess. Women's images of clothing on ceramics and their reconstruction
Village of Fatyanovo Fatyanovo culture is an archaeological culture of the Bronze Age (2nd millennium BC) in the Upper Volga region and the Volga-Oka interfluve. It was named after the village of Fatyanovo, near Yaroslavl, where ground graves with stone and copper tools and weapons, ceramics, jewelry, etc. were excavated. The population was engaged in cattle breeding and partly in agriculture.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL MONUMENTS OF THE MOSCOW REGION Fatyanovo culture is an archaeological culture of the Bronze Age (2nd millennium BC). Named after the first discovered burial ground near the village of Fatyanovo, near Yaroslavl. On the territory of modern Moscow, burial grounds of the Fatyanovo culture were discovered near the former villages of Spas-Tushino and Davydkovo; individual stone tools and weapons were found in Krylatskoye, Zyuzin, Chertanovo, etc. A number of burial grounds were excavated and studied. In the 2nd millennium BC. e. In the Upper Volga region and the Volga-Oka interfluve, the so-called Fatyanovo archaeological culture, dating back to the Bronze Age and represented only by burial grounds and individual random finds, was widespread. The inhabitants of the Fatyanovo settlement were people of the “Mediterranean” type - with a high, steep forehead, a massive, beautiful skull, a thin nose, often with a small hump, and a wide chin.
In the West, relatives of the Fatyanovo people, united by the megaculture of “battle axes” (according to the most common characteristic characteristic of all these cultures), are known in Sweden, Czechoslovakia, Germany, Poland, Denmark and the Baltic states. The dead were buried in a crouched position with weapons (stone and copper axes, spears, arrows), tools made of stone, bone, less often copper (wedge-shaped axes, knives, chisels, awls, pins, hoes, etc.), jewelry (necklaces made of teeth, bones, shells, amber), pottery (spherical vessels with carved ornaments, solar, that is, depicting the sun, signs on the bottoms). There are bones of domestic and wild animals. The main occupations of the tribes of the Fatyanovo culture are cattle breeding and hunting; agriculture took shape; bronze metallurgy was known. The social system is patriarchal and tribal. Beliefs are characterized by cults of the sun, ancestors, and bear. The Fatyanovo culture was part of a large cultural and historical community - the so-called culture of battle axes and corded ceramics, the creators of which were ancient Indo-European tribes. The Fatyanovo residents were cattle breeders - a burial of men with dogs and vessels for churning butter was found. Sheep and goats were placed in the grave. They knew how to smelt metal and make iron axes. battle ax of the Fatyanovo culture made of diorite
DYAKOVSKAYA CULTURE archaeological culture of the early Iron Age in the area between the Volga and Oka rivers. . . Named after a settlement near the village of Dyakova near Moscow. At the Dyakovo settlements, which were the ancestral settlements of cattle breeders, iron knives, awls, axes, sickles, pottery with imprints of coarse fabric, and bone products are found. This is Iron Age Culture Ist. 1st millennium BC e. – I half. 1st millennium AD e. Archaeological culture of the Iron Age, which existed in the 7th BC. e. - 7th centuries on the territory of Moscow, Tver, Vologda, Vladimir, Yaroslavl and Smolensk regions. The carriers of the Dyakovo culture are usually considered the ancestors of the Meri, Murom, and Vesi tribes. According to one version (there are others), the Dyakovites came from beyond the Urals and replaced the Fatyanovo culture. The Dyakovites were replaced by the Slavic tribes of the Krivichi and Vyatichi, who possibly assimilated the Dyakovites. The Dyakovo culture is characterized by molded ceramics, Scythian jewelry, and clay weights of unknown purpose. At the beginning of development, the tools were bronze, then they were replaced by iron, and non-ferrous metals were used for decoration. But in general there was little metal, apparently it was highly valued, but tools made of bone were widely used. The Dyakovites lived in small fortified settlements, which were usually built on the cape; Apparently, such a settlement existed on the site of the Moscow Kremlin. SPIRITUAL CULTURE The Dyakovites buried their dead in the so-called. “houses of death” (a prototype of Baba Yaga’s huts on chicken legs). One of them was discovered near Rybinsk (Yaroslavl region), the other near Zvenigorod (Moscow region).
1 - neck hryvnia; 2 — buckle with champlevé enamel; 3 — arrowhead; 4 — copper pendant; 5 - copper bell; 6 — clay weight; 7 — figurine of a horse made of bone. The basis of the economy of the tribes of the Dyakovo culture is sedentary cattle breeding (horses, cattle, pigs); The role of hunting is significant. Agriculture, which was at first a subsidiary occupation, has been around since the first centuries A.D. e. becomes more important. View of Dyakovo from an airplane in the Kolomenskoye area in Moscow
Paleolithic hunters preferred to settle on flat or slightly rough terrain near water. Therefore, Late Paleolithic settlements should be looked for near streams or lakes, at the confluence of rivers, on the plain or gentle hillsides. Since the Late Paleolithic, the terrain has remained almost unchanged. Things were different in the Early and Middle Paleolithic. Most of the monuments from this period were discovered on river terraces and in caves. Finds in open space are much rarer, although we know for sure that already at that time people preferred to live in open-type dwellings, going into caves only during periods of sharp cold weather. The climate, undoubtedly, largely determined the lifestyle and type of dwelling of Paleolithic man. From the life of modern backward peoples inhabiting the tropics, it is known that during dry periods they are quite satisfied with light, short-term huts that protect them from the scorching rays of the sun or from the hot wind. Only in the rainy season do they seek refuge from tropical downpours by inhabiting rock overhangs and caves or raising their homes above the ground to avoid being flooded by rainwater.
In open areas without natural rock overhangs, Paleolithic hunters built semi-dugouts or dugouts, that is, dwellings with a rigid, often dome-shaped frame, sunk into the ground. The difference between the half-dugout and dugout methods lies in the degree of deepening into the mainland. During the warm season, especially in the European periglacial region, the most common dwelling was the hut. It was easily portable, had a simple design and fully satisfied the simple requirements of the nomadic lifestyle of hunters. Thus, the dwellings of Paleolithic hunters, and possibly hunting cultures in general, can be divided into three main types: the simplest shelters of various types, hut-like structures and long-term dwellings with a rigid frame. The simplest shelters served as short-term housing in those places where the climate did not require more solid protection from the cold. The use of light yurts in summer and permanent dwellings in winter is known from the recent past of some Siberian peoples or Eskimos. The type of dwelling and its design depended largely on the material available. In Europe, at the edge of the glacier, where wood was rare, the frame of the dwelling was made up of mammoth tusks, deer antlers and long animal bones. Analogies in historical times are also known in Eastern Siberia, where the jaws and ribs of whales were used for the frame. Even in the last century, there were dugouts in which the entire structure above the pit was simply covered with earth, which provided good protection from the cold. Residents of steppe regions even today often cover the simplest frame with turf. Perhaps the dwellings of primitive man looked the same. Paleolithic man also built light shelters and hut-like structures in caves. People usually did not use the entire cave, but with the help of partitions they created personal dwellings for themselves - something like “separate apartments.” Finds of Paleolithic dwellings are rare, but even rarer are finds of entire settlements that make it possible to study their layout. A small settlement of the Gravettian (Pavlovian) time was discovered near the village of Dolni Vestonice in Moravia (its age according to the radiocarbon method is about 25 thousand years). Other such clusters of dwellings are found in Ukraine in the sites of Kostenki, Avdeev and Dobranichevka. The first Paleolithic settlement was opened by S. N. Zamyatnin in 1927 1. on the territory With. Gagarin in Ukraine. The study of the plans and remains of Paleolithic residential sites is complicated by two circumstances: firstly, the nature of the sediments in which the finds are located, and secondly, the old excavation technique adopted in the past. The fact is that previously separate exploratory excavations of a larger or smaller area were carried out, which did not make it possible to identify relationships between individual finds. The documentation of old studies was also imperfect; it lacked detailed sketches (drawings) of open areas, which were often replaced only by a scanty verbal description. Only after archaeologists began to excavate large areas did it become possible to better recognize and classify finds according to their relationships and analogies. The success of research has always largely depended on stratigraphic conditions and the nature of sediments. It is much easier to open a parking lot in the loess, where every detail is. is clearly distinguishable than excavating in rocky scree, so most finds of Paleolithic sites come from the loess areas of Central Europe, Ukraine and Siberia.
The oldest discovery that can be considered the remains of a dwelling was made in East Africa. This is a circular pile of stones discovered by L. S. B. Leakey in the Olduvai Gorge in a layer dated to the beginning of the Pleistocene. The find, therefore, is about 2 million years old, and if it is truly an artificial structure, then its creator could only be a human predecessor Noto Nabilis, the remains of which were found in the same layer. It is quite possible that this is really a building material, which, as a sinker, pressed the lower ends of the branches and skins that formed the roof to the ground, and not just a random accumulation of stones - a toy of nature. In central Ethiopia, about 50 km south of the capital Addis Ababa, French archaeologists have discovered several rich sites on the banks of the Awash River. The most important of them is Garba. At this Oldowan site, a vacant compacted space was exposed, suggestive of an adobe field of a simple dwelling. Along the perimeter of this space there were piles of stones, through which pillars or other elements of a simple structure could be wedged into the holes. In contrast to the surrounding space, the compacted “heel” was completely empty: no tools, bones or stones were found here; most likely it was a place to spend the night.
RESIDENCE FINDS IN WESTERN EUROPE The oldest remains of a dwelling in Europe were discovered by de Lumley on the French Riviera near Nice. The site is called Terra Amata and belongs to the Acheulean culture. Not far from here, in the Grotto du Lazaret cave, another type of Acheulean habitation was discovered. In 1957, in layer No. 5, the remains of a hut measuring 11x3.5 m were discovered here. The hut stood inside the cave, not far from the entrance, leaning against the wall, and was recognized by a pile of stone tools and bones, which were located exclusively within the residential building . There were very few finds outside the hut. The perimeter of the hut was surrounded by stones, undoubtedly brought here by man to strengthen its walls. It was the presence of walls that limited the spread of finds outside the home. The shell of the hut apparently rested on the side wall of the cave, but was not adjacent to it. A narrow strip of land stretched along the wall of the cave. containing almost no objects, which indicates that the stone wall did not simultaneously form the inner wall of the dwelling, but was separated from it by a narrow passage, which protected the hut from seeping water. No postholes or other traces of construction were found, with the exception of seven piles of stones located at intervals of 80-120 cm, with a free space always left in the center of the piles. This gives us reason to assume that the stones served to secure wooden stakes or pillars. But if the pillars from these points simply rested on the side wall of the cave, the interior would be too low. In addition, if the support pillars were located at an angle to the floor, the piles of stones would look different. Judging by the orientation of their "craters", the pillars were fixed vertically in them, and ceiling beams were laid horizontally on them, the opposite ends of which rested on a narrow ledge of the stone wall of the cave. This ensured the stability of the entire structure. It is quite possible that the supporting pillars of the frame had a fork-shaped branch at the upper end, into which the ceiling beams entered.
In one place the interval between the piles of stones was greater than usual: apparently, there was an entrance here. The same is evidenced by the scattering of finds of stone tools and bones, which only in this direction went beyond the boundaries of the dwelling. The entrance was oriented inside the cave, so the back wall of the hut was facing the exit from the cave. The entrance was not wide, up to 80 cm. East of this place there is another gap in the chain of stones; perhaps there was an emergency exit or hole here. At the back wall of the hut, directed towards the exit from the cave, the largest boulders were concentrated: presumably, there was a protective wall here that protected from wind and bad weather.
The roof of the dwelling was apparently made from animal skins, with which the frame was covered. It was a practical material that retained heat well and protected people from wind and water dripping from the ceiling of the cave. The ends of the skins were pressed to the ground by the same stones. From the arrangement of the found objects, ash and bones, it is clear that the interior was divided (possibly by a partition of hanging skins) into two parts. Immediately behind the entrance there was a vestibule or vestibule, where there was no fireplace and where finds of objects are quite rare. The second, larger part was the actual living quarters for people of that time. It was possible to get into this “room” only through the vestibule. Inside there were two hearths, but small and, judging by the thin layer of baked clay, of no particular economic importance. The main hearth was most likely located at the entrance to the cave During the penultimate glaciation (Rise) The hillsides around the cave were 80% covered with pine, but the proportion of pine in the charcoal from the fire pits did not exceed 40%.Thus, the inhabitants of the cave deliberately selected wood for firewood, being familiar with the differences between different types of wood.
The area around the two internal hearths contained the largest number of finds. On the contrary, in filling the passage room of the hut, i.e. e. entrance, there were fewer finds. In the cultural layer, small shells of marine mollusks were discovered, which were unlikely to be eaten, because they were too small for this. But seashells could not get into the cave naturally. The only explanation left is that they were accidentally brought here along with bunches of large seaweed. And since the shells were found mainly in places where there were few other finds (in the space between the hearths and to the right of the main entrance to the hut, behind the wind barrier), it seems most likely that this is where the “sleeping places” were located, beds lined with dried near the fire with seaweed. It is possible that animal skins were thrown onto the seaweed - this is evidenced by the numerous finds of metacarpus and finger bones, which usually remain on the skin removed from the animal. There were no larger bones here. Much more objects were found around these beds.
The lack of light and the relatively small number of finds suggest that the hut was used mainly as a place of rest and overnight accommodation; Apparently, the main life, when weather permitted, took place on the platform at the entrance to the cave. There the carcasses of killed animals were dismembered and the necessary tools were isolated. The hut gave hunters a roof over their heads and the illusion of comfort on long winter evenings. Here they could have been making tools, as evidenced by the large number of small fragments. Based on the animal remains found, it is also possible to determine the time of year in which the primitive hunter used the dwelling especially intensively. The bones of mountain goats (caught and eaten at about 5 months of age, with kids born in mid-June) indicate the early winter months, while the remains of marmots indicate the beginning of spring; It is absolutely clear that the dwelling was the “winter apartment” of the hunters. The inhabitants left the cave when the weather became warm. Over the past decades, the study of French sites has provided a lot of new interesting data. Prof. Bord has done a lot of work in this direction, but until now he published only preliminary reports of his findings. Another residential site was discovered in the Devil's Cave (Fouriot du Diable) in France. It has the shape of an irregular quadrangle with dimensions of the main sides 12x7 m. The northern side is formed by a protrusion-step of the hundredth 1 m, lined with large boulders , lined up in a continuous row. A similar row of stones stretched on the eastern side, and from the south there was a protective wall made of stones. The western wall was formed by a rocky canopy. In the south-eastern corner of the dwelling there was an entrance; the opening width is approximately 4.20 m The entire dwelling was located under an inclined rock wall; it was enough to rest tree trunks against the rock and cover them with skins, and the dwelling was ready. The cultural layer, lying directly on the rock, was limited by the contours of the dwelling and a low earthen rampart in front of its entrance; There were no finds outside these limits. In 1945, a site of the Hamburg culture was discovered in Borneck (western Germany). The German scientist Rust found here in the cultural layer a double hut-type dwelling. The stones holding the structure of the dwelling to the ground were arranged in two concentric circles, with the outer circle having a horseshoe shape and located on the windward side. Apparently, the outer tent had a protective purpose. Individual boulders were scattered around it, which, according to Rust, served to strengthen the belts that pulled the roof of the tent. In the space in front of the dwelling, about 2000 small flakes were found - a typical “workshop” complex. The dimensions of the internal tent were 350 x 250 cm, the outer tent-screen had about 5 m at the base. The age of the find is approximately 15 thousand years BC. In Bornek Traces of three other dwellings of the Arensburg culture were discovered. Unfortunately, two of them were almost not preserved. The third, with a diameter of only 2 m, was limited by a circle of medium-sized stones with a gap at the entrance. Several hundred small stone flakes were discovered in the filling of the primitive hearth . Rust estimates the antiquity of the find at 8500 BC and considers it a summer hut. At the Peggenwisch site in the north of western Germany, an outline (5 m in diameter) of a horseshoe-shaped dwelling from the time of the Hamburg culture was discovered. In front of the entrance, traces of a hearth and industrial workshop. On the sides there were boulders that pressed the belts. The shaft along the edges of the living space was filled with sand.
Another dwelling open on that or site, is distinguished by its large size and complex design and belongs to the Magdalenian culture. The large, pear-shaped part measured 7x4m; this was, apparently, the main living quarters. The entrance to it passed through a vestibule or vestibule lined with stones. The diameter of this utility room is 120 cm. The floor of this vestibule was paved in two layers with stones weighing up to 60 kg, presumably to protect against dampness. Large blocks of stone along the edges of the living space propped up circular sand shaft. A partially paved connecting corridor led to another circular dwelling with a diameter of 4 m, the floor of which was not paved with stone. The found inventory dates back to the Madeleine. Rust believes that here we are dealing with a winter dwelling. In the main room, which was more spacious and equipped with a fireplace, about a thousand flakes were found. At another site in western Germany, near Pinneberg, during excavations in the period 1937-1938. Rust discovered the outlines of six early and middle Mesolithic huts. Five of them are relatively well preserved. The contours were visible due to the darker color of the soil, which contained a lot of wood ash. The cross section showed. that along the edges of the residential area of the huts a ditch was dug 25-40 cm deep, in the filling of which voids from deeply driven structural pillars approximately 10 cm thick were preserved. In total, six holes from the pillars were found. The pillars forming the frame of the dwelling were probably intertwined with branches and covered with turf. The internal dimensions of the huts are amazingly small: 250x150 cm. The exit is oriented to the south. Since the holes from the pillars have a vertical direction, it can be assumed that the walls were vertical, at least in their lower part. It is unlikely that the branches tied at the top formed a spherical vault; rather, the horizontal roof structure rested on vertical support pillars. The distance between individual pillars was approximately 50 cm. The exit passed through a short and narrow vestibule or corridor. No remains of a fireplace were found either inside or outside the hut. Hut 1 is dated to the Second Dryas based on numerous stone tools. The density of finds increases to the southeast of the dwelling - apparently, this is where its inhabitants spent most of their time. The second building, of somewhat later origin, has a similar design. Along the outer edge of the circular ditch, four holes from supporting pillars were identified, spaced 30 cm from each other. The fifth hole was open at the low entrance. The thickness of the pillars, judging by the pits, ranged from 5-8 cm; the pillar at the entrance was somewhat thicker than the others. The building is pear-shaped in plan, its dimensions are only 150x200 cm. An arched trench 150 cm long extends from the widest point of the structure, which is then lost in the sand. Yamok
no pillars were found on it. Perhaps this is the foundation of a protective wall that protected the hut and the area in front of the entrance from gusts of wind. This, however, is contradicted by the fact that neither in the first nor in the second hut was anything found that would indicate frequent presence of people here. There was also no fireplace either inside or outside Hut II. Hut III stood somewhat to the side, measuring 150x250 cm. It has the same pear-shaped layout as Hut II; Along its outer edge there are also holes from pillars located in an arc. The side entrance opens to the southeast.
The fifth and sixth huts are partially on top of each other. These two accommodation units are younger and more spacious than Huts 1, II and III; their dimensions are 240x300 cm. No traces of structural foundations have been preserved here, but in shape they are similar to the structures described above. The trench around the perimeter of the dwellings is not as deep as that of huts 1, II and III, and in equal places has different depths. In general, we can say that the early and middle Mesolithic dwellings from Pinneberg were small in size, without hearths, and irregularly oval-pear-shaped. In 1921-1922 in the vicinity of Mainz, in the loess at a depth of 270 cm, heaps of stones were discovered, grouped around one or two hearths. The distance between the heaps varied from 50 to 100 cm. One hearth was placed in a cup-shaped depression 20-30 cm wide, filled with limestone the size of a fist, burnt bone fragments and ash. Another hearth, 70 cm in diameter, is also made in a circle with stones, but does not have a recess. E. Neeb (1924) also discovered here a platform with densely compacted soil, approximately 180x60 cm in size. The edges of this platform were framed by an earthen embankment approximately 5 cm high. No traces of pillars or other structural elements were found. Many broken bones and stone tools were found around the piles of stones. Neeb attributed this site to the late Aurignacian. Today it is already obvious that he discovered a residential property, which, unfortunately, using the methods of that time could not be recognized and recorded as it deserved. In 1964, the study of the recently discovered site of Magdalenian hunters began at Pensevan near Montreux, on the banks of the Seine River, in France. Leroy-Gourhan, in collaboration with Brésilon, discovered the remains of a residential building here. An analysis of the bone remains of animals, carried out using the latest advances in science, showed that the dwelling was used by people in the summer and autumn. The dwelling was built without a foundation pit, but its contours are well defined by the varying density of finds. The division of the entire site into three sections was clearly visible, each of which had a hearth, an empty strip without finds or with a minimum of them, an arched strip of finds (bone and stone tools and fragments), a workplace and, finally, an entrance. In front of two of the three fireplaces there were large blocks of stone, presumably for sitting. A strict accounting and description of all the finds and the study of the relationships between them made it possible to say with certainty that there were three hut-like dwellings located in a chain, connected by passages and covered with bark or, more likely, animal skins. Judging by the area of the beds, between 10 and 15 people lived here. The frame of the dwelling was apparently made up of poles converging into a cone. The discovery at Pensevan allowed us to get an idea of what the short-term huts looked like, which were built by deer hunters in Western Europe in the Madeleine. This residential complex is much older than the finds of Late Paleolithic dwellings in the territory of the former Czechoslovakia and the USSR.
