The operation of Soviet troops to liberate the territory of Belarus. Belarusian operation

Here a case worked in favor of Rokossovsky’s proposal: trouble occurred in the sector of the 2nd Belorussian Front - the enemy struck and captured Kovel. Stalin suggested that Rokossovsky quickly think through the option of uniting sections of both fronts, inform the Supreme Command Headquarters and quickly go to the commander of the 2nd Belorussian Front, Colonel General P. A. Kurochkin, in order to jointly take measures to eliminate the enemy’s breakthrough.

On April 2, Directive No. 220067 of the Supreme High Command Headquarters was issued, according to which the troops of the 2nd Belorussian Front (61, 70, 47th Armies, 2nd and 7th Guards Cavalry Corps), as well as the 69th Headquarters arriving from the reserve, The I Army and the 6th Air Army were transferred to the 1st Belorussian Front no later than April 5. In turn, Army General Rokossovsky was ordered to transfer the 10th and 50th armies to the Western Front by the same date. By April 20, the directorates of the 2nd Belorussian Front and the 6th Air Army were transferred to the reserve of Headquarters in the Zhitomir region, and the 1st Belorussian Front was renamed Belorussian.

To receive troops, Army General Rokossovsky, together with a group of officers and generals, went to Sarny, where the headquarters of the 2nd Belorussian Front was located. Arriving there, he found out that the front armies had insufficient anti-tank artillery. This was the reason for the success of the enemy’s counterattack near Kovel at the end of March. By Rokossovsky’s decision, the regrouping of three anti-tank brigades and one anti-aircraft artillery division (13 regiments in total) began from the right wing of the front, from the Bykhov area. In difficult conditions (blizzard, snow drifts) they covered several hundred kilometers in a short time.

After the acceptance of the troops of the 2nd Belorussian Front, the configuration of the line of the 1st Belorussian Front became very unique. Now it, stretching for more than 700 km, began from the city of Bykhov. Further, the front line ran along the Dnieper, east of Zhlobin, then went southwest, crossing the river. Berezina, then turned south again, crossing Pripyat, then, along the southern bank of Pripyat, went far to the west, to Kovel and, rounding the latter from the east, went south again. Essentially, the 1st Belorussian Front had two completely independent operational directions: the first - towards Bobruisk, Baranovichi, Brest, Warsaw; the second - to Kovel, Chelm, Lublin, Warsaw. This was what guided Konstantin Konstantinovich when developing a plan for further actions of the front troops. Already on April 3, he was presented to the Supreme Command Headquarters. Let us dwell on it in more detail, since it clearly characterizes the features of Rokossovsky’s mature military leadership thinking.

Rokossovsky saw the task of the front troops as being to defeat the enemy grouping in the area of ​​Minsk, Baranovichi, Slonim, Brest, Kovel, Luninets, Bobruisk, without giving the enemy a break. After the end of the operation, the front armies were supposed to reach the line Minsk, Slonim, Brest, r. Western Bug, which would make it possible to interrupt all the main railway and highway roads behind enemy lines to a depth of 300 km and significantly disrupt the interaction of its operational groups. Rokossovsky emphasized that the operation would be very difficult. It was not possible to attract all the forces of the front at the same time to carry it out, since the enemy’s defenses east of Minsk were very strong and trying to break through it with a frontal blow, without significantly increasing the strength of the strike groups, would be extremely reckless. Based on this, Konstantin Konstantinovich proposed to carry out this operation in two stages.

At the first stage, the four armies of the left wing of the 1st Belorussian Front were supposed to “cut down” the stability of the enemy’s defense from the south. To do this, it was planned to defeat the enemy group opposing the front forces here and seize positions along the eastern bank of the Western Bug in the area from Brest to Vladimir-Volynsky. As a result of this, the right flank of Army Group Center was bypassed. The second stage envisaged an offensive by all front troops to defeat the Bobruisk and Minsk enemy groups. Relying on the captured positions along the Western Bug and securing their left flank from enemy attacks from the west and north-west, the left wing armies from the Brest area were supposed to hit the rear of the Belarusian enemy group in the direction of Kobrin, Slonim, Stolbtsy. At the same time, the right-flank armies of the front had to deliver a second blow from the Rogachev, Zhlobin area in the general direction of Bobruisk, Minsk. Rokossovsky believed that at least 30 days were required to complete this plan, taking into account the time required for regroupings. He considered the strengthening of the left wing of the front with one or two tank armies to be an important condition for the possibility of carrying out this plan. Without them, the roundabout maneuver, in his opinion, would not have achieved its goal.

The plan for the front-line operation was very interesting and promising.

“Such a plan was of significant interest and served as an example of an original solution to an offensive problem on a very wide front,” noted Army General S. M. Shtemenko. – The front commander was faced with very difficult issues of directing the actions of troops in disparate directions. The General Staff even thought about dividing the 1st Belorussian Front into two in this regard? However, K.K. Rokossovsky was able to prove that actions according to a single plan and with a single front command in this area were more appropriate. He had no doubt that in this case Polesie would turn out to be a factor not separating the actions of the troops, but uniting them. Unfortunately, the Headquarters did not have the opportunity, in the then prevailing situation, to allocate and concentrate the necessary forces and means, especially tank armies, in the Kovel area. Therefore, the extremely interesting plan of K.K. Rokossovsky was not realized. However, the very idea of ​​​​the direction of attacks and the sequence of actions of troops, due to a large extent to the huge tract of forests and swamps dividing the 1st Belorussian Front, was used by the Operations Directorate of the General Staff in subsequent planning of operations» .

Throughout April and the first half of May, the General Staff of the Red Army, with the active participation of the front commanders, was developing a plan for the Belarusian strategic offensive operation. The General Staff once again requested the views of Army General Rokossovsky. By May 11, he submitted additions to the first version of the plan.

The purpose of the operation of the 1st Belorussian Front was to first defeat the enemy’s Zhlobin group, and then advance in the direction of Bobruisk, Osipovichi, Minsk. At the same time, it was planned to deliver not one, but two simultaneous strikes, approximately equal in strength: one on the eastern bank of the river. Berezina with access to Bobruisk, the other along the western bank of this river, bypassing Bobruisk from the south. Delivering two strikes gave the front troops, according to Rokossovsky, undeniable advantages: firstly, it disoriented the enemy, and secondly, it excluded the possibility of maneuver for enemy troops. This decision went against established practice, when, as a rule, one powerful blow was delivered, for which the main forces and means were concentrated. Rokossovsky was aware that by deciding on two strike groups, he risked scattering the available forces, but the location of the enemy troops and the conditions of the wooded and swampy terrain convinced him that this would be the most successful solution to the problem.

Rokossovsky's plan provided for continuity of the offensive. In order to avoid tactical and subsequently operational pauses, he intended on the third day of the operation, immediately after breaking through the enemy’s tactical defense zone, to introduce the 9th Tank Corps into the 3rd Army zone to develop success in the Bobruisk direction. After the 3rd and 48th armies approached the Berezina, it was planned to introduce a fresh 28th army at the junction between them with the task of quickly capturing Bobruisk and continuing the attack on Osipovichi, Minsk.

“Acting in such a somewhat unusual way for that time,” writes Army General Shtemenko, - The commander of the troops of the 1st Belorussian Front intended to cut apart the opposing enemy forces and defeat them one by one, without, however, seeking immediate encirclement. The Operations Directorate of the General Staff took these considerations into account» .

On May 20, the Deputy Chief of the General Staff, Army General A. I. Antonov, presented to I. V. Stalin a plan for a strategic operation, which provided for a simultaneous breakthrough of the enemy’s defenses in six sectors, dismemberment and defeat of his troops in parts. Particular importance was attached to the elimination of the most powerful enemy flank groups in the areas of Vitebsk and Bobruisk, rapid advance to Minsk, encirclement and destruction of the main enemy forces east of the city at a depth of 200–300 km. The Soviet troops had to step up attacks and expand the front of the offensive, relentlessly pursuing the enemy, not allowing him to gain a foothold on intermediate lines. As a result of the successful implementation of the Operation Bagration plan, it was supposed to liberate all of Belarus, reach the coast of the Baltic Sea and the borders of East Prussia, cut through the enemy’s front, and create favorable conditions for attacks on him in the Baltic states.

Troops of the 1st Baltic (Army General I. Kh. Bagramyan), 3rd Belorussian (Colonel General, from June 26 - Army General I.D. Chernyakhovsky), 2nd Belorussian (Colonel General, with July 28 – Army General G.F. Zakharov), 1st Belorussian Front and Dnieper Military Flotilla (1st Rank Captain V.V. Grigoriev). The total number of troops was more than 2.4 million people, they were armed with 36 thousand guns and mortars, 5.2 thousand tanks and self-propelled guns. Operation Bagration was supported by 5.3 thousand aircraft of the 1st (Colonel General of Aviation T. T. Khryukin), 3rd (Colonel General of Aviation N.F. Papivin), 4th (Colonel General of Aviation K A. Vershinin), 6th (Colonel General of Aviation F.P. Polynin) and 16th (Colonel General of Aviation S.I. Rudenko) air armies. Long-range aviation was also involved in its implementation (Marshal, from August 19 - Chief Marshal of Aviation A.E. Golovanov) - 1007 aircraft and aviation of the country's air defense forces - 500 fighters. Partisan detachments and formations closely interacted with the troops.

The plan for Operation Bagration on May 22 and 23 was discussed at the Supreme Command Headquarters at a meeting with the participation of front commanders. The meeting was chaired by Supreme Commander-in-Chief Stalin. During the discussion, the proposal of Army General Rokossovsky to launch an offensive first with the troops of the right wing, and only then with the forces of the left wing of the front near Kovel was approved. Stalin only recommended that Konstantin Konstantinovich pay attention to the need for close cooperation during the offensive with the armies of the 1st Ukrainian Front. A curious and characteristic dispute at the meeting flared up when discussing the actions of the troops of the 1st Belorussian Front in the Bobruisk direction.

Rokossovsky reported:

– I propose to break through the enemy’s defenses here with two strike groups operating in converging directions: from the northeast - to Bobruisk, Osipovichi and from the south - to Osipovichi.

This decision prompted a question from Stalin:

– Why are you scattering the forces of the front? Isn't it better to unite them into one powerful fist and ram the enemy's defense with this fist? You need to break through the defense in one place.

– If we break through the defenses in two areas, Comrade Stalin, we will achieve significant advantages.

- Which ones?

– Firstly, by striking in two sectors, we immediately bring large forces into action, and then we deprive the enemy of the opportunity to maneuver reserves, of which he already has few. And finally, if we succeed in even one area, it will put the enemy in a difficult position. Success will be ensured for the troops at the front.

“It seems to me,” Stalin insisted, “that the blow should be delivered once, and from the bridgehead on the Dnieper, in the sector of the 3rd Army.” So, go and think for two hours, and then report your thoughts to Headquarters.

Rokossovsky was taken to a small room next to the office. These two hours seemed like an eternity to Konstantin Konstantinovich. He checked again and again all the calculations prepared by the front headquarters. There was no doubt - two blows needed to be struck. Entering Stalin's office, Konstantin Konstantinovich remained calm, as always.

– Have you thought through the solution, Comrade Rokossovsky?

- That's right, Comrade Stalin.

- So, shall we deal one blow or two blows? – Joseph Vissarionovich squinted. The office was quiet.

“I believe, Comrade Stalin, that it is more advisable to deliver two blows.”

– So you haven’t changed your mind?

– Yes, I insist on implementing my decision.

– Why are you not satisfied with the attack from the bridgehead beyond the Dnieper? You're wasting your strength!

– A dispersion of forces will occur, Comrade Stalin, I agree with this. But this must be done, taking into account the terrain of Belarus, swamps and forests, as well as the location of enemy troops. As for the bridgehead of the 3rd Army beyond the Dnieper, the operational capacity of this direction is small, the terrain there is extremely difficult and a strong enemy group is looming from the north, which cannot be ignored.

“Go, think again,” Stalin ordered. - It seems to me that you are being stubborn in vain.

Once again Rokossovsky is alone, again he thinks through all the pros and cons one after another and again becomes stronger in his opinion: his decision is correct. When he was invited back into the office, he tried to make his case for two strikes as convincingly as possible. Rokossovsky finished speaking, and there was a pause. Stalin silently lit his pipe at the table, then stood up and approached Konstantin Konstantinovich:

– The front commander’s persistence proves that the organization of the offensive was carefully thought out. And this is a guarantee of success. Your decision is confirmed, Comrade Rokossovsky.

Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov noted in this regard:

“The version existing in some military circles about “two main blows” in the Belarusian direction by the forces of the 1st Belorussian Front, which K.K. Rokossovsky allegedly insisted on before the Supreme Commander, is without foundation. Both of these attacks, planned by the front, were preliminarily approved by I.V. Stalin on May 20 according to the draft of the General Staff, that is, before the arrival of the commander of the 1st Belorussian Front at Headquarters» .

The same “flaw” in Rokossovsky’s memoirs was also noted by Marshal of the Soviet Union A. M. Vasilevsky. In a conversation with the writer K. M. Simonov, he emphasized that, firstly, he does not remember the dispute with Stalin described by Rokossovsky, although he was present at the discussion of the plan for the Belarusian operation, and secondly, he objects to the proposal for double strikes, applied on one front (even if it was in this case) were interpreted as “some kind of operational innovation.” By 1944, such strikes were not a novelty, having been carried out many times before, for example during the Battle of Moscow.

What can you say about this? Rokossovsky did not propose to carry out “double strikes,” but planned to operate in two strike groups in converging directions. Such attacks were indeed used earlier, but not on the scale of the front and not with such a width of the zone as occupied by the 1st Belorussian Front. Belarus has always been a place where troops have stumbled in the past. The wooded and swampy terrain forced strikes in separate directions. Not everyone was able to cope with this task. Let us recall the offensive of the Western Front troops in 1920 against the Polish army. Rokossovsky took a big risk. However, he was accustomed to taking risks, and wisely, since the First World War.

Vasilevsky, who denied the existence of a dispute between Rokossovsky and Stalin, generally praised the plan for Operation Bagration.

“He was simple and at the same time bold and grandiose,” writes Alexander Mikhailovich. – Its simplicity lay in the fact that it was based on the decision to use the configuration of the Soviet-German front in the Belarusian theater of operations that was advantageous to us, and we knew in advance that these flank directions were the most dangerous for the enemy, and therefore the most protected. The boldness of the plan stemmed from the desire, without fear of the enemy’s counterplans, to deliver a decisive blow for the entire summer campaign in one strategic direction. The grandeur of the plan is evidenced by its exceptionally important military-political significance for the further course of the Second World War, its unprecedented scope, as well as the number of simultaneously or sequentially provided for by the plan and seemingly independent, but at the same time closely interconnected front-line operations aimed at achieving general military-strategic tasks and political goals» .

On May 30, Stalin approved the plan for Operation Bagration, which was decided to begin on June 19–20. By this, the Supreme Commander-in-Chief showed that he believed the military intuition of Army General Rokossovsky. He had to work again under the close attention of his former subordinate in the 7th Samara cavalry division named after the English proletariat. Marshal Zhukov was entrusted with coordinating the actions of the troops of the 1st and 2nd Belorussian fronts, and Marshal Vasilevsky - the 1st Baltic and 3rd Belorussian fronts. Their powers were significantly expanded: both received the right to directly lead the combat operations of the fronts.

On May 31, the headquarters of the 1st Belorussian Front received Directive No. 220113 of the Supreme Command Headquarters, which stated:

"1. Prepare and conduct an operation with the aim of defeating the enemy’s Bobruisk grouping and moving the main forces to the Osipovichi, Pukhovichi, Slutsk region, for which to break through the enemy’s defenses, delivering two strikes: one with the forces of the 3rd and 48th armies from the Rogachev region in the general direction of Bobruisk , Osipovichi and another - by the forces of the 65th and 28th armies from the area of ​​​​the lower reaches of the river. Berezina, Ozarichi in the general direction to the station. Rapids, Slutsk.

The immediate task is to defeat the enemy’s Bobruisk grouping and capture the area of ​​Bobruisk, Glusha, Glusk, and with part of the forces on its right wing to assist the troops of the 2nd Belorussian Front in the defeat of the enemy’s Mogilev grouping. In the future, develop the offensive with the aim of reaching the area of ​​Pukhovichi, Slutsk, Osipovichi.

2. Use mobile troops (cavalry, tanks) to develop success after a breakthrough.

…5. Readiness period and start of the offensive - according to the instructions of Marshal Zhukov» .

In the zone of the upcoming offensive of the troops of the 1st Belorussian Front, the enemy created a strongly fortified defense. The main defensive line consisted of a continuous strip of fortifications 6 and in some places 8 km deep. This strip included five lines of trenches stretching along the front. All of them were connected to each other by communication passages, which simultaneously served as cut-off positions. The first trench, opened in full profile, had many single and paired rifle cells, machine gun platforms, placed forward by 5–6 meters. At 80 - 100 meters from the trench, the enemy installed wire barriers of one, two and even three stakes. The spaces between the rows of wire were mined. Further, in the depths of the defense, trenches stretched one after another: the second - at a distance of 200-300 meters from the front edge, the third - 500-600 meters, then the fourth and 2-3 km away the fifth trench, which covered artillery firing positions. There were no wire fences between the trenches, only minefields were located near the roads.

The dugouts where the soldiers took cover were located behind the trenches. Long-term firing points were also built, mainly wood-earth ones. Tank towers buried in the ground were used to set up firing points. The turrets, easily rotating 360°, provided all-round fire. In swampy areas where it was impossible to dig trenches, the enemy built embankment firing points, the walls of which were reinforced with logs, stones and covered with earth. All settlements were turned into centers of resistance. Bobruisk was especially powerfully fortified, around which there were external and internal fortified contours. Houses, basements, and outbuildings on the outskirts of the city were adapted for defense. The squares and streets had reinforced concrete fortifications, barricades, barbed wire, and mined areas.

If we take into account that all these fortifications were located in an extremely difficult terrain for an offensive, replete with swamps and forests and making it difficult to use heavy equipment, especially tanks, then it will become clear why the enemy hoped to sit out and repel the advance of the Soviet troops. As events showed, he did not have the slightest chance for this.

In preparation for Operation Bagration, special attention was paid to achieving surprise and disinformation of the enemy. For this purpose, the fronts were ordered to create at least three defensive lines at a depth of 40 km. Settlements adapted to perimeter defense. Front-line, army and division newspapers published materials on defensive topics. As a result, the enemy's attention was largely diverted from the upcoming offensive. Radio silence was strictly observed among the troops, and a narrow circle of people was involved in the development of the operation plan. Only six people knew the full plan of Operation Bagration: the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, his deputy, the chief of the General Staff and his first deputy, the head of the Operations Directorate and one of his deputies. The regrouping of troops was carried out in compliance with all camouflage measures. All movements were carried out only at night and in small groups.

In order to give the enemy the impression that the main blow would be delivered in the summer in the south, at the direction of the Supreme High Command Headquarters, a false group consisting of 9 rifle divisions, reinforced with tanks and artillery, was created on the right wing of the 3rd Ukrainian Front, north of Chisinau. In this area, mock-ups of tanks and anti-aircraft artillery guns were installed, and fighter jets patrolled the air. As a result, the enemy failed to reveal the plan of the Soviet Supreme High Command, nor the scale of the upcoming offensive, nor the direction of the main attack. Therefore, Hitler kept 24 divisions south of Polesie out of 34 tank and mechanized divisions.

In accordance with the directive of the Supreme High Command Headquarters, the offensive on the right wing of the 1st Belorussian Front, in the Bobruisk direction, was to be carried out by the forces of four armies: 3rd (Lieutenant General, from June 29 - Colonel General A.V. Gorbatov), ​​48th th (Lieutenant General P. L. Romanenko), 65th (Lieutenant General, from June 29 - Colonel General P. I. Batov) and 28th (Lieutenant General A. A. Luchinsky). The 1st Polish Army under the command of General Z. Berling was included in the front.

At the direction of Rokossovsky, the army commanders presented their ideas to front headquarters about where they intended to strike the enemy, and the commander began to check whether their choice was successful enough.

The right-flank 3rd Army had a bridgehead across the Dnieper, quite suitable for striking. The 48th Army was in much worse conditions. Rokossovsky himself climbed the front line, literally on his stomach, and became convinced that it was impossible to advance in this area. Just to transport a light weapon, it was necessary to lay a flooring of logs in several rows. Almost continuous swamps with small islands overgrown with bushes and dense forest excluded the possibility of concentrating heavy artillery and tanks. Therefore, Rokossovsky ordered General Romanenko to regroup his forces to the 3rd Army bridgehead at Rogachev and act together with the troops of General Gorbatov. This decision of Rokossovsky was soon confirmed by Zhukov, who on June 5 arrived at the temporary command post of the 1st Belorussian Front in the village of Durevichi.

According to the front directive, the troops of the 3rd Army were given the following task:

“Make a breakthrough with two rifle corps, delivering the main blow from the existing bridgehead on the Drut River. The tank corps and the second echelon of the army (two rifle corps) are introduced on the left flank of the army’s strike group. The northern direction between the Dnieper and Drut rivers is to be defended by a reinforced rifle corps of three divisions. Reach the Berezina on the ninth day of the operation» .

The army commander, General Gorbatov, did not agree with this formulation of the problem. He reported on this at a meeting attended by the commanders of armies, aviation, armored and mechanized forces, and front artillery.

How did Gorbatov justify his decision, which differed from Rokossovsky’s instructions? Considering that in front of the bridgehead the enemy had continuous minefields, five-six rows of wire, firing points in steel caps and concrete, a strong military and artillery group, and also the fact that he was expecting an attack from this very area, Gorbatov planned to attack here only with part of the forces, and with the main forces to cross the Dnieper - with the 35th Rifle Corps to the right, near the village of Ozerane, and with the 41st Rifle Corps to the left of the bridgehead. Formations of the 80th Rifle Corps were to advance further north, through the swampy Druti valley between Khomichy and Rekta, using boats made by parts of the corps. The 9th Tank and 46th Rifle Corps were to be ready to enter the battle after the 41st Rifle Corps in order to build up the attack on the left flank, as provided for in the directive. At the same time, they received instructions to be prepared also for their possible entry behind the 35th Rifle Corps. To defend the northern direction between the Dnieper and Drut rivers, General Gorbatov planned to use only an army reserve regiment, and keep the 40th Rifle Corps concentrated and prepared to enter the battle to develop success. The army commander motivated this part of the decision by the fact that if the enemy has not launched a strike on the army’s troops from the north so far, then, of course, he will not strike it even when the 3rd Army and its right neighbor - the 50th Army - move into offensive The exit to the Berezina was planned not on the ninth day, as indicated in the directive, but on the seventh.

Marshal Zhukov, judging by Gorbatov’s memoirs, was dissatisfied that the army commander allowed a deviation from the front directive. After a short break, Rokossovsky asked the meeting participants who wanted to speak. There were no takers. And here, unlike Zhukov, the front commander acted differently: he approved Gorbatov’s decision. At the same time, he added that the 42nd Rifle Corps, which was recently transferred to the 48th Army, will advance along the Rogachev-Bobruisk highway, as planned by Gorbatov’s preliminary decision, having an elbow connection with the 41st Rifle Corps.

Zhukov, having informed the meeting participants about successes on all fronts, gave a number of practical valuable instructions, and then said:

– Where to develop success, on the right or left flank, will be seen during the breakthrough. I think you yourself will refuse, without our pressure, to introduce a second echelon on the right flank. Although the front commander approved the decision, I still believe that the northern direction must be stubbornly defended by the forces of a reinforced corps, and not by a reserve regiment. The 80th Rifle Corps has no business going into the swamp; it will get stuck there and do nothing. I recommend taking away the army mortar regiment assigned to him.

General Gorbatov was forced to listen to the opinion of the representative of the Supreme Command Headquarters. The commander put the 40th Rifle Corps on the defensive, but did not change the task of the 80th Rifle Corps.

After the meeting, Zhukov and Rokossovsky went to the area of ​​Rogachev and Zhlobin, to the location of the 3rd and 48th armies, and then to the 65th Army, where they studied the terrain and enemy defenses in detail. Here the main blow was to be delivered in the direction of Bobruisk, Slutsk, Baranovichi, and with part of the forces - through Osipovichi and Pukhovichi to Minsk. Based on a study of the area, changes were made to the plan for the upcoming operation. P.I. Batov writes that the operation plan presented by the Military Council of the 65th Army was approved by the front commander.

“What was new this time was - notes Pavel Ivanovich, - that in addition to the approved plan, a second, accelerated version was reported, developed at the direction of G.K. Zhukov, in case the offensive develops rapidly and the army reaches Bobruisk not on the eighth, but on the sixth day or even earlier. The main attack was planned, as already mentioned, through the swamps, where the enemy’s defenses were weaker. This resulted in the possibility of introducing a tank corps and second-echelon rifle divisions on the very first day of the battle. This was the grain, the essence of the accelerated version. As soon as the rifle units overcome the main line of German defense, the tank corps enters the battle. The tankers will break through the second lane themselves without major losses. The enemy has neither large reserves nor powerful fire behind the swamps» .

After a thorough reconnaissance of the area, studying the enemy’s defenses, assessing the strength and composition of his troops and the enemy’s troops, Rokossovsky made the final decision to break through the defenses with two groups: one north of Rogachev, the other south of Parichi. In the northern group he included the 3rd, 48th armies and the 9th mechanized corps. The Paris group included the 65th, 28th armies, a cavalry mechanized group and the 1st Guards Tank Corps.

On June 14 and 15, the commander of the 1st Belorussian Front conducted classes on the loss of the upcoming operation in the 65th and 28th armies, which were attended by Zhukov and a group of generals from the Supreme High Command Headquarters. Corps and division commanders, artillery commanders and commanders of the army branches were involved in the drawing. The loss was successful. Rokossovsky praised the work of the 65th Army headquarters. Over the next three days, the same training was carried out in other armies.

Rokossovsky, commanding the army and the front, always paid great attention to the use of artillery. He did not deviate from this rule in the Bobruisk operation. The presence of a strong artillery group made it possible in the decisive direction to increase the artillery density to 225 guns and mortars per 1 km of front, and in some areas even higher. To support the attack of infantry and tanks, a new method was used - a double shaft of fire. What was his advantage? Firstly, in the 600th zone of the entire front of the double fire shaft (taking into account the damage from shell fragments behind the outer zone of fire of the second line), maneuver of enemy manpower and firepower was excluded: he was pinned down in the space between two fire curtains. Secondly, a very high density of fire was created in support of the attack and the reliability of destruction increased. Thirdly, the enemy from the depths could not bring reserves to the line directly in front of the attacking troops or occupy a close line to strengthen their defense and carry out a counterattack.

We remember that the start of the operation was scheduled for June 19. However, due to the fact that railway transport could not cope with the transportation of military cargo, the deadline for going on the offensive was postponed to June 23.

On the night of June 20, partisan detachments operating in Belarus began an operation to massively undermine rails, destroying 40,865 rails in three days. As a result, a number of the most important railway communications were put out of action and enemy transportation on many sections of the railways was partially paralyzed. On June 22, reconnaissance in force was carried out by the forward battalions on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd Belorussian and 1st Baltic fronts. In a number of areas they wedged themselves into the enemy’s defenses from 1.5 to 8 km and forced him to bring divisional and partially corps reserves into battle. The forward battalions of the 3rd Belorussian Front met stubborn enemy resistance in the Orsha direction. The commander of the 4th Army, Infantry General von Tippelskirch, reported to Field Marshal von Busch that Soviet troops were attacking positions in the direction of Orsha with large forces. The army commander, lacking accurate data and overestimating the strength of the 3rd Belorussian Front, made an irreparable mistake. A message was received from the headquarters of the 3rd Tank Army that an attack by Soviet troops in the Vitebsk direction had been successfully repulsed.

Von Busch, having trusted the commander of the 4th Army, continued to consider Orsha and Minsk the main direction. He ruled out the possibility of an offensive by large Russian forces in the Bogushev direction, in swampy terrain and many lakes, and focused his main attention on the Minsk highway. The commander of the 4th Army was ordered to bring division reserves into battle and stop the advance of the troops of the 3rd Belorussian Front towards Orsha. Von Busch did not yet realize that the front commander, General I. D. Chernyakhovsky, misled him by passing off reconnaissance in force as the beginning of a general offensive in order to reveal the enemy’s defense fire system.

On June 23, the troops of the 1st Baltic and 3rd Belorussian fronts went on the offensive. Formations of the 6th Guards and 43rd armies of the 1st Baltic Front, overcoming stubborn resistance from units of the 3rd Tank Army, reached the Western Dvina on the night of June 24, crossed the river on the move and captured several bridgeheads on its left bank. Success also accompanied the 30th and 5th armies of the 3rd Belorussian Front, which at dawn on June 25 occupied Bogushevsk, an important center of resistance of the enemy 4th Army. In the Orsha direction, where the 11th Guards and 31st armies were advancing, it was not possible to break through the enemy defenses.

As soon as the first rays of the rising sun illuminated the sky, the morning silence was broken by the roar of guards mortars. Following them, two thousand artillery and mortar barrels thundered. The enemy was so stunned that he was silent for a long time and only an hour later began to respond with weak artillery fire. After a two-hour artillery preparation, which was completed by a raid by attack aircraft and volleys of Katyusha rockets, the infantry went on the attack. Under the thunder of artillery music, troops of the 1st Belorussian Front on June 24 began to break through the defenses of the 9th Army formations of Army Group Center. For the first time in the Great Patriotic War, infantry marched behind a double barrage of fire 1.5–2 km deep. The enemy, despite the hurricane of artillery fire, quickly came to his senses, since not all firing points were suppressed. On the right wing of the front, the troops of the 3rd and 48th armies were able to capture only the first and second enemy trenches by the end of the day.

The 65th Army of General P.I. Batov operated more successfully. She covered eight and a half kilometers within three hours, breaking through the main line of enemy defense. After the entry of the 1st Guards Tank Corps of General M.F. Panov into the breakthrough, the second line of enemy defense was overcome. By decision of the army commander, forward detachments advanced in cars along with the tankers. The German command began hastily transferring tank, artillery and motorized units and regiments from Parichi. The commander of the 65th Army immediately brought the 105th Rifle Corps of General D.F. Alekseev into the battle, which blocked all roads to the west for the Paris enemy group. Along the Berezina River it was blocked by the Dnieper military flotilla of Rear Admiral V.V. Grigoriev. General Batov reported to Rokossovsky:

“The breakthrough is securely secured. The tank corps, without encountering strong resistance, moves towards the settlement of Brozha, flowing around the Bobruisk resistance center from the south and west» .

Marshal Zhukov, who was in the 3rd Army, remembered that Army Commander Gorbatov proposed to strike with the 9th Tank Corps of General B.S. Bakharov somewhat to the north - from a forested and swampy area, where, according to his data, the enemy had very weak defenses . When developing the operation plan, Gorbatov's proposal was not taken into account, and now the mistake had to be corrected. Zhukov gave permission to strike in the place that the commander of the 3rd Army had previously chosen. This made it possible to overthrow the enemy and rapidly advance to Bobruisk, cutting off the enemy’s only escape route through the river. Berezina.

To develop the success of the operation, mobile groups were introduced into the battle: the 1st Tank Corps of General V.V. Butkov on the 1st Baltic Front; the cavalry-mechanized group of General N. S. Oslikovsky, and then the 5th Guards Tank Army of Marshal of the Armored Forces P. A. Rotmistrov - on the 3rd Belorussian; cavalry-mechanized group of General I. A. Pliev - on the 1st Belorussian Front. On the morning of June 25, troops of the 43rd Army of the 1st Baltic Front and the 39th Army of the 3rd Belorussian Front united in the Gnezdilovichi area. As a result, five infantry divisions of the 3rd Tank Army with a total number of 35 thousand people were surrounded near Vitebsk. On June 26, Vitebsk was taken by storm, and Orsha the next day.

On June 27, the commander of Army Group Center arrived at Hitler’s Headquarters, where he demanded that troops be withdrawn beyond the Dnieper and the “fortresses” of Orsha, Mogilev and Bobruisk be abandoned. However, time was lost, and the enemy had to retreat not only in the Vitebsk area. On the night of June 28, he created a group southeast of Bobruisk that was supposed to break out of the encirclement. But this group was promptly discovered by aerial reconnaissance of the 1st Belorussian Front. Army General Rokossovsky ordered the commander of the 16th Air Army to strike the encircled group before nightfall. For an hour and a half, army aviation continuously bombarded enemy troops, destroying up to a thousand enemy soldiers, about 150 tanks and assault guns, about 1 thousand guns of various calibers, 6 thousand vehicles and tractors, up to 3 thousand carts and 1.5 thousand. horses.

The encircled group was completely demoralized; up to 6 thousand soldiers and officers, led by the commander of the 35th Army Corps, General K. von Lützow, surrendered. An almost 5,000-strong enemy column managed to escape from the city and moved towards Osipovichi, but was soon overtaken and destroyed. According to V. Haupt, of the 30 thousand soldiers and officers of the 9th Army located in the Bobruisk area, only about 14 thousand were able to reach the main forces of Army Group Center in the following days, weeks and even months. 74 thousand officers, non-commissioned officers and soldiers of this army died or were captured.

On June 28, troops of the 2nd Belorussian Front liberated Mogilev, and the next day, formations of the 1st Belorussian Front, with the support of aviation and ships of the Dnieper military flotilla, occupied Bobruisk. During the Bobruisk operation, the troops of Army General Rokossovsky achieved brilliant success: having broken through the enemy’s defenses on a 200-km front, they surrounded and destroyed his Bobruisk group and advanced to a depth of 110 km. The average rate of progress was 22 km per day! And this despite the fierce, desperate resistance of the enemy! During the operation, the front forces defeated the main forces of the enemy's 9th Army and created the conditions for a rapid offensive on Minsk and Baranovichi. Rokossovsky still managed to deal a crushing blow to the 9th Army, which was now commanded by Infantry General Jordan. Rokossovsky's skill was highly appreciated: on June 29, by Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, he was awarded the military rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union.

Rokossovsky’s opponent, the commander of Army Group Center, Field Marshal E. von Busch, had to experience humiliation. The group's troops were on the verge of disaster. Its defenses were broken through in all directions of the 520-km front. The news of this caused a fit of rage in Adolf Hitler. Von Busch was immediately dismissed. The Fuhrer faced a difficult task: who should he trust to save the troops operating on the central sector of the Soviet-German front? He ordered his adjutant to put him on the phone with the commander of Army Group Northern Ukraine, Field Marshal Model.

“Model, you are entrusted with the historical task of leading the troops of Army Group Center and stopping the Russian advance,” said Hitler.

– To whom should command of Army Group “Northern Ukraine” be transferred?

– You retain this post at the same time. I give you the broadest powers. You can maneuver your forces and means without coordinating this with me. I believe in you.

– My Fuhrer, thank you for your trust. I will try to justify him.

Hitler undoubtedly believed that the “master of retreat” and “lion of defense,” as Model was nicknamed for his ability to cunningly escape from encirclement, retreat with dignity, while preserving the army, would cope with the task entrusted to him.

At half past eight on the evening of June 28, Model arrived by mail plane in Lida, where the command of Army Group Center had relocated. Entering the headquarters, he said:

- I am your new commander.

-What did you bring with you? – asked the chief of staff of Army Group Center, Lieutenant General Krebs.

In fact, Walter Model, who now commanded two army groups, ordered the transfer of several formations from Army Group Northern Ukraine to the central sector of the Eastern Front.

The new commander of Army Group Center faced a depressing picture. The remnants of the troops of the 3rd Panzer Army under Colonel General Reinhardt were transferred across Lepel to lakes Olshitsa and Ushacha. The threat of encirclement arose over the formations of the 4th Army of Infantry General von Tippelskirch. The troops of the 9th Army suffered heavy losses, and the 2nd Army systematically withdrew its left flank to the Pripyat area.

In this situation, the Model was not at a loss. He was able to quickly understand the situation and make a decision that seemed to him the most appropriate at the moment. The 3rd Tank Army was given the task of stopping and restoring the front. The commander of the 4th Army was ordered to withdraw flank divisions beyond the Berezina, restore contact with the 9th Army and leave Borisov. At the line from Minsk to Borisov, without forming a continuous front, a group arrived from “Northern Ukraine” under the command of Lieutenant General von Saucken took up defense. It included the 5th Tank Division, the 505th Tiger Battalion, units of the combat engineer training battalion and police companies. The commander of the 9th Army was ordered to send the 12th Panzer Division in a southeast direction to hold Minsk as a “fortress.” The troops of the 2nd Army of Colonel General Weiss were required to hold the line of Slutsk, Baranovichi and close the gap at the junction with the 9th Army. To strengthen the 2nd Army, it was planned to transfer the 4th Tank and 28th Jaeger Divisions, which, by decision of the High Command of the Ground Forces, were sent to the disposal of Model. The 170th Infantry Division was supposed to arrive from Army Group North to Minsk. In addition, seven combat march battalions and three anti-tank fighter divisions of the High Command Reserve were sent there.

Given the catastrophic situation of Army Group Center, Model surrendered command of Army Group Northern Ukraine, proposing Colonel General Harpe as his successor.

Strengthening the troops operating east of Minsk was a serious miscalculation by Model. He did not even suspect that the command of the Red Army, simultaneously with such a large operation in Belarus, was preparing another one in Ukraine - the Lvov-Sandomierz operation by the forces of the 1st Ukrainian Front of Marshal of the Soviet Union I. S. Konev.

The successful completion of the Bobruisk operation created favorable conditions for the Minsk offensive operation. Its plan was to complete the encirclement of the enemy’s Minsk grouping during the ongoing pursuit of the enemy with rapid strikes by the troops of the left wing of the 3rd Belorussian Front and part of the forces of the right wing of the 1st Belorussian Front in converging directions to Minsk in cooperation with the 2nd Belorussian Front . At the same time, the troops of the 1st Baltic, the right wing of the 3rd Belorussian and part of the forces of the 1st Belorussian front were to continue a rapid offensive to the west, destroy suitable enemy reserves and create conditions for the development of an offensive in the Siauliai, Kaunas and Warsaw directions. The Supreme Command headquarters planned to capture Minsk on July 7–8.

On June 29, the troops of the 3rd Belorussian Front began to carry out their assigned tasks. The next day, his main forces successfully crossed the Berezina and, without getting involved in protracted battles, bypassing the knots of resistance at intermediate lines, moved forward. As a result of rapid advance, formations of the 5th Guards Tank Army reached the northern outskirts of Minsk. Rifle units of the 11th Guards and 31st armies of the 3rd Belorussian Front came to the aid of the tankers and began to recapture the enemy block by block. Meanwhile, the troops of the 1st Belorussian Front relentlessly pursued the enemy in the Minsk and Baranovichi directions. At this time, Field Marshal Model decided to abandon the battle for Minsk. On July 2, he ordered the immediate abandonment of the city. On the night of July 3, the 1st Guards Tank Corps of Major General Tank Forces M.F. Panov bypassed Minsk from the south and reached the southeastern outskirts of the city, where it linked up with units of the 3rd Belorussian Front. Thus, the encirclement of the main forces of the 4th Army and individual formations of the 9th Army with a total number of 105 thousand people was completed.

The troops of the 2nd Belorussian Front were simultaneously advancing in the direction of Minsk. They pinned down, crushed and destroyed enemy formations, and did not give them the opportunity to break away and quickly retreat to the west. Aviation, firmly maintaining air supremacy, delivered powerful blows to the enemy, disorganized the systematic retreat of his troops, and prevented the approach of reserves. By the end of July 3, Minsk was completely liberated. In the evening, Moscow saluted the victorious soldiers with 24 salvos from 324 guns. 52 formations and units of the Red Army received the name “Minsk”. The liquidation of the encircled enemy group was carried out in the period from July 5 to July 12 by the troops of the 33rd, part of the forces of the 50th and 49th armies of the 2nd Belorussian Front. On July 17, all 57,600 prisoners captured in Operation Bagration walked through the streets of Moscow under the escort of Soviet soldiers. At the head of the column walked 19 generals who dreamed of marching through Moscow in victory, but were now forced to walk along it with bowed heads of the defeated.

General K. Tippelskirch subsequently noted:

“...The result of the battle, which had now lasted 10 days, was amazing. About 25 divisions were destroyed or surrounded. Only a few formations defending on the southern flank of the 2nd Army remained fully functional, while the remnants that escaped destruction almost completely lost their combat effectiveness» .

The German command, trying to stabilize its front in the east, made major regroupings of troops and transferred 46 divisions and 4 brigades from Germany, Poland, Hungary, Norway, Italy and the Netherlands, as well as from other sectors of the front, to Belarus.

Meanwhile, the troops of the 1st Belorussian Front continued their offensive. Formations of the 47th Army of Lieutenant General N.I. Gusev, operating on his right wing, occupied Kovel on July 6. When the enemy retreated from the city area, the 11th Tank Corps was given the task of pursuing the retreating enemy. However, neither the commander of the 47th Army, at whose disposal the corps was placed, nor his commander, Major General of Tank Forces F.N. Rudkin, not knowing the actual situation, organized reconnaissance of the enemy and the area. The enemy managed to withdraw his troops to a previously prepared line and organize a strong anti-tank defense there. Units of the 11th Tank Corps entered the battle without infantry and artillery support, without even deploying their self-propelled regiments.

What results such an offensive led to can be judged from order No. 220146 of the Supreme Command Headquarters dated July 16, signed by I.V. Stalin and General A.I. Antonov. The order contained a very unpleasant assessment of the actions of Marshal K.K. Rokossovsky and his subordinates:

“The commander of the 1st Belorussian Front, Marshal of the Soviet Union Rokossovsky, who personally led the actions of the troops in the Kovel direction, did not check the organization of the battle of the 11th Tank Corps. As a result of this exceptionally poor organization of the introduction of a tank corps into battle, the two tank brigades thrown into the attack lost 75 tanks irretrievably.

The Headquarters of the Supreme High Command warns Marshal of the Soviet Union Rokossovsky about the need to continue to carefully and thoroughly prepare for the introduction of tank formations into battle and orders:

1. The commander of the 47th Army, Lieutenant General N.I. Gusev, should be reprimanded for the negligence he showed in organizing the entry into battle of the 11th Tank Corps.

2. Major General of Tank Forces F.I. Rudkin to be removed from the post of commander of the 11th Tank Corps and placed at the disposal of the commander of the armored and mechanized forces of the Red Army .

3. Appoint Major General of Tank Forces Yushchuk as commander of the 11th Tank Corps» .

In the Baranovichi direction, the situation was more favorable for the troops of the 1st Belorussian Front. On July 8, formations of the 65th and 28th armies liberated Baranovichi. Model, trying to find a line to cling to, withdrew his troops beyond the river. Shara. Marshal Rokossovsky decided to cross the river on the move. He called the chief of front logistics, General N.A. Antipenko, to the telephone:

– Before us is Shara. It is tempting to force it on the move, but the troops have little ammunition, and this makes the enterprise dubious. Can you supply 400–500 tons of ammunition in a short time? I don’t expect an immediate answer, think about it for two hours, if not, I will report to the Supreme Commander-in-Chief and refuse to force the force...

The task was difficult, but General N.A. Antipenko mobilized the necessary vehicles even before the two-hour period expired.

“I do not pretend to be an impartial biographer and openly admit that I myself am attached to this man,” wrote Nikolai Alexandrovich, - with whom I am connected by almost three years of joint work at the front and who, with his personal charm, always even and polite treatment, constant readiness to help in difficult times, was able to make every subordinate desire to better carry out his order and not let his commander down in anything. K.K. Rokossovsky, like most major military leaders, based his work on the principle of trust in his assistants. This trust was not blind: it became complete only when Konstantin Konstantinovich personally and more than once became convinced that he was being told the truth, that everything possible had been done to solve the task; Having convinced himself of this, he saw in you a good comrade in arms, his friend. That is why the leadership of the front was so united and united: each of us sincerely valued the authority of our commander. They didn’t fear Rokossovsky at the front, they loved him. And that is why his instruction was perceived as an order that could not be ignored. When organizing the implementation of Rokossovsky’s orders, I least of all resorted to the “commander ordered” formula in relations with subordinates. There was no need for this. It was enough to say that the commander hopes for the initiative and high organization of the rear. This was the style of work of both the commander himself and his closest assistants» .

Drivers from the 57th Automobile Regiment of the 18th Brigade almost tripled the planned mileage of their vehicles. Within two days they covered 920 km, delivering the required amount of ammunition ahead of schedule. This allowed the troops of the 65th Army and its neighbors to cross the river on the move. Shara. At the same time, the troops of the 61st Army advanced, advancing into Polesie under very difficult conditions. On July 14, they drove the enemy out of Pinsk. By July 16, the armies of the 1st Belorussian reached the Svisloch-Pruzhany line, covering 150–170 km in 12 days.

At this time, the troops of the 1st Ukrainian Front carried out the Lviv-Sandomierz operation, which has already been mentioned. According to Directive No. 220122 of the Supreme High Command Headquarters of June 24, the front forces had to defeat the Lvov and Rava-Russian groupings of the Army Group “Northern Ukraine” and reach the line of Grubeszow, Tomaszow, Yavoruv, Mikolayuv, Galich. To achieve this goal, two strikes were prescribed. The first blow is by the forces of the 3rd Guards and 13th armies from the area southwest of Lutsk in the general direction of Sokal, Rawa-Russkaya with the task of defeating the Rava-Russka group and capturing Tomaszow, Rawa-Russkaya. With access to the western bank of the river. The Western Bug should be part of the forces to attack Hrubieszow, Zamosc, facilitating the advancement of the left wing of the 1st Belorussian Front. The second attack was carried out by the 60th, 38th and 5th armies from the Tarnopol area in the general direction of Lvov with the task of defeating the Lvov group and capturing Lvov. In order to ensure an attack on Lvov from Stryi and Stanislav, it was planned to move troops of the 1st Guards Army to the river. Dniester.

To develop the offensive in the Rava-Russian direction, the 1st Guards Tank Army and the cavalry-mechanized group of General V.K. Baranov (1st Guards Cavalry and 25th Tank Corps) were intended, and in the Lvov direction - the 3rd Guards and 4th Tank Army and cavalry-mechanized group of General S.V. Sokolov (6th Guards Cavalry and 31st Tank Corps). From the moment they entered the battle, it was decided to switch 16 attack aircraft and fighter divisions to support the actions of tank and mechanized formations, which amounted to 60% of the total strength of the 2nd Air Force.

The success of the breakthrough was ensured by the concentration of up to 90% of tanks and self-propelled guns, over 77% of artillery and 100% of aviation in areas that made up only 6% of the zone occupied by the front.

To hide the intent of the operation and the regrouping of front formations, the headquarters, on the instructions of Marshal Konev, developed an operational camouflage plan. They were supposed to simulate the concentration of two tank armies and a tank corps on the left wing of the front.

By the beginning of the operation, the 1st Ukrainian Front numbered 1.1 million people, 16,100 guns and mortars, 2,050 tanks and self-propelled guns, 3,250 aircraft. He was opposed by Army Group “Northern Ukraine”, numbering 900 thousand people, 6,300 guns and mortars, over 900 tanks and assault guns, 700 aircraft. The troops of the 1st Ukrainian Front in the main attack directions outnumbered the enemy in manpower by almost 5 times, in artillery by 6–7 times, in tanks and self-propelled guns by 3–4 times, and in aircraft by 4.6 times.

Model, expecting the main attack of the troops of the 1st Ukrainian Front in the Lvov-Sandomierz direction, built two lines of defense back in May (he did not have time for the third) and created a fairly strong group. Army Group Northern Ukraine initially had 40 divisions and 2 infantry brigades, which were part of the German 1st and 4th Panzer Armies and the Hungarian 1st Army. However, the defeat of Army Group Center in Belarus forced Model to transfer 6 divisions from Army Group Northern Ukraine, including 3 tank divisions. Thus, 34 divisions had to hold the part of the territory of Ukraine that still remained in enemy hands, as well as cover the directions that led to the southern regions of Poland (including the Silesian industrial region) and Czechoslovakia, which were of great economic and strategic importance. Taking into account the bitter experience of previous operations, Model planned in some areas the deliberate withdrawal of units from the first line of defense to the second. But it was up to Colonel General Harpe to implement all these plans.

On the evening of July 12, reconnaissance in force was carried out in the Rava-Russian direction. She established that the enemy began to withdraw his troops, leaving a military outpost at the front line. In this regard, Marshal Konev decided to immediately go on the offensive with the forward battalions of the divisions located in the direction of the main attack of the 3rd Guards and 13th Armies. Soon they overcame the main line of defense, advancing 8–12 km. In the Lvov direction the breakthrough took place in a more tense situation. On July 14, after an hour and a half of artillery preparation and massive air strikes, the main forces of the 60th and 38th armies went on the offensive. But by the end of the day, they had advanced only 3–8 km, continuously repelling the attacks of the operational reserves brought into the battle by General Harpe, consisting of two tank divisions. At the same time, he managed to organize strong fire resistance on the previously prepared and equipped second defense line.

On the morning of July 15, the reinforced battalions of the first echelon rifle divisions again conducted reconnaissance in force with the task of revealing the defense system, composition and grouping of enemy troops. The artillery sighted the targets. Formations of the 2nd Air Army of General S.A. Krasovsky struck the enemy on the morning of the next day. As a result, his tank divisions suffered significant losses, and command and control was disorganized. The enemy counterattack was thus repulsed. Over three days of stubborn fighting, formations of the 60th Army, with the support of the advanced brigades of the 3rd Guards Tank Army, broke through the enemy’s defenses to a depth of 18 km, forming the so-called Koltovsky corridor 4–6 km wide and 16–18 km long. Marshal Konev sent the 3rd Guards Tank Army into it, without expecting the rifle troops to reach the intended line. The deployment of army formations was carried out under extremely difficult conditions. The narrow corridor was covered by artillery and even machine-gun fire from the enemy. An army consisting of three corps, having about 500 tanks and self-propelled guns, was forced to move along one route, in a continuous column along a forest road washed out by the rains. The enemy tried to liquidate the corridor with strong counterattacks and prevent the tank army from reaching the operational depth. To ensure the advancement of the tank army, six aviation corps were allocated. In order to expand the breakthrough neck and provide tank units from the flanks, troops of the 60th Army and large artillery forces were used, as well as the 4th Guards and 31st separate tank corps advanced to the corridor area.

The troops of the 3rd Guards Tank Army, overcoming enemy resistance, reached the river by the end of the day on July 17. Peltev, at a depth of 60 km from the former front line of the enemy defense, and crossed it the next day. At the same time, units of the 9th Mechanized Corps linked up in the Derevlyany area with the troops of the northern strike group and completed the encirclement of the enemy’s Brod group.

General Harpe, trying to avoid encirclement, demanded that his troops, from the morning of July 17, use counterattacks to eliminate the gap that had formed and intercept the communications of the 3rd Guards Tank Army. In this difficult situation, Marshal Konev made an unusual and very risky decision - to introduce another, 4th Tank Army, into the battle through the narrow neck of the breakthrough. Its commander, General D. D. Lelyushenko, was ordered, without getting involved in frontal battles for Lvov, to bypass it from the south and cut off the enemy’s exit routes to the southwest and west. The entry of the army was ensured by the actions of two assault, two bomber and two fighter aviation corps. The expansion of the breakthrough was entrusted to the 106th Rifle and 4th Guards Tank Corps. The 31st Tank Corps was also deployed here.

During July 17 and 18, formations of the 4th Tank Army, lacking fuel, crossed the Koltovsky corridor along one route. The successive introduction of two tank armies into battle with the goal of quickly reaching Lvov made it possible to develop tactical success into operational success. By the end of the day on July 18, formations of the 3rd Guards Tank Army, together with the cavalry-mechanized group of General V.K. Baranov, completed the encirclement of up to 8 divisions of the enemy’s Brodsky group, and the main forces of the 4th Tank Army reached the Olshantsy area and rushed to Lvov.

At this time, on July 18, the armies of the 1st Belorussian Front began the Lublin-Brest offensive operation. They were opposed by the main forces of the 2nd, 9th (from July 24) armies of Army Group Center and the 4th Tank Army of Army Group Northern Ukraine. Marshal Rokossovsky’s plan was to defeat the enemy with blows bypassing the Brest fortified area from the north and south and, developing an offensive in the Warsaw direction, to reach the Vistula. The main efforts were concentrated on the left wing, where the 70th, 47th, 8th Guards, 69th, 2nd Tank, Polish 1st Armies, two cavalry and one tank corps operated. They were supported by aviation from the 6th Air Army. This group consisted of 416 thousand people, more than 7.6 thousand guns and mortars, 1,750 tanks and self-propelled guns, about 1.5 thousand aircraft. In front of them, in the area from Ratno to Verba, 9 infantry divisions and 3 brigades of assault guns, the German 4th Tank Army (1,550 guns and mortars, 211 tanks and assault guns) were defending.

In accordance with the operation plan, which was approved by the Supreme Command Headquarters on July 7, the troops of the left wing of the 1st Belorussian Front were to defeat the opposing enemy and, by crossing the river on the 3rd - 4th day of the operation. Western Bug, develop an offensive in the northwestern and western directions, so that by the end of July the main forces reach the line Lukow, Lublin. Marshal Rokossovsky delivered the main blow with the forces of the 47th, 8th Guards and 69th Armies. They were supposed to break through the enemy’s defenses west of Kovel, ensure the introduction of mobile troops into the battle and, in cooperation with them, develop an offensive towards Siedlce and Lublin. After crossing the Western Bug, it was planned to develop an offensive against Łuków and Siedlce with the forces of the 8th Guards and 2nd Tank armies, and with the 69th and Polish 1st armies against Lublin and Michów. The commander of the 47th Army was required to attack Biała Podlaska and prevent the enemy troops operating east of the Siedlce-Luków line from retreating to Warsaw, and the 70th Army was required to strike at Brest from the south.

Considering the need to break through the enemy’s heavily fortified defenses, Rokossovsky provided for a deep operational formation of troops on the left wing of the front. The first echelon consisted of the 70th, 47th, 8th Guards, 69th Armies; second echelon - Polish 1st Army; The 2nd Tank Army, two cavalry and one tank corps were intended to develop success. In breakthrough areas, high densities of forces and assets were created: 1 rifle division, up to 247 guns and mortars, and about 15 tanks for direct infantry support per 1 km of front. During the period of breakthrough of the enemy’s defense, one division was transferred to the operational subordination of the commanders of the 47th and 69th armies, and one corps of attack aviation was transferred to the 8th Guards Army.

The front artillery headquarters, planning an artillery offensive on the left wing, sought to extremely simplify the artillery preparation schedule, but not to the detriment of its power and reliability. Due to the high supply of ammunition at the front, only two, but very powerful, 20-minute fire raids were planned - at the beginning and at the end of the artillery preparation. And given the strength of the enemy defense in this direction, a 60-minute period of destruction was included in the artillery preparation schedule between two fire raids. They decided to support the attack again with a double barrage of fire that had already justified itself.

Marshal Rokossovsky entrusted the right wing of the front (48, 65, 28, 61st armies, cavalry-mechanized groups of generals P. A. Belov and I. A. Pliev) with the task of striking in the Warsaw direction, bypassing the Brest group from the north. Units of the 28th Army were supposed to attack Brest from the north, and the 61st Army from the east and, in cooperation with the 70th Army, defeat the enemy’s Brest grouping. Support for the right wing troops was provided by the 16th Air Army of Aviation Colonel General S.I. Rudenko.

However, carefully developed plans were not destined to come to fruition. Having studied the enemy’s habits well, Rokossovsky feared that he might withdraw his main forces, which occupied the main line of defense, from under fire. If the enemy succeeded in such a maneuver, and Model was a master in this matter, then a huge artillery strike would hit an empty place, and hundreds of thousands of expensive shells and mines would be thrown to the wind. This could not be allowed, and Rokossovsky decided, before carrying out planned artillery preparation and throwing the main forces into battle, to test the strength of the enemy defenses with the actions of reinforced forward battalions.

On July 18, at 5 o'clock, a 30-minute artillery preparation began, after which the leading battalions decisively attacked enemy positions. The actions of each battalion were supported by artillery. The enemy's resistance turned out to be insignificant, and the leading battalions, quickly knocking him out of the first trench, began to move forward. Their success eliminated the need for the planned artillery offensive.

The formations of the 8th Guards Army of Colonel General V.I. Chuikov, having broken through the main line of defense, reached the river. Squeeze. Its banks were very swampy and presented a serious obstacle to tanks. In this regard, it was decided to use the 11th Tank Corps after the rifle divisions had broken through the second line of enemy defense, and to bring the 2nd Tank Army into battle after capturing the bridgehead on the Western Bug. On July 19, the 11th Tank Corps of General I. I. Yushchuk was brought into battle. Pursuing the enemy, he immediately crossed the Western Bug and entrenched himself on its left bank. Following him, the advanced units of the 8th Guards Army and the 2nd Guards Cavalry Corps began to cross over to the bridgehead. By the end of the day, the enemy’s defenses had been broken through at a front of 30 km and to a depth of 13 km, and by the end of July 21, the breakthrough had been expanded to 130 km along the front and to a depth of more than 70 km. Troops on a wide front reached the river. Western Bug, crossed it on the move in three sections and entered Polish territory. By this time, the armies of the right wing of the front fought to occupy the line east of Narev, Botska, Semyatichi, south of Cheremkha, west of Kobrin.

Events also developed successfully on the 1st Ukrainian Front. On July 22, his troops completed the defeat of the enemy’s Brod group, capturing 17 thousand soldiers and officers led by the commander of the 13th Army Corps, Infantry General A. Gauffe. On the same day, the 1st Guards Tank Army, in cooperation with the cavalry-mechanized group of General Baranov, crossed the river. San in the Yaroslav region and seized a bridgehead on its western bank.

At this time, the following events took place in the enemy camp. On July 20, during a meeting at Hitler's Headquarters, an assassination attempt was made on the Fuhrer. However, Hitler survived and brutally dealt with not only the conspirators, but also all those suspected of disloyalty to the regime. General G. Guderian was appointed Chief of the General Staff of the High Command of the Ground Forces. Having accepted the matter, he was forced to bitterly admit:

“The situation of Army Group Center after July 22, 1944 was simply catastrophic; You can’t imagine anything worse... Until July 21, the Russians seemed to be pouring into the river in an unstoppable stream. Vistula from Sandomierz to Warsaw... The only forces at our disposal were in Romania, in the rear of Army Group “Southern Ukraine”. Just one glance at the railway map was enough to understand that the transfer of these reserves would take a long time. The small forces that could be taken from the reserve army were already sent to Army Group Center, which suffered the most losses» .

General Guderian took vigorous measures to restore the defensive front along the western bank of the Vistula. Reserves were hastily moved here from the depths and from other sectors of the front. The actions of the enemy troops began to show even more persistence. Marshal Zhukov noted:

“The command of Army Group Center in this extremely difficult situation found the right way to act. Due to the fact that the Germans did not have a continuous defensive front and it was impossible to create one in the absence of the necessary forces, the German command decided to delay the advance of our troops mainly with short counterattacks. Under the cover of these attacks, troops transferred from Germany and other sectors of the Soviet-German front were deployed in the defense on the rear lines» .

Marshal Zhukov approached an objective assessment of the actions of Field Marshal Model and General Guderian, without belittling their role, but not exaggerating it either. Both of them, despite all their efforts, failed to stop the advance of the Soviet troops.

On July 27, tank and mechanized troops of the 1st Ukrainian Front, in cooperation with troops of the 60th and 38th armies and aviation, liberated Lvov after fierce fighting on July 27. On the same day, formations of the 1st, 3rd Guards Tank and 13th armies occupied Przemysl (Przemysl), and the 1st Guards Army occupied Stanislav. The remnants of the enemy troops, driven out of Lvov, began to retreat southwest to Sambir, but here they came under attack from the 9th Mechanized Corps. By this time, the 18th Army had reached the area south of Kalush.

By the end of July, Army Group “Northern Ukraine” was cut into two parts: the remnants of the 4th Tank Army rolled back to the Vistula, and the troops of the German 1st Tank Army and the Hungarian 1st Army moved to the southwest, to the Carpathians. The gap between them reached up to 100 km. By decision of Marshal Konev, the cavalry-mechanized group of General S.V. Sokolov and formations of the 13th Army rushed into it. To create a defense front on the Vistula, the German command began to transfer formations and units there from other sections of the Soviet-German front, as well as from Germany and Poland. However, General Harpe failed to hold back the onslaught of the troops of the 1st Ukrainian Front. By August 29, they completed the liberation of the western regions of Ukraine and the southeastern regions of Poland. During the Lvov-Sandomierz operation, the armies of the 1st Ukrainian Front inflicted a significant defeat on the main forces of the Northern Ukraine Army Group: eight of its divisions were destroyed, and thirty-two lost from 50 to 70% of their personnel. The losses of the Soviet troops were: irrevocable - 65 thousand and sanitary 224.3 thousand people.

What happened on the 1st Belorussian Front?

"1. No later than July 26–27 this year. g. capture the city of Lublin, for which, first of all, use the 2nd Tank Army of Bogdanov and the 7th Guards. kk Konstantinova. This is urgently required by the political situation and the interests of independent democratic Poland.» .

What interests were discussed in this case?

As is known, in London there was a Polish émigré government headed by S. Mikolajczyk, which was oriented towards the Western allies. The Home Army (AK) of General T. Bur-Komarovsky was subordinate to this government. In April 1943, after the Mikołajczyk government supported the participation of the Red Cross in the investigation of the shooting of Polish officers in Katyn, the USSR government broke off diplomatic relations with it. In opposition to the Mikolajczyk government in the city of Chelm, forces oriented towards the USSR created on July 21, 1944 the Polish Committee for National Liberation (PKNO), led by E. Osubka-Morawski. On the same day, the Polish Army was created from units of the Ludowa Army (AL), located on the liberated territory of Poland, and the Polish Army in the USSR under the command of General M. Rolya-Zhimierski. In order to provide assistance to the PKNO and the Polish Army, it was necessary to quickly capture Lublin. In addition, on July 14, representatives of the Supreme High Command Headquarters, Marshals Zhukov and Vasilevsky, commanders of the 1st Ukrainian, 3rd, 2nd and 1st Belorussian Fronts, received Directive No. 220145 of the Supreme High Command Headquarters on the disarmament of Polish detachments led by the emigrant government of Poland.

The representative of the Supreme Command Headquarters, Marshal Zhukov, hurried the movement of the left wing of the 1st Belorussian Front to Kovel. According to the commander of Army 65, General Batov, the front-line command, having sent forces to Kovel, did not delve deeply into the existing difficulties in the zone of the 65th and 48th armies. Meanwhile, Model, with the forces of the 5th SS Viking Panzer Division and the 4th Panzer Division, was preparing to launch counter attacks on the 65th Army in order to unite in the Klescheli area. General Batov telegraphed to Rokossovsky:

- Radio conversation intercepted. The enemy is preparing counter-attacks from the area of ​​Belsk and Vysokolitovsk to Klescheli. I am preparing troops to repel enemy tanks. The strength is not enough. The battle formations are sparse. I have no reserves.

The front commander ordered:

– Take measures to maintain your positions. Help will be provided.

By noon on July 23, the northern and southern groups that carried out counterattacks managed to unite. Batov reported to Rokossovsky:

– The enemy launches a counterattack from two directions on Klescheli. The army headquarters was moved to Gainovka. I myself am with the task force and control the battle on...

General Batov was unable to finish his report: enemy tanks appeared at the observation post. The army commander and the operational group of the army headquarters managed to break away from the enemy in vehicles and safely reach Gainovka, where the army headquarters had moved.

Rokossovsky, concerned about the sudden cessation of negotiations, immediately sent a squadron of fighters to reconnaissance. However, they found nothing. In the evening, Marshals Zhukov and Rokossovsky arrived at the command post of the 65th Army in Gainovka.

“Report your decision,” Marshal Zhukov ordered Batov.

– With the help of two approaching battalions of the army reserve regiment and separate units of the 18th Rifle Corps, with fire support from guards mortar battalions, I decided to strike at Kleshcheli from the direction of Gainovka. At the same time, the 105th Rifle Corps advances from the south.

“The decision is correct, but we don’t have enough strength,” Zhukov admitted. – And it is necessary not only to restore live contact with the corps, but also to re-capture the bridgehead across the Bug. We'll help.

The 53rd Rifle Corps and the 17th Tank Brigade of the Don Tank Corps, which was being reorganized, were hastily transferred from the 28th Army to the aid of General Batov. The approach of these forces was expected at night. On July 24, units of the 53rd and 105th Rifle Corps, in cooperation with the 17th Tank Brigade, defeated the enemy near Klescheli and restored their previous position in two days of fighting. By the end of the day on July 26, formations of the 65th and 28th armies reached the Western Bug, enveloping the Brest enemy group from the north and northwest. At this time, the 70th Army of Colonel General V.S. Popov crossed the Western Bug south of Brest and bypassed the city from the southwest. From the east, formations of the 61st Army of Lieutenant General P. A. Belov approached it. During July 28, troops of the 28th and 70th armies and the 9th Guards Rifle Corps of the 61st Army occupied Brest and the next day in the forests west of the city completed the defeat of up to four enemy divisions. After this, the 61st and 70th armies were transferred to the reserve of the Supreme High Command Headquarters by Directive No. 220148.

On the left wing of the 1st Belorussian Front, events developed as follows. On the morning of July 21, Marshal Rokossovsky arrived at the command post of the 8th Guards Army. Having assessed the situation, he decided to immediately introduce the 2nd Tank Army into the breakthrough. She received the task of moving in the direction of Lublin, Deblin, Prague (a suburb of Warsaw), in order to bypass the enemy group and cut off its path to the west. Formations of the tank army began crossing over three built bridges, as well as fording, to the left bank of the Western Bug. Units of the 3rd Tank Corps of Major General Tank Forces N.D. Vedeneev, having covered 75 km in 13 hours, bypassed Lublin from the north and began fighting for its northwestern and western outskirts. At the same time, the 50th tank brigade of Colonel R. A. Liberman, operating in the forward detachment of the corps, immediately burst into the city center. However, she was unable to gain a foothold and, under pressure from superior enemy forces, retreated to the western outskirts of Lublin.

On the morning of July 23, after a 30-minute artillery preparation, the main forces of the 2nd Tank Army began the assault on Lublin. At the same time, the 3rd Tank Corps maneuver to the north-west was used. From the south, the city was bypassed by the 7th Guards Cavalry Corps. The blow from the east was delivered by the 8th Guards Tank Corps of Lieutenant General of Tank Forces A.F. Popov. The 16th Tank Corps of Major General of Tank Forces I.V. Dubovoy was advanced to the north as a barrier. Despite the stubborn resistance of the enemy, by the end of the day a significant part of Lublin was liberated, and up to 3 thousand enemy soldiers and officers were captured. During the assault, Army Commander General S.I. Bogdanov was seriously wounded by machine gun fire. Chief of Army Staff General A.I. Radzievsky took command of the 2nd Tank Army.

After the liberation of Lublin, Marshal Rokossovsky ordered the 2nd Tank Army to capture the Dęblin, Puławy area and seize the crossings across the river. Vistula, and subsequently develop success in the direction of Warsaw. On the afternoon of July 24, the second echelon of the army was introduced into the battle - the 16th Tank Corps, which on July 25, with the support of aviation from the 6th Air Army and the 3rd Long-Range Guards Aviation Corps, stormed Dęblin and reached the Vistula. To the left, having captured Puławy, the 3rd Tank Corps reached the river. However, the enemy, on Model’s orders, blew up the crossings across the Vistula and, in order to cover the approaches to Warsaw, began hastily transferring their reserves from the western bank of the river to the Prague area (a suburb of Warsaw). Taking into account the current situation, the front commander turned the 2nd Tank Army from west to north. She was to advance along the highway in the general direction of Garwolin, Prague, to capture the outskirts of the Polish capital and seize the crossing of the Vistula in this area.

The troops of the 2nd Tank Army, fulfilling the assigned task, twice independently broke through the enemy defenses, which were hastily occupied by the enemy. The line Stoczek, Garwolin, on which only the advanced units of the approaching enemy reserves settled, was broken through on July 27 on the move on a wide front (29 km) by the forces of the forward detachments and head brigades of tank corps without artillery preparation and deployment of the main forces. The Sennitsa, Karchev line (on the near approaches to Warsaw), occupied by the main forces of the enemy reserves, could not be broken through on the move. Therefore, it was necessary to prepare the attack within 10 hours. The breakthrough of this line was carried out by tank corps in three independent sectors, which led to the fragmentation of the opposing enemy forces and their destruction in parts.

The cavalry-mechanized group of General V.V. Kryukov (2nd Guards Cavalry, 11th Tank Corps), developing an offensive to the northwest, captured the cities of Parchev and Radzyn on July 23. On the night of July 25, she started a battle for Siedlce (Siedlce). After stubborn fighting, the city was occupied on July 31 by the joint efforts of a cavalry-mechanized group and the 165th Infantry Division of the 47th Army. The main forces of this army on July 27 reached the Miedzyrzec, Łuków line, the 8th Guards Army west of Łuków, Dęblin, and the advanced units of the 69th Army approached the Vistula. On July 28, at the junction of the 8th Guards and 69th Armies, the Polish 1st Army was brought into battle, which also approached the Vistula in the Deblin area and took over its sector from the 2nd Tank Army. Formations of the 2nd Tank Army, turning to the northwest, continued their offensive along the right bank of the Vistula towards Warsaw.

By the end of July 28, the main forces of the 1st Belorussian Front, having encountered stubborn resistance from the German 2nd Army reinforced by reserves at the line south of Lositsa, Siedlce, Garwolin, were forced to turn their front to the north. On the same day, the Supreme Command Headquarters, by directive No. 220162, assigned Marshal Rokossovsky the following task:

"1. After capturing the Brest and Sedlec area, the right wing of the front develops an offensive in the general direction of Warsaw with the task of capturing Prague no later than August 5–8 and seizing a bridgehead on the western bank of the river. Narew in the Pułtusk area, Serock. The left wing of the front seizes a bridgehead on the western bank of the river. Vistula in the area of ​​Dęblin, Zvolen, Solec. Use the captured bridgeheads for a strike in the north-west direction in order to collapse the enemy’s defenses along the river. Narev and R. Vistula and thereby ensure the crossing of the river. Narev to the left wing of the 2nd Belorussian Front and the river. Vistula to the central armies of its front. In the future, keep in mind to advance in the general direction of Thorn and Lodz...»

The Supreme Command Headquarters, trying to intensify the offensive impulse of the troops of the 1st Ukrainian and 1st Belorussian Fronts, sent them Directive No. 220166 on July 29, which stated:

“Order from Headquarters to force the river. The Vistula and the seizure of bridgeheads by the armies named in the order cannot be understood to mean that other armies should sit back and not try to cross the Vistula. The front command is obliged to provide, as much as possible, with crossing means those armies in whose zone the Vistula must be crossed according to the order of Headquarters. However, other armies, if possible, should also cross the river. Vistula. Attaching great importance to the task of crossing the Vistula, Headquarters obliges you to inform all army commanders of your front that the soldiers and commanders who distinguished themselves during the crossing of the Vistula will receive special awards with orders, up to and including the title of Hero of the Soviet Union» .

At the same time, Stalin entrusted Marshal Zhukov with not only coordination, but also leadership of operations carried out by the troops of the 1st Ukrainian, 1st and 2nd Belorussian Fronts.

Directive No. 220162 of the Supreme High Command Headquarters did not set the task of capturing Warsaw, since it did not have large reserves at its disposal that it could allocate to Marshal Rokossovsky. During this period, Soviet troops fought stubborn battles with the enemy in the Baltic states and East Prussia. The troops of the 1st Ukrainian Front, which had just liberated Lviv, tried to seize a bridgehead across the Vistula in the Sandomierz region.

The troops of the 1st Belorussian Front continued to develop a successful offensive. Units of the 2nd Tank Army operating in the Warsaw direction reached the approaches to Prague on July 30. However, Model took countermeasures in a timely manner: by the evening of July 31, the 19th Panzer Division, the SS Totenkopf, Viking, and the Hermann Goering parachute-tank divisions, hastily transferred from other sectors of the front, appeared in front of the 2nd Panzer Army. a number of infantry formations of the 2nd Army. At the same time, enemy aviation intensified its activities.

On the morning of August 1, Model’s strike force, which was protected by powerful engineering structures on the approaches to Prague, launched a counterattack on the formations of the 2nd Tank Army. As a result, they found themselves in a difficult situation. In addition, the army, having covered more than 300 km in ten days, experienced an acute shortage of fuel and ammunition. The rear fell behind and could not ensure the timely delivery of everything necessary to continue the offensive. Tank corps repelled up to 10–12 attacks per day. On August 2, units of the enemy’s 19th Tank Division managed to penetrate the junction of the 3rd and 8th Guards Tank Corps. The army commander, General Radzievsky, decided to launch a counterattack to the flank and rear of the enemy units that had broken through. At 10 o'clock, after a powerful fire attack from rocket artillery, formations and units of the army struck the right flank of the 19th Panzer Division. As a result, the enemy who broke through was cut off from the rest of the forces and destroyed by 12 o'clock. A close ulnar connection was restored between the army's tank corps, and the penetration of enemy troops into the defense was eliminated.

While the 2nd Panzer Army was engaged in heavy fighting, the troops of the Polish 1st Army tried to cross the Vistula on July 31, but were unable to do so. The 8th Guards Army of General V.I. Chuikov operated more successfully. At about 12 o'clock on July 31, Marshal Rokossovsky called the army commander to the HF and said:

– You need to prepare to begin crossing the Vistula in the Maciewice-Stężytsa sector in three days with the aim of seizing a bridgehead. It is advisable to receive the forcing plan briefly in code by 14:00 on August 1st.

“The task is clear to me,” answered Vasily Ivanovich, “but I ask you to allow the crossing at the mouth of the Wilga River, Podwebzhe, so that the Pilica and Radomka rivers will be on the flanks of the bridgehead.” I can start forcing not in three days, but tomorrow morning, since we have done all the preparatory work. The sooner we start, the greater the guarantee for success.

– You have little artillery and transportation means. The front can throw something at you no earlier than in three days. The Headquarters of the Supreme High Command attaches great importance to crossing the Vistula and requires us to ensure the fulfillment of this difficult task as much as possible.

– I understand that. But I am counting primarily on surprise. As for means of reinforcement, in case of surprise, I think I’ll make do with what I have. Please allow me to start tomorrow morning.

“Okay, I agree,” said Rokossovsky. – But think it over, weigh everything again and finally report your short plan. Bring to the attention of commanders of all levels that the soldiers and commanders who distinguished themselves during the crossing of the Vistula will be nominated for awards, including being awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

- Will be done! I start tomorrow morning. I will report a brief plan immediately.

After the end of the conversation, General Chuikov, together with the chief of staff of the army, quickly sketched out an action plan, which was sent to the front headquarters. From 5 to 8 o'clock in the morning it was planned to carry out shooting and reconnaissance in force by battalions from each division. With successful actions, reconnaissance should have developed into an offensive. If reconnaissance in force did not achieve its goal, it was planned to set an hour-long pause to clarify the goals and coordinate interaction. During reconnaissance in force, attack aircraft were to strike at the front line of enemy defenses. At 9 o'clock the artillery preparation for the attack and the crossing of the Vistula of all army forces began.

“Wasn’t there a dangerous pattern for us in repeating the technique of reconnaissance in force, developing into an offensive by the main forces?– V.I. Chuikov subsequently asked himself a question. – Could the enemy predict our actions this time? I took the German command seriously enough and understood that they could figure out this trick. So what? If this technique has been figured out, then it is not easy to do anything against its use. There are tactics of this kind that work flawlessly. Suppose the enemy realized that our reconnaissance in force should develop into a general offensive. What can he do? We have an advantage in all types of weapons... Reconnaissance detachments went on the attack. What will he do? He will leave the first trenches and retreat. Wonderful. With little expenditure of artillery shells, we occupy its first trenches and immediately reinforce the reconnaissance detachments with the main forces of the army. With few losses we break his first defense position. The enemy is taking the fight to our reconnaissance detachments. This is what we need. He's in the first position trenches. We subject it to artillery, we grab it in place and strike it with a hammer blow - a blow with all our forces. Again his positions were knocked down... No, it didn’t make sense to refuse this technique this time either. It was here, on the banks of the Vistula, that our fighters called it a reconnaissance echelon» .

Intuition and experience did not let General Chuikov down. On the morning of August 1, his troops began crossing the Vistula in the Magnuszew area, and by the end of the day they had captured a bridgehead 15 km wide and up to 10 km deep on the western bank of the river. By August 4, the entire 8th Guards Army was already on the bridgehead, down to the tanks and heavy artillery.

As a result of the Lublin-Brest operation, the liberation of the southwestern regions of Belarus and the eastern regions of Poland was completed. During the operation, the troops of the 1st Belorussian Front advanced 260 km, crossed the Vistula on the move, captured bridgeheads on its western bank, creating favorable conditions for a subsequent offensive in the Warsaw-Berlin direction. In this operation, Marshal Rokossovsky again demonstrated high leadership qualities. The features of the operation were: the conduct of an offensive by groups of front troops in directions remote from each other, one of them went on the offensive from a pre-prepared initial area, and the other on the move, after the completion of the previous operation; continuous operational interaction between the troops of the right and left wings of the front; decisive massing of forces and means in the directions of the main attacks of the front and armies; wide maneuvering of mobile troops; the use of various methods of defeating enemy groups: Brest - by encirclement and subsequent destruction; Lublin - by applying deep cutting blows; crossing large water barriers on the move with the capture and expansion of bridgeheads.

The end of the Lublin-Brest operation coincided with the beginning of the uprising in Warsaw. For this purpose, the Home Army command developed a plan codenamed “Storm”. It was approved by the Prime Minister of the Polish emigrant government S. Mikolajczyk. According to the plan, at the moment the Red Army entered the territory of Poland - and by it was meant Poland within the borders of September 1, 1939, including Western Ukraine and Belarus - Home Army units were supposed to move against the rearguards of German troops and facilitate the transfer of political power on the liberated territory into the hands of supporters of the emigrant government who had emerged from underground.

“When Rokossovsky’s armies seemed to be advancing uncontrollably toward the Polish capital,” writes K. Tippelskirch, - The Polish underground movement considered that the hour of uprising had come. This did not happen, of course, without incitement on the part of the British. After all, since the liberation of Rome and later Paris, it has become their custom to call for an uprising on the population of the capitals, the liberation of which was approaching. The uprising broke out on August 1, when the power of the Russian strike had already dried up and the Russians abandoned their intention to capture the Polish capital on the move. As a result, the Polish rebels were left to their own devices.» .

Even on the eve of the entry of the Red Army into the territory of Poland, the military council of the Polish 1st Army appealed to its compatriots to help “Soviet troops destroy the German armed forces,” rise up to fight with arms in hand and prepare for an uprising.” Similar calls came from the command of the Army of Ludova. It was clear that a struggle for power in liberated Poland between pro-Western and pro-Soviet oriented forces was inevitable.

On July 21, the day of the creation of the PKNO, General T. Bur-Komarovsky reported by radio to the emigrant government: “I gave the order on the state of readiness for the uprising from one in the morning on July 25.” The Mikołajczyk government informed its political representative in Warsaw and the AK command on July 25 that they could independently decide to start an uprising. At this time, Mikolaichik was in Moscow, where he had a conversation with V. M. Molotov. The Polish prime minister, emphasizing that he himself represents forces that want to cooperate with the USSR and “have almost the entire population of Poland behind them,” said that all Polish armed forces were ordered to fight together with the Soviet armed forces. Molotov, in turn, noted that he had information “not of quite the same nature.” Mikolajczyk reported that “the Polish government was considering a plan for a general uprising in Warsaw and would like to ask the Soviet government to bomb airfields near Warsaw.” He also said that the plan had been proposed to the British government with a request that it be passed on to the Soviet government.

Thus, it was not possible to reach any understanding between the Polish émigré government and the USSR government on the issue of the upcoming uprising in Warsaw. The attitude of the Polish exile government and the Home Army command to military cooperation with the Soviet Union was formulated back in May 1944. It was as follows:

“The difference in our relations to the Germans and the Soviets is that, not having enough forces to fight on two fronts, we must unite with one enemy to defeat the second... Under certain conditions we are ready to cooperate with Russia in military operations, but dissociate ourselves from it politically» .

The Supreme High Command Headquarters expressed its attitude towards the Home Army in Directive No. 220169, sent on July 31 to the commander of the 1st Ukrainian, 1st, 2nd and 3rd Belorussian Fronts, the Commander-in-Chief of the Polish Armed Forces and the commander of the Polish 1st Army. Considering that the territory of Poland east of the Vistula for the most part was liberated from German invaders, it was required that “armed detachments of the Home Army, subordinate to the Polish Committee of National Liberation, wishing to continue the fight against the German invaders, be placed at the disposal of the commander of the 1st Polish Army (Berling) in order to to join them in the ranks of the regular Polish army." Those units in which there were “German agents” should have been immediately disarmed, the officers of the units should have been interned, and the privates and junior command personnel should have been sent to separate reserve battalions of the 1st Polish Army.

K.K. Rokossovsky in his memoirs characterized the Home Army as follows:

“The very first meeting with representatives of this organization left us with an unpleasant aftertaste. Having received information that in the forests north of Lublin there was a Polish formation calling itself the 7th AK division, we decided to send several staff commanders there for communication. The meeting took place. The AK officers, who wore Polish uniforms, behaved arrogantly, rejected the proposal to cooperate in battles against the Nazi troops, stated that the AK obeys only the orders of the Polish London government and its authorized representatives... They defined their attitude towards us as follows: “Use weapons against the Red Army We won’t, but we don’t want to have any contacts either.» .

“This news greatly alarmed us,” Rokossovsky recalled. – The front headquarters immediately began collecting information and clarifying the scale of the uprising and its nature. Everything happened so unexpectedly that we were at a loss and at first thought: were the Germans spreading these rumors, and if so, then for what purpose? After all, frankly speaking, the worst time to start an uprising was exactly when it began. It was as if the leaders of the uprising had deliberately chosen the time to suffer defeat... These were the thoughts that involuntarily came into my head. At this time, the 48th and 65th armies were fighting more than a hundred kilometers east and northeast of Warsaw (our right wing was weakened by the departure of two armies to the reserve of the Headquarters, and we still had to defeat a strong enemy, reach the Narew and take possession bridgeheads on its western bank). The 70th Army had just captured Brest and was clearing the area of ​​the remnants of the German troops encircled there. The 47th Army fought in the Sedlec area with a front to the north. The 2nd Tank Army, getting involved in battle on the outskirts of Prague (a suburb of Warsaw on the eastern bank of the Vistula), repelled counterattacks by enemy tank formations. The 1st Polish Army, 8th Guards and 69th crossed the Vistula south of Warsaw at Magnuszew and Pulawy, captured and began to expand bridgeheads on its western bank - this was the main task of the left wing troops, they could and were obliged to carry it out. This was the position of the troops of our front at the moment when an uprising broke out in the capital of Poland» .

The command of the Home Army, having started the uprising, poorly prepared it in military-technical terms. A garrison of German troops numbering 16 thousand people, armed with artillery, tanks and aircraft, was opposed by 25-35 thousand rebels, of whom only 10% were equipped with light small arms, and there was ammunition for no more than two or three days. The situation in Warsaw was not in favor of the rebels. Many underground organizations were not notified of the timing of the start of the uprising and therefore entered the struggle separately. On the first day, no more than 40% of the fighting force fought. They were unable to capture key objects of the capital: train stations, bridges, post offices, command posts.

However, when the uprising began, the population of Warsaw also took part in it. Barricades were erected on the city streets. The leadership of the Polish Workers' Party and the command of the Ludowa Army decided on August 3 to join the uprising, although they recognized its goals as reactionary. In the first days, it was possible to liberate a number of areas of the city. But then the situation worsened every day. There was not enough ammunition, medicine, food, and water. The rebels suffered heavy losses. The enemy, quickly increasing his strength, began to press back the patriots. They had to leave most of the liberated areas of the city. Now they only held the center of Warsaw.

The government of the Soviet Union, despite Mikolajczyk’s assurances, did not receive information about this from the British government before the uprising began. This is despite the fact that the UK government had such information. Only on August 2, the General Headquarters of the Red Army received a message that fighting had begun in Warsaw on August 1 at 17:00, the Poles were asking to send them the necessary ammunition and anti-tank weapons, as well as to provide assistance with an “immediate attack from the outside.”

This information was sent to Molotov on August 3. Stalin received representatives of the Polish émigré government led by Mikolajczyk. The minutes of this meeting, published in Poland, noted that the Polish prime minister spoke about the liberation of Warsaw “any day now,” about the successes of the underground army in the fight against German troops and about the need for outside assistance in the form of arms supplies. Stalin expressed doubts about the actions of the Home Army, saying that in a modern war, an army without artillery, tanks and aviation, even without a sufficient number of light small arms, has no meaning and he does not imagine how the Home Army can expel the enemy from Warsaw. Stalin also added that he would not allow AK actions behind the front line, in the rear of the Red Army, as well as statements about a new occupation of Poland.

B.V. Sokolov, in his book “Rokossovsky,” outlining the results of this meeting, noted that “at this moment Joseph Vissarionovich firmly decided: the Red Army will not help the Warsaw rebels.” This statement, in our opinion, has no basis. In order to answer the question whether the troops of the 1st Belorussian Front could provide assistance to the rebels of Warsaw, it is necessary to look at the state in which they were.

Rokossovsky did not exaggerate at all in his memoirs. Model did not abandon attempts to defeat the formations of the 1st Belorussian Front, which crossed the Vistula south of the Polish capital, with attacks on the flank and rear. On August 3, the enemy delivered a strong blow to the right flank of the 2nd Tank Army. As a result, a counter battle ensued between units of the 2nd Tank Army and the enemy counterattack group. In operational report No. 217 (1255) of the General Staff of the Red Army it was noted:

"…8. 1st Belorussian Front.

The enemy on the right wing of the front, having retreated to a previously prepared line, offered fierce resistance to our advancing troops with organized fire and private counterattacks. At the same time, continuing to strengthen the Warsaw group with units of the SS Totenkopf Panzer Division, the SS Wiking Panzer Division, the 19th Panzer Division and the Hermann Goering Panzer Division, he launched a counteroffensive against the units 2nd Tank Army, trying to throw them back in a southeast direction. On the left wing, the enemy offered stubborn fire resistance to the advancing units of the front and with counterattacks tried to push back our units that had crossed to the eastern bank of the river. Vistula» .

Model's troops, relying on the strong Warsaw fortified area, found themselves in a more advantageous position. However, thanks to the timely entry into battle of the reserves of the 2nd Tank Army, the heroism and endurance of the tank soldiers, all attempts by the enemy to throw back army units from their positions were repulsed. Being separated from the main forces of the front by 20–30 km, it independently conducted the defense for three days with insufficient air cover - only one fighter aviation regiment of the 6th Air Army. The ferocity of the fighting can be judged by the losses suffered by the army units - 284 tanks and self-propelled guns, of which 40% were irrecoverable. With the approach of the 47th Army formations, the 2nd Tank Army was withdrawn to the front reserve.

Subsequently, in the operational reports of the General Staff of the Red Army in the section dedicated to the 1st Belorussian Front, we encounter the same thing: the troops “repelled enemy attacks in the east. Warsaw”, “reflecting enemy counterattacks, in some areas they fought to improve their positions”, “repelled enemy tank attacks on the western bank of the river. Vistula"…

In the current situation, according to Rokossovsky, his troops could no longer count on success.

“A very unsightly situation has developed on this section of the front,” writes Konstantin Konstantinovich, - the troops of the two armies, turning their front to the north, stretched out in a thread, bringing all their reserves into battle; there was nothing left in the front reserve» .

There was also no need to count on help from other fronts: the right neighbor of the 1st Belorussian Front, the 2nd Belorussian Front, lagged somewhat behind. The only way out would be to speed up the advance of the 70th Army from Brest and quickly pull out the troops stuck in Belovezhskaya Pushcha. But the 65th Army, having quickly overcome its forested areas without encountering much enemy resistance and pulled ahead, was attacked by units of two tank divisions. They crashed into the center of the army, separated its troops into several groups, depriving the commander of communication with most of the formations for some time. In the end, the Soviet and German units were mixed up, so it was difficult to tell which was which. The battle took on a focal character. Rokossovsky, who expected that the 65th Army would provide assistance to the 2nd Tank and 47th armies fighting near Warsaw, on the contrary, was forced to send a rifle corps and a tank brigade to its rescue. Thanks to their help, the army managed to get out of this unpleasant situation relatively successfully. The offensive of the troops of the 1st Belorussian Front in the Warsaw area gradually died down.

We have already become acquainted with Rokossovsky’s opinion, set out in his memoirs. Now let's see what he and Zhukov reported to Stalin on August 6:

"1. A strong enemy group operates in the area of ​​Sokolow, Podlaski, Ogródek (10 km north of Kalushin), Stanislanów, Wolomin, Prague.

2. We did not have enough forces to defeat this enemy group.”

Zhukov and Rokossovsky asked to be allowed to take advantage of the last opportunity - to bring the 70th Army, which had just been allocated to reserve, into the battle, consisting of four divisions, and to give three days to prepare the operation. The report emphasized:

“It is not possible to go on the offensive before August 10 due to the fact that before that time we do not have time to deliver the minimum required amount of ammunition.”

As we can see, Rokossovsky’s memoirs and the report to Stalin did not differ from each other in content.

The model hastened to report to Hitler that the important line had been held. Despite the fact that the troops of Army Group Center suffered a heavy defeat, Model not only retained, but also increased the Fuhrer’s trust in himself. On August 17, Model received diamonds for the Knight's Cross, becoming one of the few holders of the highest insignia. At the same time, the “Führer’s fireman” received a new appointment - commander-in-chief of Army Groups “West” and “B”. The model, this “cunning fox,” again managed to escape from Rokossovsky and avoid complete defeat.

The representative of the Supreme Command Headquarters, Marshal Zhukov, and the commander of the 1st Belorussian Front did not want to come to terms with the fact that Warsaw was still in the hands of the enemy. On August 8, they presented Stalin with proposals for a plan for the operation, which was supposed to begin on August 25 with all front forces with the goal of occupying Warsaw. These proposals were based on an accurate calculation of the time during which it was necessary to carry out the following preparatory measures: from August 10 to 20, carry out the operation by the armies of the right and left wings of the 1st Belorussian Front; regrouping of troops, supply of fuel, lubricants and ammunition, replenishment of units.

On August 9, Stalin again received Mikolajczyk, who asked to immediately help the insurgent Warsaw with weapons, primarily grenades, small arms and ammunition. To this Stalin replied:

– All these actions in Warsaw seem unreal. It could have been different if our troops had approached Warsaw, but, unfortunately, this did not happen. I expected that we would enter Warsaw on August 6, but we did not succeed.

Pointing to the strong enemy resistance that Soviet troops encountered in the battles for Prague, Stalin said:

– I have no doubt that we will overcome these difficulties, but for these purposes we must regroup our forces and introduce artillery. All this takes time.

Stalin expressed doubts about the effectiveness of air aid to the rebels, since in this way only a certain number of rifles and machine guns could be delivered, but not artillery, and doing this in a city with a dangerous concentration of German forces was an extremely difficult task. However, he added, “we must try, we will do everything in our power to help Warsaw.”

The introduction of tired and bloodless divisions of the 70th Army into battle did not change the situation. Warsaw was nearby, but it was not possible to break through to it; every step cost enormous effort.

On August 12, General Bur-Komarovsky, who had already repeatedly turned to the exile government with a request for assistance, again asked to urgently send weapons, ammunition and to land troops in Warsaw. But the help received was scanty. The British refused to send parachute troops to Warsaw, but agreed to organize air support. British aviation, operating from Italian airfields, delivered 86 tons of cargo, mainly weapons and food, to the rebels on the nights of August 4, 8 and 12. On August 14, the Allies raised the issue with the Soviet leadership about shuttle flights of American bombers from Bari (Italy) to Soviet bases in order to provide more effective assistance to the rebels by dropping the cargo they needed. The response of the Soviet leaders, who reproached the allies for not informing them in a timely manner about the impending uprising, was negative. On August 16, Stalin informed British Prime Minister Churchill:

“After a conversation with Mikolajczyk, I ordered that the Red Army command intensively drop weapons in the Warsaw area... Later, having become more familiar with the Warsaw case, I was convinced that the Warsaw action represented a reckless, terrible adventure, costing the population great casualties» .

Based on this, Stalin wrote, the Soviet command came to the conclusion that it was necessary to dissociate itself from it.

On August 20, US President F. Roosevelt and W. Churchill sent a message to J.V. Stalin. Everything must be done, they believed, to save as many patriots as possible in Warsaw. In his reply on August 22, Stalin stated that “sooner or later, the truth about the handful of criminals who started the Warsaw adventure to seize power will become known to everyone” and that the uprising, which attracted increased German attention to Warsaw, was not beneficial from a military point of view. The Red Army, nor the Poles. Stalin reported that Soviet troops were doing everything possible to break enemy counterattacks and launch “a new broad offensive near Warsaw.”

Marshal Rokossovsky spoke about this on August 26 to the correspondent of the English newspaper The Sunday Times and the BBC radio company A. Vert.

“I can’t go into details,” said Konstantin Konstantinovich. – I’ll only tell you the following. After several weeks of heavy fighting in Belarus and Eastern Poland, we eventually reached the outskirts of Prague around 1 August. At that moment, the Germans threw four tank divisions into battle, and we were pushed back.

- How far back?

– I can’t tell you exactly, but, let’s say, about a hundred kilometers.

– And you still continue to retreat?

- No, now we are advancing, but slowly.

– Did you think on August 1 (as the Pravda correspondent made it clear that day) that you would be able to capture Warsaw in just a few days?

– If the Germans had not thrown all these tanks into battle, we would have been able to take Warsaw, although not with a frontal attack, but the chances of this were never more than 50 out of 100. The possibility of a German counterattack in the Prague area was not excluded, although now we know that before the arrival of these four tank divisions, the Germans in Warsaw fell into a panic and began to pack their bags in great haste.

– Was the Warsaw Uprising justified in such circumstances?

- No, it was a gross mistake. The rebels started it at their own peril and risk, without consulting us.

– But there was a broadcast from Moscow Radio calling them to revolt?

- Well, these were ordinary conversations. Similar calls for an uprising were broadcast by the Home Army radio station Swit, as well as by the Polish edition of the BBC - at least that’s what I was told, I didn’t hear it myself. Let's talk seriously. An armed uprising in a place like Warsaw could only succeed if it were carefully coordinated with the actions of the Red Army. Correct timing was of the utmost importance here. The Warsaw insurgents were poorly armed, and the uprising would only make sense if we were already ready to enter Warsaw. We did not have such readiness at any stage of the battle for Warsaw, and I admit that some Soviet correspondents showed excessive optimism on August 1. We were being pressed, and even under the most favorable circumstances we would not have been able to capture Warsaw before mid-August. But the circumstances did not work out well; they were unfavorable for us. In war such things happen. Something similar happened in March 1943 near Kharkov and last winter near Zhitomir.

– Do you have a chance that you will be able to take Prague in the next few weeks?

– This is not a subject for discussion. The only thing I can tell you is that we will try to take control of both Prague and Warsaw, but it will not be easy.

– But you have bridgeheads south of Warsaw.

– Yes, but the Germans are bending over backwards to eliminate them. We have a very hard time keeping them and we are losing a lot of people. Please note that we have more than two months of continuous fighting behind us. We liberated all of Belarus and almost a quarter of Poland, but the Red Army can get tired at times. Our losses were very great.

– Can’t you provide air assistance to the Warsaw rebels?

“We are trying to do this, but, to be honest, there is little benefit from it. The rebels have gained a foothold only in certain points of Warsaw, and most of the goods fall to the Germans.

– Why can’t you allow British and American planes to land behind Russian troops after they have dropped their cargo in Warsaw? Your refusal caused a terrible uproar in England and America...

– The military situation in the area east of the Vistula is much more complicated than you imagine. And we don’t want British and American planes to be there right now, on top of everything else. I think that in a couple of weeks we ourselves will be able to supply Warsaw with the help of our low-flying aircraft, if the rebels have a piece of territory in the city that is somewhat visible from the air. But dropping cargo in Warsaw from a high altitude, as Allied planes do, is almost completely useless.

– Does the bloodbath taking place in Warsaw and the accompanying destruction have a demoralizing effect on the local Polish population?

- Of course it does. But the Home Army command made a terrible mistake. We, the Red Army, are conducting military operations in Poland, we are the force that will liberate all of Poland in the coming months, and Bur-Komarovsky, together with his henchmen, burst in here like a redhead in a circus - like that clown who appears in the arena at the most the wrong moment and turns out to be wrapped in a carpet... If we were talking here only about clownery, it would not matter at all, but we are talking about a political adventure, and this adventure will cost Poland hundreds of thousands of lives. This is a horrific tragedy, and now they are trying to shift all the blame for it onto us. It pains me to think about the thousands and thousands of people who died in our struggle for the liberation of Poland. Do you really think that we would not have taken Warsaw if we had been able to do it? The very idea that we are in some sense afraid of the Home Army is absurd to the point of idiocy.

The conversation between Marshal Rokossovsky and the English correspondent, as noted, took place on August 26, and three days later the Belarusian strategic offensive operation ended. During the operation, troops of the 1st Baltic, 1st, 2nd and 3rd Belorussian Fronts defeated Army Group Center and defeated Army Groups North and Northern Ukraine. 17 divisions and 3 brigades were completely destroyed, and 50 divisions lost more than half of their strength, about 2,000 enemy aircraft were destroyed. The enemy's losses amounted to about 409.4 thousand soldiers and officers, including 255.4 thousand irrevocably. More than 200 thousand people were captured.

General G. Guderian, assessing the results of the offensive of the Soviet troops, wrote:

“This blow put not only Army Group Center in an extremely difficult situation, but also Army Group North» » .

The victory in Operation Bagration came at a high price. The losses of the Soviet troops were: irrevocable - 178,507 people, sanitary - 587,308 people, in military equipment and weapons - 2,957 tanks and self-propelled guns, 2,447 guns and mortars, 822 combat aircraft and 183.5 thousand small arms. The most losses (irretrievable and sanitary) were on the 1st Belorussian Front - 281.4 thousand people. This was caused by the stubborn resistance of the enemy, the power of his defense, the difficulties of crossing water barriers, not always effective artillery and aviation preparation, insufficiently close interaction between ground troops and aviation, and poor training of newly called up reinforcements.

At the same time, during Operation Bagration, Marshal Rokossovsky acquired significant experience in organizing the encirclement and destruction of large enemy groups in a short time and in a wide variety of conditions. In general, the problems of breaking through powerful enemy defenses and quickly developing success in operational depth through the skillful use of tank formations and formations were successfully resolved. Army General P.I. Batov, assessing the contribution of K.K. Rokossovsky to achieving the goal of Operation Bagration, wrote:

“I think that I will not be mistaken in calling the Belarusian operation one of the most remarkable achievements in the brilliant military leadership of K.K. Rokossovsky. However, he himself, being a very modest man, never emphasized his personal merits in this operation.» .

After the completion of Operation Bagration, the Supreme High Command Headquarters on August 29 assigned the following task to the troops of the 1st Belorussian Front:

“The left wing of the front troops, upon receipt of this directive, proceed to a tough defense. Continue the offensive with the right wing with the task of reaching the river by 4–5.09. Narew to the mouth and seize bridgeheads on the western bank of the river in the area of ​​Pultusk, Serock, and then also go over to a tough defense. Pay special attention to defense in the following directions: Ruzhan, Ostrow Mazowiecki, Chizhev; Pułtusk, Wyszków, Węgrów; Warsaw, Minsk Mazowiecki, Dęblin, Łuków; Radom, Lublin and holding bridgeheads on the western bank of the Vistula and Narew rivers» .

The Supreme Command headquarters required the creation of a deeply layered defense, the establishment of at least three defensive lines with a total depth of 30–40 km, having strong corps, army and front reserves in the main directions.

The representative of the Supreme Command Headquarters, Marshal Zhukov, and the commander of the 1st Belorussian Front, Marshal Rokossovsky, planned, as we remember, to launch an offensive on August 25 with the goal of occupying Warsaw. However, by this time it was not possible to complete all preparatory activities. In early September, Rokossovsky received intelligence information that German tank units, previously located near Prague, were attacking bridgeheads on the Vistula, south of Warsaw. This means, Konstantin Konstantinovich decided, the enemy does not expect an attack on Warsaw, since he has weakened his group there. This was immediately reported to Stalin, and he gave the corresponding order.

The memoirs of Colonel General M. Kh. Kalashnik, “Trial by Fire,” describe in detail how the attack on Warsaw was prepared, which we will use.

On September 4, Marshal K.K. Rokossovsky arrived at the headquarters of the 47th Army. He held a meeting attended by the army commander, General N.I. Gusev, the chief of staff of the army, members of the Military Council, commanders of the military branches, and some heads of headquarters departments. Rokossovsky familiarized those present with the order to attack. The army troops had to deliver the main blow and, in cooperation with their neighbors, formations of the 70th Army and the Polish 1st Army, break through the enemy’s defenses, break through the enemy’s Warsaw defensive line, reach the Vistula, capture the fortress and the city of Prague. Additional troops were allocated from the front reserve of the 47th Army, mainly artillery and tank units, and rocket mortar units. Five days were allotted to prepare the operation.

Approaching the map hanging on the wall, Rokossovsky outlined the offensive line with a pointer and said in an even, calm voice:

“The army’s task is not an easy one. The enemy's defense on the approaches to Prague is deeply echeloned. He shouts to the whole world that Prague is an impregnable fortress. And although we are already accustomed to taking the enemy’s “impregnable” fortifications, this time we face a most serious obstacle. The 47th Army, taking into account the additional troops allocated to it, has enough forces and means for them to successfully complete the combat mission and conduct the operation quickly and in an organized manner. However, great skill, exemplary coordination and skillful cooperation between all branches of the military will be required to break the enemy's resistance. In no case should people be oriented toward an easy victory; at the same time, everything possible must be done to avoid unnecessary, unjustified losses, both in manpower and in equipment.

Konstantin Konstantinovich drew special attention to the need to maintain secrecy in preparing to break through enemy defenses.

“Surprise, the surprise of a powerful blow is half the victory,” he said. – This should not be forgotten for a minute. It is also important that every soldier, every sergeant and officer knows the purpose of the operation, its military-political significance, and their specific combat missions at various stages of the offensive.

The marshal visited units, talked with commanders and political workers, with soldiers and sergeants. He was accompanied on this trip by General N.I. Gusev and the head of the army's political department, M.Kh. Kalashnik.

“I was very impressed by the marshal’s ability to talk to people,” recalled Colonel General Kalashnik. – He could call everyone to openness, direct the conversation to what was most necessary, give the necessary advice, and notice even a seemingly minor omission. It seemed that he knew the life of this or that regiment that we visited no worse than its commander. This was explained, of course, by the fact that the front commander knew the troops thoroughly, was fully aware of their needs and demands, and was able to see the main thing, the main thing that ultimately determined success or failure on the battlefield. Tall, slender, courageously handsome, with a brilliant military bearing, he had some special charm, the soldiers looked at the marshal with pride and love» .

On September 5, the British government again appealed to the Soviet leadership with a request to allow American planes to land at Soviet airfields. In its response message on September 9, the Soviet government, without abandoning its opinion regarding the nature of the uprising and the low effectiveness of air assistance to the rebels, nevertheless agreed to organize such assistance jointly with the British and Americans according to a pre-planned plan. American planes were allowed to land in Poltava.

In order to assist the rebels, the troops of the 2nd Belorussian Front on September 6 stormed the city of Ostrolenko, which covered the approaches to Warsaw.

The offensive of the troops of the 47th Army of the 1st Belorussian Front began at noon on September 10. The timing of the offensive once again emphasizes Marshal Rokossovsky’s non-standard approach to solving assigned tasks. He tried to avoid a pattern, since the enemy was accustomed to the fact that the offensive usually begins in the morning. The attack was preceded by a powerful artillery barrage that lasted more than an hour. The artillery density was 160 guns per 1 km of the breakthrough front. In addition, several salvos brought down Katyusha batteries on the enemy’s defenses. Immediately after the artillery barrage, the 76th and 175th rifle divisions operating in the first echelon of the army went on the attack. They were supported by tanks, aircraft, regimental and divisional artillery. The enemy, who occupied a well-fortified defense, put up fierce resistance. Despite this, the infantry, in cooperation with tankers and artillerymen, drove the enemy out of the first and second lines of trenches. On the evening of September 11, units of the 175th Infantry Division reached the outskirts of Prague, and the regiments of the 76th Infantry Division, in cooperation with neighboring formations and tankers, captured the city and the Rembertow railway station. On September 14, the troops of the 47th Army captured Prague and reached the Vistula on a broad front.

Units of the 1st Polish Division named after. On the night of September 16, Kosciuszko, with the support of Soviet artillery, aviation and engineering troops, crossed the Vistula and captured a bridgehead on its left bank. However, the division was unable to connect with the rebels. The enemy, who had numerical superiority, threw the division back to the right bank with heavy losses.

Marshal Zhukov, who arrived at the headquarters of the 1st Belorussian Front on September 15, got acquainted with the situation and spoke with Rokossovsky. After this, Zhukov called Stalin and asked permission to stop the offensive, since it was clearly futile due to the great fatigue of the troops and significant losses. Marshal Zhukov also asked to give an order for the troops of the right wing of the 1st Belorussian and the left wing of the 2nd Belorussian front to move to the defense in order to provide them with rest and replenishment. Stalin was not happy with this turn of events, and he ordered Zhukov, along with Rokossovsky, to arrive at the Supreme Command Headquarters.

When describing further events, we will use Zhukov’s memoirs.

In J.V. Stalin’s office there were A.I. Antonov, V.M. Molotov, L.P. Beria and G.M. Malenkov.

After greeting, Stalin said:

- Well, report!

Zhukov unfolded the map and began to report. Stalin began to become noticeably nervous: he would approach the map, then move away, then approach again, peering intently with his prickly gaze at Zhukov, then at the map, then at Rokossovsky. He even put his pipe aside, which always happened when he began to lose composure and control of himself.

“Comrade Zhukov,” Molotov interrupted Georgy Konstantinovich, “you propose to stop the offensive when the defeated enemy is unable to hold back the pressure of our troops.” Is your proposal reasonable?

“The enemy has already managed to create a defense and bring up the necessary reserves,” Zhukov objected. “He is now successfully repelling the attacks of our troops.” And we are suffering unjustified losses.

“Zhukov believes that we all have our heads in the clouds here and don’t know what’s going on at the fronts,” Beria interjected with an ironic grin.

– Do you support Zhukov’s opinion? – Stalin asked, turning to Rokossovsky.

“Yes, I think it’s necessary to give the troops a break and put them in order after a long period of tension.”

“I think that the enemy is using the respite no worse than you,” said Joseph Vissarionovich. - Well, if you support the 47th Army with aviation and reinforce it with tanks and artillery, will it be able to reach the Vistula between Modlin and Warsaw?

“It’s hard to say, Comrade Stalin,” Rokossovsky replied. – The enemy can also strengthen this direction.

- And what do you think? – the Supreme Commander-in-Chief asked, turning to Zhukov.

“I believe that this offensive will give us nothing but casualties,” Georgy Konstantinovich repeated again. “And from an operational point of view, we don’t particularly need the area northwest of Warsaw.” The city must be taken by a detour from the southwest, while simultaneously delivering a powerful cutting blow in the general direction of Lodz - Poznan. The front does not have the forces for this now, but they should be concentrated. At the same time, it is necessary to thoroughly prepare neighboring fronts in the Berlin direction for joint actions.

“Go and think again, and we’ll consult here,” Stalin unexpectedly interrupted Zhukov.

Zhukov and Rokossovsky went out into the library room and laid out the map again. Georgy Konstantinovich asked Rokossovsky why he did not reject Stalin's proposal in a more categorical form. After all, it was clear to him that the offensive of the 47th Army could under no circumstances produce positive results.

“Didn’t you notice how badly your ideas were received?” – answered Konstantin Konstantinovich. – Didn’t you feel how Beria was warming up Stalin? This, brother, could end badly. I already know what Beria is capable of, I visited his dungeons.

After 15–20 minutes, Beria, Molotov and Malenkov entered the library room.

- Well, what did you think? – Malenkov asked.

– We haven’t come up with anything new. “We will defend our opinion,” Zhukov answered.

“That’s right,” said Malenkov. - We will support you.

Soon everyone was again called into Stalin’s office, who said:

“We consulted here and decided to agree to the transition to the defense of our troops. As for future plans, we will discuss them later. You can go.

All this was said in a far from friendly tone. Stalin hardly looked at Zhukov and Rokossovsky, which was not a good sign.

K.K. Rokossovsky in his memoirs “A Soldier’s Duty” presents all this differently. He writes that active hostilities stopped immediately near Warsaw. Only in the Modlin direction did difficult and unsuccessful battles continue. “The enemy on the entire front went on the defensive,” recalled Konstantin Konstantinovich. – But we were not allowed to go on the defensive in the area north of Warsaw in the Modlin direction by the representative of the Supreme Command Headquarters, Marshal Zhukov, who was with us at that time.» .

Rokossovsky further noted that the enemy held a small bridgehead in the form of a triangle on the eastern banks of the Vistula and Narev, the apex of which was at the confluence of the rivers. This area, located in a lowland, could only be attacked head-on. The opposite banks of the Vistula and Narev, bordering it, rose strongly above the terrain, which the troops of the 1st Belorussian Front had to storm. The enemy fired all approaches with cross artillery fire from positions located behind both rivers, as well as from the artillery of the Modlin fortress, located at the top of the triangle.

The troops of the 70th and 47th armies unsuccessfully attacked the bridgehead, suffered losses, spent a large amount of ammunition, and could not dislodge the enemy. Rokossovsky recalled that he repeatedly reported to Zhukov about the inappropriateness of an offensive in the Modlin direction. The front commander believed that even if the enemy leaves this triangle, the front troops will still not occupy it, since the enemy will shoot them with his fire from very advantageous positions. But all of Rokossovsky’s arguments had no effect. The only answer he received from Zhukov was that he could not leave for Moscow with the knowledge that the enemy was holding a bridgehead on the eastern banks of the Vistula and Narev.

Then Rokossovsky decided to personally study the situation directly on the ground. At dawn, with two army headquarters officers, Konstantin Konstantinovich arrived at the battalion of the 47th Army, which operated in the first echelon. The front commander positioned himself in a trench with a telephone and a rocket launcher. He came to an agreement with the battalion commander: red rockets meant an attack, green rockets meant the attack was cancelled.

At the appointed time, the artillery opened fire. However, the enemy's return fire was stronger. Rokossovsky came to the conclusion that until the enemy’s artillery system was suppressed, there could be no talk of eliminating his bridgehead. Therefore, he signaled the cancellation of the attack, and by telephone ordered the commanders of the 47th and 70th armies to stop the offensive.

“I returned to my front-line command post in a state of great excitement and could not understand Zhukov’s stubbornness,” writes Konstantin Konstantinovich. – What, exactly, did he want to prove with this inappropriate insistence? After all, if we didn’t have him here, I would have abandoned this offensive long ago, which would have saved many people from death and injury and saved money for the upcoming decisive battles. It was here that I was once again finally convinced of the uselessness of this authority - representatives of Headquarters - in the form in which they were used. This opinion persists even now, when I am writing my memoirs. My excited state apparently caught the eye of a member of the Military Council of the front, General N.A. Bulganin, who asked what had happened, and, having learned about my decision to stop the offensive, advised me to report this to the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, which I did right» .

Stalin, after listening to Rokossovsky, asked to wait a little, and then said that he agreed with the proposal, and ordered the offensive to stop, the front troops to go on the defensive and begin preparing a new offensive operation.

So, Marshal Zhukov claims that, together with Marshal Rokossovsky, he proposed to stop the offensive in the Modlin direction. But Rokossovsky refutes this version.

In Warsaw, events unfolded tragically. Attempts to assist the rebels by airlifting weapons and ammunition were unsuccessful. On September 18, 104 American “Flying Fortresses”, accompanied by fighters, went to the Warsaw area and parachuted 1284 containers with cargo from a great height. But only a few dozen containers fell to the rebels, the rest fell to the location of either the enemy or Soviet troops on the right bank of the Vistula. In total, according to estimates from the headquarters of the Warsaw District of the Home Army, the British and American Air Forces delivered to Warsaw 430 carbines and submachine guns, 150 machine guns, 230 anti-tank rifles, 13 mortars, 13 thousand mines and grenades, 2.7 million rounds of ammunition, 22 t of food. After this, the American Air Force no longer carried out such operations. From September 1 to October 1, pilots of the Polish 1st Mixed Air Division and the 16th Air Army delivered 156 mortars, 505 anti-tank rifles, 3,288 machine guns and rifles, 41,780 grenades, a lot of ammunition and food, and even a 45-mm cannon to the rebels.

The German command declared Warsaw a “fortress.” By the end of September, about 2.5 thousand armed people remained in the city, fighting German units in four areas cut off from each other. The population of Warsaw was starving.

These days, Helena, Rokossovsky’s sister, suffered at the hands of a German officer. One day, the Germans burst into the courtyard of the house where she worked. At that moment, one of the neighbors called Helena by her last name, and the German officer heard this. He ran up to her and, shouting - along with curses - “Rokossovska”, “Rokossovska”, hit Helena on the head with the handle of the pistol. She fell. She was saved from imminent death by a nurse from a nearby hospital, who pulled out an “Aussweis” with a fictitious name from Helena’s purse and, using her knowledge of German, showed it to the officer and explained what he heard.

General Bur-Komarovsky, making sure that the Home Army would not be able to capture Warsaw, decided to stop the fight and signed an act of surrender on October 2. During the fighting in the city, 22 thousand rebels, 5,600 soldiers of the Polish Army and 180 thousand inhabitants were killed. 1.5 thousand soldiers were captured. The capital of Poland was completely destroyed. Soviet troops that made their way to Warsaw in August–September lost 235 thousand people killed, wounded and missing, and the Polish Army lost 11 thousand people. German losses during the suppression of the uprising amounted to 10 thousand killed, 9 thousand wounded and 7 thousand missing.

The German command did not lose hope that it would be able to deal with the bridgeheads on the Vistula and Narva. The Magnushevsky bridgehead south of Warsaw was constantly under attack, but on the bridgehead of the 65th Army beyond the Narev it was calm for some time. The enemy managed to prepare secretly and on October 4 launched a surprise attack, simultaneously bringing large forces into action. Already in the first hours, the situation became alarming, and Rokossovsky, together with a member of the front Military Council Telegin, commanders of artillery, armored and mechanized forces Kazakov and Orel, went to the command post of the 65th Army.

“The enemy was unable to break through the second position on the move, although he came close to it,” reported the army commander, General Batov. – The anti-tank artillery distinguished itself. The IS-2 also helped a lot: from a distance of two kilometers they pierced through the German “Tigers” and “Panthers”. We counted - sixty-nine tanks were burning in front of our positions.

“The Germans, I think, after they failed to break through in the center, can change the direction of the attack,” Rokossovsky thought out loud, but at that moment he was interrupted by the army communications chief:

- Comrade Marshal, take you to the HF apparatus, Headquarters!

“Yes... the enemy has up to four hundred tanks,” Rokossovsky reported. – He threw one hundred and eighty in the first echelon... The blow is very strong. Yes, he pushed back in the center, the troops retreated to the second lane... Commander? He'll handle it, I'm sure. We are already providing assistance... I obey,” Rokossovsky ended the conversation. “Well, Pavel Ivanovich,” he turned to Batov, “it’s been said that if we don’t hold the bridgehead...

The bridgehead was held, but the fighting continued here until October 12. The enemy, having lost more than 400 tanks and many soldiers, was forced to go on the defensive. Now it was the turn of the troops of the 1st Belorussian Front. Having exhausted the enemy, Marshal Rokossovsky concentrated fresh formations on the bridgehead and on October 19 launched an offensive, as a result of which the bridgehead doubled in size. To the left of the 65th Army, the 70th Army was transported across the Narev, and now one could think about using a bridgehead for a thrust into the interior of Poland, to the borders of Germany. The front troops could reach the Berlin direction, and then Marshal Rokossovsky would undoubtedly gain the glory of conquering the capital of Nazi Germany, Berlin.

In mid-October, a large and friendly staff of the 1st Belorussian Front headquarters had already begun to work out the elements of a new front-line operation. Rokossovsky intended to deliver the main blow from the Pultu bridgehead on the Narew, bypassing Warsaw from the north, and from the bridgeheads south of Warsaw - in the direction of Poznan. But he did not have to carry out this plan.

The front commander was unexpectedly summoned to the High Command by Stalin:

- Hello, Comrade Rokossovsky. Headquarters decided to appoint you commander of the 2nd Belorussian Front.

Rokossovsky was confused at first, but, gathering his will into a fist, asked:

– Why such disfavor, Comrade Stalin? Am I being transferred from the main area to a secondary area?

“You are mistaken, Comrade Rokossovsky,” Stalin said softly. - The area to which you are being transferred is part of the general western direction, in which troops of three fronts will operate - the 2nd Belorussian, 1st Belorussian and 1st Ukrainian. The success of this critical operation will depend on the cooperation of these fronts. Therefore, Headquarters pays special attention to the selection of commanders and made an informed decision.

– Who will be the commander of the 1st Belorussian Front, Comrade Stalin?

– Zhukov was appointed to the 1st Belorussian Front. How do you view this candidacy?

– The candidacy is quite worthy. The Supreme Commander-in-Chief chose his deputy from the most worthy and capable military leaders. Zhukov is like that.

– Thank you, Comrade Rokossovsky. I'm very pleased with this answer. Please note, Comrade Rokossovsky, the 2nd Belorussian Front,” Stalin’s voice became confidentially close, “is assigned very important tasks, and it will be reinforced with additional formations and equipment. If you and Konev do not advance, then Zhukov will not advance either. Do you agree, Comrade Rokossovsky?

- I agree, Comrade Stalin.

– How do your closest assistants work?

– Very good, Comrade Stalin. These are wonderful comrades, courageous generals.

– We will not object if you take with you to your new place those employees of the headquarters and departments with whom you worked together during the war years. Take whoever you think is necessary.

- Thank you, Comrade Stalin. I hope that in the new place I will meet equally capable comrades.

- Thank you for this. Goodbye.

Rokossovsky hung up, left the control room, returned to the dining room, silently poured himself and others vodka, just as silently, out of frustration, drank and sank heavily into a chair...

On November 12, by order No. 220263 of the Supreme Command Headquarters, Marshal Zhukov was appointed commander of the 1st Belorussian Front. Marshal Rokossovsky was appointed to the post of commander of the 2nd Belorussian Front. He was to take office no later than November 18.

“It seems to me that after this conversation between Konstantin Konstantinovich and I there were no longer those warm comradely relations,” recalled Zhukov, - which were between us for many years. Apparently, he believed that I, to some extent, asked myself to stand at the head of the troops of the 1st Belorussian Front. If so, then this is his deep delusion» .

Rokossovsky, having said goodbye to his comrades and Marshal Zhukov, left for the 2nd Belorussian Front...

Liberation of Belarus from the Nazi invaders.

The end of the Great Patriotic War and the Second World War.

The beginning of the liberation of Belarus from the Nazi invaders (September 1943 - February 1944).

Military operations in the Far East and the end of World War II.

The beginning of the liberation of Belarus from the Nazi invaders (September 1943 - February 1944).

In the period from September 1943 to July 28, 1944, the Soviet Army carried out a number of operations to liberate Belarus from the Nazi invaders.

The liberation of the republic began with battle for the Dnieper(August–December 1943). It represented a serious natural barrier for our advancing troops. According to the Hitlerite command, it was supposed to become an insurmountable barrier for the Red Army. “The Dnieper would sooner flow back than the Russians would overcome it,” Hitler said at one of the meetings in Berlin. The Germans also understood that it was from the Dnieper that the routes to Poland, the Carpathians and the Balkans opened up, so three tank and three infantry divisions were transferred here from Western Europe, as well as thousands of enemy marching reinforcements.

The invaders flattered themselves with the hope that they would be able to rest and sit behind the fortifications of the “eastern wall.” “The front-line soldier dreamed,” recalls the former commander of the 47th German Tank Corps, General Formann, “of protection and security beyond the Dnieper. He saw the only point in all the heavy battles that had been fought over the past months in crossing the river and finally finding peace there.”

And here is one of the later, post-war assessments of those terrible events contained in German scientific literature. “The Dnieper-Sozh line,” testifies the military historian Ricker, “should have been turned into an “eastern rampart” against which the Russians would have broken their necks...”

The headquarters of the Soviet Supreme High Command, taking into account the favorable situation at the end of August, ordered a general offensive in the zone from Velikiye Luki to the Black Sea. The troops of the Central, Voronezh, Steppe and Southwestern Fronts were supposed to simultaneously cross the Dnieper and seize a bridgehead for the deployment of further operations to liberate Right Bank Ukraine. The first forces in Belarus to cross it were the troops of the 13th Army near the mouth of the Pripyat River. In the 13th Army, 201 soldiers were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union for crossing the Dnieper, and in some companies and battalions, all personnel, survivors and posthumously, were awarded orders and medals. Using crossings captured by partisans, some advanced detachments of the army crossed the river on September 21 and secured a foothold on the right bank. By the end of September 23, they had driven the enemy back 35 km from the Dnieper. The district center of Komarin, Gomel Region, was the first to be liberated (September 23, 1943); on September 26, the city of Khotimsk was liberated.

In those days, the Krasnaya Zvezda newspaper wrote: “Whoever saw the first Soviet battalions crossing the Dnieper will never forget this picture. It cannot be compared with the mass crossing of troops on ferries and pontoons. You should see how a tiny raft made of boards and logs dives in the waves. And on the raft there are four soldiers and a cannon. Nine planes swoop in, bombs raising huge columns of water. The raft half falls apart, but continues to move along the waves. He is pushed by the soldiers who slipped into the water, and he moves along with the cannon, which somehow miraculously survived on two logs.”

An integral part of the Battle of the Dnieper was Gomel-Rechitsa operation (November 10-30, 1943), carried out by troops of the 1st Belorussian Front under the command of General K.K. Rokossovsky. On the night of November 18, the city of Rechitsa was liberated; on November 25, troops crossed the Berezina River south of Zhlobin. On November 26, our troops liberated the regional center of Belarus, Gomel. In this area, the troops of the 1st Belorussian Front inflicted a heavy defeat on the enemy group. During the 20 days of the offensive, they advanced westward up to 130 km and liberated part of the eastern regions of Belarus. In the western direction, Soviet troops liberated the Smolensk and Bryansk regions, and by the end of the year they were fighting on the approaches to Vitebsk and Orsha.

During the Gomel-Rechitsa operation, the Belarusian partisans provided great assistance to the troops of the Belarusian Front. In the Dnieper territories that found themselves in the zone of action of the Belorussian Front, partisans of two well-known formations - Gomel and Polesie - operated. The first was commanded by I. Kozhar, the second by I. Vetrov. In total, in the fall of 1943 - winter of 1944. Red Army units, with the assistance of Belarusian partisans, liberated, in whole or in part, about 40 districts of the Gomel, Polesie, Mogilev and Vitebsk regions.

There were also Gorodok operation (December 13-31, 1943),Kalinkovichi-Mozyr operation (January 8–February 8, 1944). During this operation, in the Ozarichi region, Red Army troops liberated prisoners of 3 concentration camps, where more than 33 thousand Soviet citizens suffered and died. Rogachev-Zhlobin operation (February 21-26, 1944) During this operation, a serious defeat was inflicted on the enemy's 8th Army and conditions were created for the subsequent offensive of our troops in the summer of 1944 in the Bobruisk direction. In the battles for the city of Rogachev and the region, over 30 soldiers were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

In 1944, the victorious battles of the Red Army showed the world that the Soviet Union was capable of defeating Nazi Germany on its own. It was this circumstance that forced our allies the USA and England to finally open a second front. On June 6, 1944, Anglo-American troops landed in Northern France and began military operations against the Nazi army (Operation Overlord), but the Soviet-German front still remained the main front of the struggle.

One of the largest operations of 1944 and the war as a whole was the Belarusian offensive operation (June 23-August 29), carried out by the troops of the 1st Baltic (commander General I.Kh. Bagramyan), the 1st Belorussian (General K.K. Rokossovsky), 2 1st Belorussian (commander General G.F. Zakharov) and 3rd Belorussian (commander General I.D. Chernyakhovsky) fronts. The actions of the fronts in this operation were coordinated by Marshals of the Soviet Union G.K. Zhukov and A.M. Vasilevsky. The operation plan was developed by our fellow countryman from Grodno, General A.I. Antonov (Deputy Chief of the General Staff). The troops of the fronts participating in the offensive were significantly strengthened by the reserves of the Headquarters and consisted of 1,400 thousand people, 36,400 guns and mortars, 5,200 tanks and self-propelled artillery units and 5,300 combat aircraft. No matter how weakened Germany was, by the beginning of 1944 it still represented an impressive force. Together with the remaining allies, it could deploy about 5 million people on the eastern front. The forces of Army Group Center were concentrated on the territory of Belarus; the Nazis created a powerful defense line “Fatherland” (Fatherland) here, its width reached 270 km. The cities of Vitebsk, Orsha, Mogilev, Bobruisk, Borisov, Minsk were declared fortresses.

Based on the nature of the combat operations and the content of the operations carried out, the operation is divided into two stages. The first stage lasted from June 23 to July 4; during the first 6 days of the offensive, over 11 enemy divisions in the area of ​​Vitebsk and Bobruisk were surrounded and destroyed. In the following days, the fronts continued to develop a rapid offensive, and on July 3, a huge ring of encirclement was closed around the Nazi group, located between the Berezina and Svisloch rivers. There were more than 100 thousand soldiers and officers in the Minsk “cauldron”. The surrounded group was then dismembered and liquidated with the support of Belarusian partisans. On July 3, the city of Minsk was liberated. In the battles for the capital of Belarus, four tankmen from the 4th Guards Tank Brigade were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. This is Colonel O. Losik, the commander of this brigade (now the marshal of the armored forces), the commander of the tank company, Captain A. Yakovlev, the commander of the tank platoon, Lieutenant N. Kolychev, the tank commander, Junior Lieutenant D. Frolikov, who was the first to break into Minsk.

Today one of the streets of Minsk bears the name of Frolikov, and his T-34 tank stands on a pedestal near the House of Officers. The title of “Honorary Citizen of Minsk” is held by tankers of this formation O.A. Losik, A.S. Burdeyny, N.I. Kolychev.

At the second stage (from July 5 to August 29, 1944), the fronts liberated Molodechno on July 5, and Grodno on July 16. French pilots of the 1st Fighter Aviation Regiment "Normandy" fought alongside Soviet aviation. For the courage shown during the liberation of Belarus and especially for the exploits on the Neman River, the regiment was given the name “Normandie-Niemen”. By the end of July, all of Belarus was cleared of the enemy - Brest was liberated on July 28. The liberation of Poland, Lithuania and Latvia began. On July 23, the Nazis were driven out of Lublin, at the beginning of August our troops reached the middle reaches of the Vistula, and in mid-August, Soviet troops reached the German border. Army Group Center was destroyed - 17 divisions and 3 brigades were completely destroyed, and 50 divisions lost more than half of their strength. On July 17, 1944, the “Parade of Shame” took place in Moscow, in which 57 thousand German prisoners of war, captured mainly during Operation Bagration, took part.

Operation Bagration was carried out in cooperation with the partisans. By the directive of the Central Committee of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Belarus and the BSPD of June 8, 1944, all partisan brigades and detachments were tasked with delivering powerful blows to the enemy’s railway communications with all their might and everywhere and paralyzing its transportation on the lines Minsk - Brest, Polotsk - Molodechno, Orsha - Borisov , Molodechno – Vilnius, etc.

On the night of June 20, 1944, Belarusian partisans attacked the railway communications of the Army Group “Center” all the way from the front line to the state border and delivered their famous rail attack. This was the third stage of the “rail war”. During an attack on the railway. lines, partisan formations blew up rails, destroyed communications, captured stations and trains, and exterminated German guards.

In total, during Operation Bagration, the partisans blew up more than 60 thousand rails. The partisans captured and held dozens of railways until our army arrived. stations: Knyaginino, Parakhonsk, Lovsha, Bostyn, Lyushcha, Gudogai, Zhitkovichi, etc. German General G. Guderian in his book “Memoirs of a Soldier” wrote: “The partisan operation on June 20, 1944 had a decisive influence on the outcome of the battle.” It should be noted that the Nazis were forced to allocate 18 divisions to protect the railways in Belarus.

Assessing the combat activities of the Belarusian partisans in Operation Bagration, the head of the Central Staff of the partisan movement, Lieutenant General P.K. Ponomarenko wrote: “In no other operation of the Great Patriotic War, direct communication and tactical interaction between partisans and front-line formations and units were organized as widely and clearly as during the Belarusian operation.”

The Wehrmacht generals were also forced to recognize the merits of the partisans. General G. Guderian: “As the war became protracted, and the fighting at the front became more and more stubborn, guerrilla warfare became a real scourge, greatly affecting the morale of front-line soldiers.”

Former officer of the operational headquarters of Army Group Center, Hagenholtz, in his book “Decisive Battles of the Second World War,” defined the significance of partisan warfare on railway communications: “The beginning of the defeat of Army Group Center was laid by the actions of 240 thousand partisans who, in one night (from 19 to June 20, 1944) blew up all railways and paralyzed the transport system in 10 thousand places.”

The heads of the allied states also highly appreciated the victory of Soviet troops in Belarus in the summer of 1944. The British Prime Minister W. Churchill, in a message to J.V. Stalin on July 29, 1944, wrote “Your successes are becoming more and more magnificent every day.” US President F. Roosevelt gave an equally high assessment of the actions of the Red Army in Belarus. In his message to J.V. Stalin on July 21, 1944, he wrote: “The speed of the offensive of your Armies is amazing.”

“Bagration” is the largest operation of the Second World War in terms of scale and the number of forces involved in it. More than 4 million people, about 62 thousand guns and 7 thousand aircraft took part in it on both sides.

Liberation of European countries from fascism and the end of the war in Europe.

The first European country liberated from the Hitler regime was Romania (April 1944 - October 25, 1944), on September 8, the Red Army entered the territory of Bulgaria, on October 20, Yugoslavia was liberated, on February 13, 1945, Budapest (Hungary) was liberated. As a result of the opening of the Second Front in 1944, the Allied forces liberated France and Belgium, and in February 1945 a general offensive began in the west. In January 1945, troops from 6 fronts began the Vistula-Oder and East Prussian operations, which ended with the liberation of most of Poland. Warsaw was liberated only on January 17, 1945. More than 600 thousand Soviet soldiers and officers died in the battles for Poland.

The Red Army reached the river. Oder and on April 16 began the final offensive operation - Berlin (lasted until May 8, 1945), carried out by Soviet troops of the 1st and 2nd Belorussian, 1st Ukrainian Fronts, the Dnieper Military Flotilla, the 1st and 2nd Armies of the Polish Army. 2.5 million people, 41 thousand guns, and more than 6 thousand tanks were involved. In the Berlin direction, the troops of the Vistula and Center army groups occupied the defense - a total of 1 million people, 10,400 guns and mortars, 1,500 tanks and assault guns and 3,300 combat aircraft. In the Berlin area there were up to 2 thousand combat aircraft and about 600 anti-aircraft guns. In Berlin itself, over 200 Volkssturm battalions were created, and the total number of the garrison exceeded 200 thousand people. Berlin was soon surrounded and on April 25, Allied troops united on the Elbe River. The liquidation of the Berlin group directly in the city continued until May 2 by dismembering the defense and destroying the enemy piece by piece. Every street and house had to be stormed. Hand-to-hand fighting took place in the subway, underground communication structures and communication passages. On April 29, battles began for the Reichstag, the capture of which was entrusted to the 79th Rifle Corps of the 3rd Shock Army of the 1st Belorussian Front. The Nazis put up stubborn resistance. On April 30, scouts of the 150th Infantry Division M.A. Egorov and M.V. Kantaria hoisted the Red Banner over the Reichstag. On the same day, Adolf Hitler committed suicide by shooting himself in the head and at the same time trying to bite through an ampoule of potassium cyanide. Eva Braun, who had become Hitler's wife the day before, died next to him, having swallowed poison. According to the Fuhrer’s “personal will,” the bodies of both were taken out into the courtyard and burned. On May 2, the Berlin garrison capitulated. During the Berlin operation, Soviet troops defeated 70 enemy infantry, 23 tank and motorized divisions, most of the Wehrmacht aviation, and captured about 480 thousand people. Red Army losses amounted to 78,290 killed and 274,000 wounded. The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR established the medal "For the Capture of Berlin". The last operation in Europe in World War II ended with the liberation of Prague (May 9, 1945).

At 2:41 On the night of May 7, at the headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Allied Expeditionary Forces in Western Europe, US Army General Eisenhower, the terms of Germany's unconditional surrender were signed in Reims. On behalf of the Allies, the act of surrender was signed by the American Lieutenant General Walter Bedell Smith, the head of the Soviet military mission, General Ivan Susloparov for the Soviet Union, and General Francois Sevez for France. On behalf of Germany, it was signed by General Alfred Jodl and Admiral Hans von Friedeburg.

Since, apart from General I. Susloparov, none of the USSR government officials were present in Reims, the Soviet government assessed this act as unilateral. At Moscow's request, the Allies agreed to consider it a preliminary protocol of surrender. It was decided to sign the act of unconditional surrender in Berlin with the participation of the USSR, which bore the brunt of the war on its shoulders.

On the morning of May 8, correspondents from all the largest newspapers and magazines in the world and photojournalists began to arrive in Berlin to capture the historical moment of legal formalization of the complete defeat of Nazi Germany, its recognition of the bankruptcy of all doctrines, the failure of all its plans for conquest of world domination.

In the middle of the day, representatives of the Supreme Command of the Allied Forces arrived at the Tempelhof airfield. The High Command of the Allied Expeditionary Force was represented by Eisenhower's deputy, British Air Chief Marshal Arthur William Tedder, the US armed forces - the commander of the Strategic Air Forces, General Karl Spaats, and the French armed forces - the Army Commander-in-Chief, General Jean-Marie Gabriel de Lattre de Tassigny. From the airfield, the Allies arrived at Karlhorst, where it was decided to accept unconditional surrender from the German command.

The former Chief of Staff of the Supreme High Command of the Wehrmacht, Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel, the Commander-in-Chief of the Naval Forces, Admiral General of the Fleet G. von Friedeburg, and Colonel General of Aviation Hans Stumpf arrived at the same airfield from the city of Flensburg under the protection of British officers.

At exactly 24 o'clock, Zhukov, Tedder, Spaats and de Lattre de Tassigny entered the hall decorated with the national flags of the Soviet Union, USA, Great Britain and France. Began on May 9, 1945. Present in the hall were Soviet generals, whose troops took part in the legendary storming of Berlin, as well as Soviet and foreign journalists. Seeing the French, Keitel cried: "HereThere isAndFrench people! Thisreallytoo much!".

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The ceremony of signing the act was opened by Marshal Zhukov. He welcomed representatives of the Allied armies to Berlin, occupied by the Red Army, at the historic moment of surrender of the common enemy - Nazi Germany. “We, representatives of the Supreme Command of the Soviet Armed Forces and the Supreme Command of the Allied Forces... are authorized by the governments of the anti-Hitler coalition to accept the unconditional surrender of Germany from the German military command,” he solemnly said. Then representatives of the German High Command entered the hall  . At the suggestion of the Soviet representative, Keitel handed over to the heads of the Allied delegations a document with which Doenitz authorized the German delegation to sign the act of surrender. The German delegation was then asked whether it had the Act of Unconditional Surrender in its hands and whether it had studied it. The question was repeated in English by Marshal Tedder. After Keitel’s affirmative answer, representatives of the German armed forces, at the sign of Marshal Zhukov, signed an act drawn up in nine copies.

Later, on June 24, 1945, in honor of the victory over Nazi Germany, a Victory Parade was held in Moscow on Red Square. WITH July 17 to August 2 1945 The Potsdam (Berlin) Conference was held in Potsdam (near Berlin). It was called upon to discuss the problems of the post-war world order, and the central place in the negotiations was occupied by German problem. An agreement was reached on the procedure for exercising control over Germany. were proclaimed goals disarmament, demilitarization And denazification Germany. Made a significant contribution to the moral defeat of fascism Nuremberg trial. Held in Nuremberg (Germany) from November 20, 1945 to October 1, 1946 at the International Military Tribunal.

April 5, 1945 The Soviet government denounced the neutrality pact with Japan. Fighting began in the Far East. The main event of the Far Eastern military campaign was Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation (August 9-September 2, 1945). In August 1945 The US carried out atomic bombings on Japan. On August 6, 1945, an atomic bomb exploded over the Japanese city of Hiroshima, almost completely destroying the city. Three days later, on August 9, a second bomb wiped out another city, Nagasaki, from the face of the Earth. The exact number of victims is still unknown, but it is roughly estimated that in Hiroshima, at the time of the explosion and directly from the injuries received during this, 130–140 thousand people died and 92% of all buildings were destroyed. The country was shocked by a tragedy unprecedented in world history. 6 days after the explosion in Nagasaki, Emperor Hirohito addressed his subjects on the radio on August 15, declaring that Japan was no longer able to wage war. On September 2, 1945, on board the American flagship battleship Missouri, which arrived in the waters of Tokyo Bay, the official ceremony of signing the Act of Unconditional Surrender of Japan took place. The act was signed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Japan M. Shigemitsu as a representative of the Emperor and the Japanese government, and the Chief of the General Staff, General Y. Umezu. The USA was represented by the Supreme Commander of the Allied Forces, General D. MacArthur, the Soviet Union - Lieutenant General K.N. Derevianko, Great Britain - Admiral B. Fraser. Representatives of France, the Netherlands, China, Australia, and New Zealand were also present. The signing of the Japanese Instrument of Surrender meant the end of World War II. From May 3, 1946 to November 12, 1948, the trial of the main Japanese war criminals took place in Tokyo. The defendants were found guilty and sentenced: 7 to death (including former prime ministers Tojo and Hirota), 2 (Togo and Shigemitsu) to long prison terms, 16 to life imprisonment.

The Soviet Union made a decisive contribution to the defeat of Nazi Germany. Throughout the war, 75% of the Wehrmacht's armed forces were on the eastern front, two-thirds of all its forces were destroyed - 600 divisions. Of Germany's total losses of 13.5 million people, 10 million died on the Soviet-German front. The USSR lost 27 million people during the war years, of which 9 million were soldiers and officers, the rest were civilians. Every third person died in Belarus. 1.3 million Belarusians fought at the front, more than 300 thousand were awarded orders and medals, 440 people were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.

The Belarusian operation is a strategic offensive military operation of the USSR troops against Germany at the final stage of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945, named after the hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, commander P. I. Bagration. By June 1944, a bulge of German troops had formed on the front line in Belarus (the Vitebsk - Orsha - Mogilev - Zhlobin line), facing east. In this wedge, the German command created a deeply layered defense. The Soviet command set its troops the task of breaking through the enemy’s defenses on the territory of Belarus, defeating the German Army Group Center and liberating Belarus.

Operation Bagration began on June 23, 1944. It developed on a 400 km front line (between German Army Groups North and South), Soviet troops of the 1st Belorussian (Army General K.K. Rokossovsky) were advancing, 2nd Belorussian (Army General G.F. Zakharov), 3rd Belorussian (Colonel General I.D. Chernyakhovsky) and 1st Baltic (Army General I.Kh. Bagramyan) fronts. With the support of partisans, they broke through the defenses of the German Army Group Center in many areas, surrounded and eliminated large enemy groups in the areas of Vitebsk, Bobruisk, Vilnius, Brest and Minsk.

By August 29, 1944, German Army Group Center was almost completely defeated; Army Group North found itself cut off from all ground communication routes (until the surrender in 1945, it was supplied by sea). The territory of Belarus, a significant part of Lithuania and the eastern regions of Poland were liberated. Soviet troops reached the Narew and Vistula rivers and the borders of East Prussia.

Orlov A.S., Georgieva N.G., Georgiev V.A. Historical Dictionary. 2nd ed. M., 2012, p. 33-34.

Belarusian operation - offensive June 23 - August 29, 1944 by Soviet troops in Belarus and Lithuania. 4 fronts took part in the offensive: 1st Baltic (General I.Kh. Bagramyan), 1st Belorussian (General K.K. Rokossovsky), 2nd Belorussian (General G.F. Zakharov) and 3rd Belorussian ( General I.D. Chernyakhovsky). (Great Patriotic War, 1941-1945). The troops were equipped with vehicles, tractors, self-propelled artillery and other types of equipment. This significantly increased the maneuverability of Soviet formations. Three years after the start of the war, a completely different army returned to Belarus - a battle-hardened, skillful and well-equipped army. She was opposed by Army Group Center under the command of Field Marshal E. Bush.

The balance of forces is shown in the table.

Source: History of the Second World War: In 12 vols. M., 1973-1979. T. 9. P. 47.

In Belarus, the Germans hoped to stop the Soviet onslaught with the help of a pre-prepared and deeply echeloned (up to 270 km) defense, which relied on a developed system of field fortifications and convenient natural boundaries (rivers, wide swampy floodplains, etc.). These lines were guarded by the highest quality military contingent, which retained many veterans of the 1941 campaign in its ranks. The German command believed that the terrain and powerful defense system in Belarus precluded the Red Army from successfully carrying out a major offensive operation here. It expected that the Red Army would deliver its main blow in the summer of 1944 south of the Pripyat marshes, where the main German tank and motorized forces were concentrated. The Germans hoped that the main target of the Soviet onslaught would be the Balkans, a traditional zone of Russian interests.

However, the Soviet command developed a completely different plan. It sought first of all to liberate its territories - Belarus, Western Ukraine and the Baltic states. In addition, without eliminating the northern ledge, called the “Belarusian Balcony” by the Germans, the Red Army could not effectively advance south of the Pripyat marshes. Any breakthrough from the territory of Ukraine to the west (to East Prussia, Poland, Hungary, etc.) could be successfully paralyzed by an attack on the flank and rear from the “Belarusian Balcony”.

Perhaps none of the previous major Soviet operations had been prepared with such care. For example, before the offensive, sappers removed 34 thousand enemy mines in the direction of the main attack, made 193 passages for tanks and infantry, and established dozens of crossings across the Drut and Dnieper. On June 23, 1944, the day after the 3rd anniversary of the start of the war, the Red Army struck Army Group Center with an unprecedented blow, fully paying for its humiliating defeat in Belarus in the summer of 1941.

Convinced of the ineffectiveness of individual offensive operations in the central direction, the Soviet command this time attacked the Germans with forces on four fronts at once, concentrating up to two-thirds of its forces on the flanks. The first strike involved the bulk of the forces intended for the offensive. The Belarusian operation contributed to the success of the Second Front in Europe, which opened on June 6, since the German command could not actively transfer troops to the west to contain the onslaught from the east.

The operation can be divided into two stages. During the first of them (June 23 - July 4), Soviet troops broke through the front and, with the help of a series of enveloping maneuvers, surrounded large German groups in the area of ​​​​Minsk, Bobruisk, Vitebsk, Orsha and Mogilev. The Red Army's offensive was preceded by a massive artillery barrage (150-200 guns and mortars per 1 km of the breakthrough area). On the first day of the offensive, Soviet troops advanced 20-25 km in some areas, after which mobile formations were introduced into the breakthrough. Already on June 25, in the area of ​​Vitebsk and Bobruisk, 11 German divisions were surrounded. Near Bobruisk, Soviet troops for the first time used a massive air strike to destroy the encircled group, which disorganized and scattered the German units going for a breakthrough.

Meanwhile, the 1st and 3rd Belorussian Fronts launched deeper flank attacks in converging directions towards Minsk. On July 3, Soviet troops liberated the capital of Belarus, encircling a 100,000-strong German group to the east. Belarusian partisans played a huge role in this operation. Actively interacting with the advancing fronts, the people's avengers disorganized the operational rear of the Germans, paralyzing the latter's transfer of reserves. In 12 days, Red Army units advanced 225-280 km, breaking through the main lines of German defense. A peculiar result of the first stage was the procession through the streets of Moscow of over 57 thousand German soldiers and officers captured during the operation.

So, at the first stage, the German front in Belarus lost stability and collapsed, allowing the operation to move into the maneuver stage. Field Marshal V. Model, who replaced Bush, was unable to stop the Soviet offensive. At the second stage (July 5 - August 29), Soviet troops entered the operational space. On July 13, troops of the 1st Ukrainian Front struck south of the Pripyat marshes (see Lvov-Sandomierz operation), and the Soviet offensive unfolded from the Baltic states to the Carpathians. At the beginning of August, the advanced units of the Red Army reached the Vistula and the borders of East Prussia. Here the Soviet onslaught was stopped by the approaching German reserves. In August - September, Soviet troops, who captured bridgeheads on the Vistula (Magnuszewski and Pulawski) and Narew, had to fight off strong German counterattacks (see Warsaw III).

During the Belarusian operation, the Red Army made a powerful push from the Dnieper to the Vistula and advanced 500-600 km. Soviet troops liberated all of Belarus, most of Lithuania and entered Polish soil. For carrying out this operation, General Rokossovsky received the rank of marshal.

The Belarusian operation led to the defeat of Army Group Center, whose irretrievable losses amounted to 539 thousand people. (381 thousand people killed and 158 thousand captured). This success of the Red Army was paid at a high price. Its total losses amounted to over 765 thousand people. (including irrevocable - 233 thousand people), 2957 tanks and self-propelled guns, 2447 guns and mortars, 822 aircraft.

The Belarusian operation was distinguished by the largest losses of Red Army personnel in strategic operations of 1944. The average daily losses of Soviet troops were also the highest in the 1944 campaign (over two thousand people), which indicates the high intensity of the fighting and stubborn resistance of the Germans. This is evidenced by the fact that the number of killed Wehrmacht soldiers and officers in this operation is almost 2.5 times higher than the number of those who surrendered. Nevertheless, this was one of the largest defeats of the Wehrmacht in the Great Patriotic War. According to the German military, the disaster in Belarus put an end to the organized resistance of German troops in the East. The Red Army's offensive became general.

Book materials used: Nikolay Shefov. Battles of Russia. Military-historical library. M., 2002.

Read further:

Vitebsk-Orsha operation 1944, offensive operation of the troops of the 1st Baltic and 3rd Belorussian fronts in the Great Patriotic War, carried out on June 23 - 28 during the Belarusian operation.

Operation Bagration is a triumph of the Soviet theory of military art due to the well-coordinated offensive movement of all fronts and the operation carried out to disinform the enemy about the location of the general offensive that began in the summer of 1944.

In order to demonstrate to other countries the significance of the success, 57,600 German prisoners of war captured near Minsk were marched through Moscow - for about three hours a column of prisoners of war walked along the streets of Moscow, and after the march the streets were washed and cleared.

Germany's losses in the command staff were also high: 9 generals were killed, 22 were captured, 1 was missing and two committed suicide.

American researcher Stephen Zaloga in 1995 estimated the losses of German troops as follows: 300,000 killed, 250,000 wounded, 120,000 captured (the city of Bobruisk became the main detention center for German prisoners). Total losses: about 670,000 people.

According to Soviet data, from June 23 to July 23, 1944, the Germans lost 381,000 killed, 158,480 prisoners, 2,735 tanks and self-propelled guns, 631 aircraft and 57,152 vehicles.

Soviet losses: 2956 tanks and 2447 artillery units, 822 aircraft. Human losses amounted to: 178,507 people (7.6% of personnel) killed and missing, 587,308 wounded.

The advance of the Soviet troops was accompanied by heavy fighting. So, during the storming of Brest, 10 thousand Germans were killed and about one and a half were captured. Soviet soldiers entered a practically empty city. The success of the offensive was ensured by the heroism of the soldiers and Rokossovsky, who developed the plan for the Lublin-Brest operation. When entering the Baltic states, the advance of the thinned-out Soviet units was so difficult that they even had to partially retreat. Troops along the entire front went on the defensive.

Subsequent events

Soviet troops poured into a huge gap 900 km long, which opened in the German defense lines between Army Groups North and South, and within a month and a half reached East Prussia, an outpost of the Third Reich. Army Group North found itself cut off from all land communication routes (although it was freely supplied by sea and could be evacuated at any time) and with heavy losses held the so-called Courland Pocket (it was not a cauldron in the full sense of the word), until capitulation Germany in 1945.

Guerrilla zones, the first measures to renovate the national economy.

While the troops of the Wehrmacht and the USSR were fighting for Moscow and Stalingrad, other wars were being fought in the German rear: partisan and underground. The first partisan detachments consisted of soldiers who were surrounded and forced to hide in the forests. Later, specially trained detachments began landing in the German rear, and contacts were established with existing partisan groups. The “mainland” provided all possible support to the partisans. There was a continuous stream of planes carrying medicines and weapons. Air support in major guerrilla battles often decided the outcome of the battle. Thanks to the operations carried out, hundreds of trains of Germans carrying fuel, tanks, and soldiers to the front were derailed. Bridges and convoys were destroyed. But special attention should be paid to the so-called partisan zones.

A partisan zone is a partially liberated territory in which partisans conducted active military operations.

Here are the most important conditions for the formation and expansion of partisan regions and zones:

1. Active combat operations of partisans

2. The presence of favorable geographical conditions (wooded and swampy areas).

3. The heroic struggle of the Soviet Army at the front, which deprived the enemy of the opportunity to allocate forces sufficient to control the entire occupied territory.

Many villages were liberated from German oppression. In the partisan zones, with the active participation of the population, bodies of Soviet power were restored or their functions were performed by the partisan command, partisan commandants and other bodies. At the same time, collective farms, local industrial enterprises, cultural, medical and other institutions were restored. In the partisan regions and zones, sowing and harvesting were carried out in an organized manner. Schools were reopened. Such zones were the center of popular resistance, and marked the beginning of the renewal of the national economy.

The purpose of these zones was to create the basis for restoring the country’s destroyed economy, as well as at least partially liberating Belarus.

The materials presented in this test were taken from Wikipedia, the free Internet encyclopedia.

Ru. wikipedia. org

In defense of such a source of information, I would like to say that all the information in it is taken from various encyclopedias, verified and systematized.

On May 20, the General Staff completed the development of the plan for the Belarusian strategic offensive operation. It was included in the operational documents of the Headquarters under the code name “Bagration”.

In the first half of 1944, Soviet troops won major victories near Leningrad, in Right Bank Ukraine, in Crimea and on the Karelian Isthmus. These victories provided, by the summer of 1944, favorable conditions for the defeat of one of the largest strategic groupings of the enemy - Army Group Center - and the liberation of the Byelorussian SSR. Since the shortest route to the German borders passed through Belarus, a major offensive operation was carried out here. The operation received the code name “Bagration”, it was carried out by the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Belorussian (commanders K.K. Rokosovsky, G.F. Zakharov, I.D. Chernyakhovsky) and the 1st Baltic (Commander I H. Bagramyan) fronts.

In the summer of 1944, the Nazi command was waiting for the main attack of the Red Army in the south - in the Krakow and Bucharest directions. The majority of Soviet tank armies were located in the southwestern sector of the Soviet-German front. This was one of the reasons why the Germans expected to continue the offensive in the southwestern direction.

The ratio of forces of the parties at the beginning of the operation was in favor of the Soviet troops: in terms of people - 2 times, in terms of tanks and self-propelled guns - 4 times, and in terms of aircraft - 3.8 times. The decisive massing of forces and means in breakthrough areas made it possible to achieve superiority over the enemy in manpower - by 3-4 times, in artillery - by 5-7 times, and in tanks by 5-5.5 times. Soviet troops occupied an enveloping position in relation to the troops of Army Group Center. This contributed to the delivery of flank attacks, their encirclement and destruction in parts.

The concept of the operation: provided for the simultaneous transition of troops on four fronts to the offensive in the Vitebsk, Orsha, Mogilev and Bobruisk directions, the encirclement and destruction of enemy flank groups in the areas of Vitebsk and Bobruisk, the development of gifts along directions converging on Minsk, the encirclement and destruction of the main enemy group east of Minsk.

The similarity between the concept of Operation Bagration and that of Operation Uranus was that both operations provided for deep bilateral operational coverage, which led to the encirclement of a large strategic group of Nazi troops. The difference between the plans was that the plan for Operation Bagration provided for the initial encirclement of the enemy’s flank groupings. This should have led to the formation of large operational gaps, which the enemy, due to insufficient reserves, could not quickly close. These gaps were to be used by mobile troops to rapidly develop the offensive in depth and to encircle the 4th German Army in the area east of Minsk. In contrast to the dissecting flank attacks at Stalingrad, in Belarus the front was fragmented.

During the offensive of the Soviet troops that began on June 23, 1944, the German defense was broken through, and the enemy began a hasty retreat. However, the Germans did not manage to withdraw in an organized manner everywhere. Near Vitebsk and Bobruisk, 10 German divisions fell into two “cauldrons” and were destroyed. On July 3, Soviet troops liberated Minsk. In the forests east of Minsk, a 100,000-strong enemy group was surrounded and destroyed. The defeats at Bobruisk, Vitebsk and Minsk were catastrophic for the German army. General Guderian wrote: “As a result of this strike, Army Group Center was destroyed. We suffered huge losses - 25 divisions. All available forces were thrown at the collapsing front.” The German defenses collapsed. The Germans were unable to stop the advance of the Soviet troops. On July 13, units of the 3rd Belorussian Front liberated Vilnius. Soon Brest and the Polish city of Lublin were occupied. Operation Bagration ended on August 29, 1944 - Soviet troops liberated all of Belarus, part of the Baltic states, and entered the territory of Poland and East Prussia.

Tsobekhia Gabriel