Explaining the Divine Liturgy. Michael the Archangel Church, Pyshlitsy village

Divine services in the Russian Orthodox Church are held according to the Jerusalem Charter, accepted one and a half thousand years ago. The charter specifies the procedure or succession Liturgy, Vespers, Matins and small services of the daily circle. In general, this is a complex system, the deep knowledge of which is available only to professionals. But the Church recommends that every Christian study the main stages of worship in order to discover the spiritual wealth accumulated over the centuries.

Word "liturgy" means common service, a gathering of believers for the sake of meeting God. This is the most important Christian service, when the transformation of bread and wine into the Body and Blood of Christ takes place. "We are participating in the supernatural“- this is how St. John of Damascus speaks about this.

For the first time, the Liturgy was celebrated by Christ Himself on the eve of suffering. Having gathered in the upper room for a festive meal, His disciples prepared everything for performing the Passover rituals then accepted among the Jews. These rituals were symbolic, reminding the participants of the meal of liberation from Egyptian slavery. But when the rite of the Passover meal was fulfilled by Christ, the symbols and prophecies turned into fulfilled Divine promises: man became free from sin and again found heavenly bliss.

Thus, originating from the ancient Jewish rite, the Christian liturgy in general resembles its continuation, and the entire daily cycle of services, starting with Vespers, is a preparation for its celebration.

In modern church practice, the liturgy is a morning (according to the time of day) service. In the ancient church it was performed at night, which still happens today on the days of the great holidays of Christmas and Easter.

Development of the liturgical order

The order of the first Christian liturgies was simple and resembled a friendly meal, accompanied by prayer and remembrance of Christ. But soon it became necessary to distinguish the liturgy from ordinary dinner parties in order to instill in the faithful reverence for the Sacrament being performed. Gradually, in addition to the psalms of David, it included hymns composed by Christian authors.

With the spread of Christianity to the east and west, worship began to acquire the national characteristics of the people who accepted the new faith. The liturgies began to differ from each other so much that decisions of councils of bishops were required to establish a single sequence.

Currently, there are 4 main liturgical rites, compiled by the Holy Fathers and celebrated in the Orthodox Church:

• - is performed daily, excluding the statutory days of the Liturgy of Basil the Great, and during the Lenten Triodion - on Saturdays and Palm Sunday.
• Basil the Great- 10 times a year: on the author’s memorial day, both Christmas Eves, 5 times during Lent and 2 times during Holy Week.
• Gregory Dvoeslov or the Presanctified Gifts- served during Lent on weekdays.
• Apostle James the Greek- performed in some Russian parishes on the day of remembrance of the Apostle.

In addition to the listed liturgies, there are special rites in the Ethiopian, Coptic (Egyptian), Armenian and Syrian churches. The Catholic West, as well as Catholics of the Eastern Rite, have their own liturgies. In general terms, all liturgies are similar to each other.

The order compiled by St. John Chrysostom, used in the practice of the Church since the 5th century. In time it is younger than the creation of Basil the Great. For the parishioner, the liturgies of both authors are similar and differ only in time. The Liturgy of St. Basil is longer due to the length of the secret priestly prayers. Contemporaries of John Chrysostom argued that he compiled the shorter rite out of love for the common people, burdened by long services.

The abbreviated following of John Chrysostom quickly spread throughout Byzantium and over time developed into the rite of the most famous Divine Liturgy. The text with explanations given below will help the laity understand the meaning of the main points of the service, and choir singers and readers will help avoid common mistakes.

Liturgy usually begins at 8–9 a.m. hours three and six are read in front of it, recalling the trial of Pilate and the crucifixion of Christ. When the hours are read on the choir, a proskomedia is celebrated in the altar. The serving priest prepared in the evening, reading a long rule, in order to begin the throne the next day.

The service begins with the exclamation of the priest “Blessed is the Kingdom...”, and after the response of the choir the Great Litany immediately follows. Then the antiphons begin, figurative, festive or daily.

Antiphons Fine

Bless the Lord, my soul.

Small Litany:

Praise the Lord, my soul.

The first two hymns symbolize the prayer and hope of Old Testament man, the third - the preaching of the revealed Christ. Before the Blessed Ones the song “The Only Begotten Son” is heard, the authorship of which is attributed to Emperor Justinian (6th century). This moment of the service reminds us of the Nativity of the Savior.

Third Antiphon, 12 Beatitudes:

In Your Kingdom, remember us, Lord...

The Rule suggests interspersing the verses of the beatitudes with the troparions of the canons read at Matins. Each category of service has its own number of troparions:

• sixfold - from “Blessed are the peacemakers” to 6;
• polyeleos or vigil of the saint - at 8, with “Blessed are the merciful”;
• Sunday - at 10, with “Blessed are the Meeks.”

In churches with daily liturgy on weekdays, you can hear the Daily Antiphons. The texts of these chants represent verses from the psalms, interspersed with a chorus dedicated to the Lord and the Mother of God. There are also three daily antiphons; they have a more ancient origin. Over time, they are increasingly being replaced by Fine.

On the days of the Lord's holidays, Festive antiphons are sounded, similar in structure to everyday antiphons. These texts can be found in the Menaion and Triodion, at the end of the feast service.

Small entrance

From this moment the Liturgy itself begins. Priests singing the entrance verse “Come, let us worship...” enter the altar with the Gospel, that is, with Christ Himself. The saints invisibly follow them, so immediately after the entrance verse the choir sings troparia and kontakia to the saints, prescribed according to the Rule.

Trisagion

The singing of the Trisagion was introduced in the 6th century. According to legend, this song was first heard by a young resident of Constantinople performed by an angelic choir. At this time, the city suffered from a strong earthquake. The gathered people began to repeat the words the youth had heard, and the elements subsided. If the previous entrance verse, “Come, let us worship,” referred only to Christ, then the Trisagion is sung to the Holy Trinity.

Prokeimenon and reading of the Apostle

The order of reading the Apostle at the Liturgy is regulated by the Charter and depends on the rank, connection of services and holiday periods. When preparing readings, it is more convenient to use the church calendar or “Liturgical Instructions” for the current year. And also prokeemnas with alleluaries are given in Appendix to the Apostle in several sections:

If you carefully study the composition of the book of the Apostle, preparing the readings will take a little time. There can be no more than two prokims, and no more than three readings.

The sequence of exclamations at the reading of the Apostle:

• Deacon: Let's take a look.
• Priest: Peace to all.
• Reader of the Apostle: And your spirit. Prokeimenon voice... (voice and text of the prokeimenon)
• Chorus: prokeimenon.
• Reader: verse.
• Chorus: prokeimenon.
• Reader: the first half of the prokeimna.
• Choir: finishes singing the prokeimenon.
• Deacon: Wisdom.

The reader proclaims the title of the apostolic reading. It is important to pronounce the inscriptions correctly:

• Reading of the Acts of the Saints.
• Reading of the Council Epistle of Petrov (Jacob).
• To the Corinthians (Hebrews, Timothy, Titus) reading of the epistle of the Holy Apostle Paul.

Deacon: Let's listen (listen!)

It is recommended to read the text in a chant, gradually increasing the intonation to end the reading on a high note. If the charter prescribes two readings, then at the end of the first the reader returns the last syllable to a low note. The text from the Acts begins with the words “In those days”, the Council Epistles - “Brotherhood”, the messages to one person - “Child Titus” or “Child Timothy”.

Priest: Peace to you who honor!

Reader: and to your spirit.

Hallelujah and Gospel reading

Despite the fact that after the Apostle the reader immediately pronounces Hallelujah, this exclamation does not complete the reading of the Apostle, but is a prokemene to the Gospel. Therefore, in ancient liturgies, Alleluia was said by the priest. Order:

• Deacon: Wisdom.
• Reader: Hallelujah (3 times).
• Choir: repeats hallelujah.
• Reader: alleluary verse.
• Choir: hallelujah (3 rubles)

After the second verse of the alleluaria, he goes to the altar, holding the closed book of the Apostle above his head. At this time, the deacon, having installed a lectern opposite the Royal Doors, places the liturgical Gospel on it vertically.

Regulatory shouts follow priest and deacon before reading the Gospel.

Deacon: Bless, O Master, the evangelist, the holy Apostle and Evangelist Matthew (John, Luke, Mark).

The name of the Evangelist is pronounced in the genitive case, since the blessing is asked not for the author of the Gospel, but for the deacon.

The Gospel is read like the Apostle, beginning with the words “At the time it is” or “The Lord spoke to His disciple,” depending on the plot. At the end of the reading, the priest blesses the deacon with the words “ Peace be with you who preach the good news!"In contrast to the words addressed to the reader of the Apostle - " honoring" After the final chant " Glory to Thee, Lord, glory to Thee“The priest’s sermon may follow, explaining what he heard.

The word “sugubaya” means “double.” This name comes from the double appeal to God’s mercy at the beginning of the litany, as well as the intense prayer of the believers. Usually two special litanies are pronounced - the health litany and the funeral litany. At this moment, in modern practice, the notes with names submitted “for mass” are read. Special petitions may be inserted for those traveling, sick people, etc.

With the exception of the first two petitions of the health litany, the choir responds to each petition with three times “Lord have mercy.”

Litany of the Catechumens and the Faithful

A series of short petitions - a prayer for those preparing for baptism. According to ancient tradition, they could not attend the main part of the liturgy - the transubstantiation of the Holy Gifts. After hearing the introductory part - the Liturgy of the Catechumens - all those who were not baptized left the church.

Nowadays p The announcement period does not last long or completely absent. Therefore, the litany should be understood as a reminder of ancient piety and a serious attitude towards the Church Sacraments.

After the litany about the catechumens and their departure, two more litanies follow, the first of which in text resembles the Great Litany. She begins the Liturgy of the Faithful. Following Ap. Jacob in this place pronounces the solemn prokeimenon “The Lord reigned in beauty, clothed with beauty”; in Chrysostom it is transferred to the proskomedia.

Cherubic Hymn, Great Entrance

The text of the Cherubic Song, which begins the Liturgy of the Faithful, is usually written according to the notes. It is sung in a chant because the priest and deacon must have enough time for incense, special prayer and transfer of the prepared Holy Gifts (not yet combined Bread and Wine) from the altar to the altar. The path of the clergy passes through the pulpit, where they stop to pronounce commemorations.

Deacon: Let us love one another, that we may be of one mind.

Chorus: Father and Son and Holy Spirit, Trinity Consubstantial and Indivisible.

In ancient times, with the exclamation “Let us love...” there was mutual kissing of parishioners as a symbol of the unity of Christians in the image of the Holy Trinity. Men and women greeted each other separately, since to maintain decency they were in different parts of the temple. In modern tradition, kissing occurs only between clergy at the altar.

Symbol of faith

The twelve verses of the Creed are performed by the entire congregation of Christians under the leadership of the deacon. In this way, the faithful confirm their confession and agreement with the dogmas of the Church. At this time, the priest fans the Holy Gifts with a covering, which reminds of the imminent descent of the Holy Spirit and the coming miracle of their transformation into the Body and Blood of Christ.

Eucharistic canon

Deacon: Let's become kind, let's become fearful...

Chorus: Mercy of the world, Victim of praise.

The texts of the Eucharistic Canon for the choir are written according to the notes for drawn-out and touching singing. At this time, the main action of the liturgy takes place - the Transubstantiation of the Holy Gifts. Parishioners pray standing motionless or on their knees. No walking or talking is allowed.

Worthy of eating and commemoration

The Eucharistic canon is followed by a hymn dedicated to the Mother of God. In the rites of John Chrysostom this is “It is worthy to eat,” which is replaced on the days of the twelve feasts deserving people. The texts of the saints are given in the menaia for the day of the holiday and represent the irmos of the ninth song of the canon with a chorus.

During the performance of “It’s Worthy to Eat” the priest commemorates the saints of the day and deceased Christians.

Priest: First of all, God remember...

Chorus: And everyone and everything.

Preparation for Communion

After the Eucharistic canon, the litany of petition is heard again, joined by the popular singing of the “Our Father.” Christians pray with the words commanded by the Lord Himself so that they can soon begin Communion. The first to receive the Holy Gifts will be the clergy at the altar.

The exclamation “Holy to Holies” follows, meaning that the Shrine is ready and is presented for the “saints”, in this case, for the parishioners preparing for communion. The choir responds on behalf of the people, “The Lord Jesus Christ alone is Holy...”, recognizing the unworthiness of even the most righteous person before God. Following this, a sacramental verse is chanted, intended for the priests receiving the Gifts.

The texts of the sacramental verses are given in the menaion for each service, as well as in the Apostle's Appendix, after the prokemmon. There are only seven verses for each day of the week and special ones for the twelve holidays.

In modern tradition the pause during the communion of the priests is filled with a “concert” - an author’s piece of music on the theme of the day, performed by the choir. It is also appropriate to read prayers for Communion in order to prepare the laity to receive the Body and Blood of Christ. The reading continues until the opening of the royal doors.

The deacon is the first to leave the holy gates, holding the Chalice with the Gifts in front of him. Lay people preparing for communion are allowed to pass closer to the salt. They stand with their arms crossed over their chests, palms facing their shoulders. After the deacon’s exclamation, “Come with the fear of God and faith!” the priest, who followed the deacon, reads one of the prayers for communion, “I believe, Lord, and I confess...”, approaching the Chalice, the laity mentally read the troparion of Great Thursday, “Thy Secret Supper...”.

Babies are brought in first, children are brought in first. Then the men pass, the women last. Immediately after receiving the Holy Mysteries, parishioners go to a table on which a kettle of water is prepared. Drinking - sweetish water, tinted with wine or juice, is used to swallow all the smallest particles of the Body and Blood of Christ.

At this moment, you need to especially watch out for small children so that they do not spit out the Holy Mysteries. Dropping a Particle is a terrible sin of carelessness. If this happens, you must inform the priest, who will take the measures prescribed in such cases by church rules.

During communion the Easter sacrament verse is sung “Receive the Body of Christ, taste the immortal fountain.” When the Chalice is carried into the altar, the choir repeats Hallelujah.

Here the priest leaves the altar and stands in front of the pulpit, from where he reads the “prayer behind the pulpit,” praying on behalf of the people. This prayer was introduced into the liturgy after the time of St. John Chrysostom, when the custom of secret priestly prayers appeared.

It can be seen that all prayers related to the Eucharistic canon are said in secret in the altar; parishioners hear only the singing of the choir. This is often a temptation for the curious who want to hear and see everything that happens behind the iconostasis. The prayer behind the pulpit is composed of fragments of secret prayers so that the laity have an idea of ​​what words are spoken by the priests.

The concealment of the most important part of the Liturgy - the Transubstantiation of the Holy Gifts - is symbolic in nature. Neither the content of the prayers nor the actions of the clergy are “a secret for the uninitiated” in the Church, but are performed behind the fence to emphasize the importance and incomprehensibility of the Eucharist.

Any Christian who strives to study the faith has the opportunity to attend special liturgies, where pauses are made in the service to explain what is happening.

• Ep. Vissarion Nechaev “Explanation of the Divine Liturgy.”
• John Chrysostom "Comments on the Divine Liturgy".
• A. I. Georgievsky. Order of the Divine Liturgy.

Psalm 33 and Dismissal

To the song of righteous Job, “Blessed be the name of the Lord from now on and forever,” the priest again goes to the altar. In many churches, after this they begin to sing Psalm 33, which teaches believers instructions for the coming day. At this time, parishioners disassemble the antidoron taken from the altar - part of the service prosphora used to make the Lamb. All these actions remind believers of the ancient custom of the “meal of love”, which was arranged by Christians after the Eucharist.

At the end of Psalm 33, the priest pronounces a dismissal - a short prayer where, through the prayers of the Mother of God and the saints of the day, divine mercy is asked for all the faithful. The choir responds with the many years of “Our Great Lord and Father Cyril...”.

After the liturgy, it is customary to serve a prayer service in many churches.

Texts for the choir

Literature devoted to the following and interpretation of the Liturgy, as well as sheet music for chants, can be purchased in specialized stores. It is convenient for the choir director and readers to use the printed text, which contains the unchangeable chants of the evening and morning services, liturgy and all-night vigil. Texts for the choir can be downloaded from the Azbuka.Ru portal.

Preparation for the Holy Ascension Holy Offering Preparation for Communion of the Holy Mysteries Communion of the Holy Mysteries Final actions Application. Word of the Holy Righteous John of Kronstadt on the Divine Liturgy

The book by the famous scientist, preacher and teacher Bishop (1823–1905) simply and clearly explains the meaning and significance of the most important Orthodox service - the Divine Liturgy.

Preliminary remarks

The Divine Liturgy is a church service at which, under the guise of bread and wine, consecrated into the Body and Blood of Christ, a Mystical sacrifice is offered to God and the Mysterious saving food and drink is offered to the faithful for consumption. In common parlance, this service is called mass, due to the fact that the Body and Blood of Christ, offered at it for the believers to eat, are called by the Apostle Paul the Lord's Table and the Lord's Supper ().

Liturgy takes precedence over all church services. The promise of Christ applies to all church services: where two or three are gathered in My name, there I am in the midst of them(), because every church service tends to attract a congregation of worshipers. Christ is invisibly present in every prayer meeting of believers, and not only in church, but also in home, listening to their prayers offered in His name, and enlightening them with His holy word. But if He is close to the believers in all church services and prayer meetings, then He is even closer to them in the Divine Liturgy. There He is present with His grace alone, and here with His Most Pure Body and Blood, and not only is present, but also feeds the believers with them, just as a mother feeds a baby with her milk. Is it possible to imagine a greater closeness of our Savior to us? Such high closeness, shown to us, during the Savior’s earthly life until the establishment of the Last Supper, which followed on the eve of His death on the cross, was not granted to the witnesses and His immediate listeners. They had the happiness of beholding His Face, hearing from His lips the words of life and salvation; but His Most Pure Blood had not yet flowed in their veins, and His Most Pure Body had not yet entered into their Flesh, did not revive and sanctify their souls, while these benefits are granted to all who, from infancy, accept Christ in His Body and Blood, sacredly celebrated in

liturgy. Those who listened to Christ with their ears and heard His teaching about the Sacrament of His Body and Blood, Christ said to them: He who eats My Flesh and drinks My Blood abides in Me, and I in him(). But it is another thing to hear the promise of Christ and another to see its fulfillment in oneself. How blessed are those to whom you are so close

But in order for each of us to assimilate the fruits of the atoning sacrifice of the cross, the Divine Redeemer deigns to appear among us every day, in sacred churches, as a Bloodless sacrifice, which has the same power before God the Father as the sacrifice of the cross. Just as on the Cross He interceded for us forgiveness of sins, pardon and sanctification, so now, reclining on the holy thrones in His Most Pure Body and Blood, He, by virtue of His death on the cross, continues to intercede for us before God the Father. The fact that the Body and Blood of Christ, celebrated in the liturgy, really have the meaning of an intercessory sacrifice, this is clearly seen from the words of Jesus Christ Himself. At the establishment of the Eucharist, saying to His disciples: take, eat: this is My Body, He added: I'm breaking for you(and not for you to break); and saying, when he offered the blessed Cup: drink from it, all of you, for this is My Blood of the New Testament, added: which is poured out for you and for many for the remission of sins(). The same is clear from the words of the Apostle Paul we have an altar from which those who serve the tabernacle have no right to eat(). Here's the word altar inevitably presupposes the existence of a victim, and the word eat makes it clear what kind of sacrifice the apostle is talking about. Therefore, in all liturgies, starting with the most ancient ones, he confesses before God that he offers Him a Bloodless Sacrifice about everyone and everything. And this sacrifice is not only propitiatory, but at the same time grateful and laudatory, because the Initiator of the Sacrament preceded the teaching of His Body and Blood to the disciples under the forms of bread and wine with blessing and thanksgiving to God the Father (), which is why the Mystery itself is called the Eucharist (thanksgiving). The Eucharist is a sacrifice, and not only saving food and drink; the liturgy is celebrated not only when there are communicants in the church, but also when there are none, except for one priest.

“You do not receive communion while at the liturgy, but you are present at the performance of a saving sacrifice; but you and all your loved ones, living and dead, are remembered at this sacrifice, and you yourself with great boldness approach the throne of grace, knowing that the Blood of the Divine Lamb, sacredly performed at the altar, intercedes for you.”

The great importance of the Mystery of the Liturgy was the reason that, long before the establishment of this Mystery, He made a promise about its establishment, just as long before the establishment of the Sacrament of Baptism (), He pointed out this Sacrament of rebirth in a conversation with Nicodemus. The occasion for pronouncing the promise of the Sacrament of the Eucharist was the following. One day, at Lake Tiberias, the Lord performed a great miracle: he fed five thousand men with five loaves of bread and two fish, not counting their wives and children. This miracle served as a sign that Christ came to feed those who hungered and thirsted for righteousness, i.e. justification before God - to grant them this justification. The people, who witnessed this miracle and were miraculously nourished, did not understand this sign and relentlessly followed Jesus Christ, not feeling the need for spiritual saturation, but only wanting to see the repetition of the miracle and receive bodily saturation. It was then that the Lord spoke a promise about the Mystical food: about His Body and Blood. He told His listeners: do not strive for the food that perishes, but for the food that endures to eternal life, which the Son of man will give you(), and added: and the bread that I will give is My flesh, which I will give for the life of the world(). The Jews began to argue among themselves and say: how can He give us His flesh to eat?(). Jesus responded to this by saying: Truly, truly, I say to you, unless you eat the Flesh of the Son of Man and drink His Blood, you will not have life in you... For My Flesh is truly food, and My Blood is truly drink(). Hearing this, many, even some of the disciples who constantly followed Jesus, said: what strange words! Who can listen to this?(). And many then, unable to comprehend the teachings of Christ about eating His Flesh and Blood, left Him. But His constant companions, the twelve apostles, accepted His words with faith and through the mouth of the Apostle Peter confessed: God! who should we go to? You have the verbs of eternal life(). And each of us, hearing the teaching of Christ about the Sacrament of His Body and Blood, following the apostles, must subdue our minds into the obedience of faith. “Let us not understand how bread and wine in the Sacrament of the Eucharist become the Body and Blood of Christ; but the miracle of God’s love, revealed in this Sacrament, does not cease to be a miracle because it is incomprehensible. The very miracle of feeding a multitude of people with five loaves is also incomprehensible, like all miracles, and was it not created for the purpose of predisposing those who believed in this miracle to believe in the miraculous, supernatural presence of Jesus Christ in Body and Blood under the forms of bread and wine in the Sacrament of the Eucharist? He once in Cana of Galilee turned water into wine similar to blood; and is it not worthy of faith when he turns wine into blood?” (St. Kirill of Jerusalem). We do not see Flesh and Blood in this Sacrament with our sensual eyes; our vision does not confirm this to us. But let us marvel not only at the omnipotent power of our Savior and Lord, manifested in the transformation of bread and wine into His Body and Blood, but also at His boundless condescension towards us. knows human weakness, which turns away many things with dissatisfaction when they are not confirmed by ordinary use. So, God, according to His usual condescension, through what is ordinary by nature, accomplishes the supernatural. “Since people usually eat bread and drink water and wine, God united His Divinity with these substances, making them His Body and Blood, so that through the ordinary and natural we would participate in the supernatural” (Rev.).

The Lord fulfilled the promise of establishing the Sacrament of the Body and Blood on the eve of His death on the cross, the day before the Jewish Passover. This holiday, the greatest of all Old Testament holidays, was established to commemorate the deliverance of the Jews from Egyptian slavery. It consisted of slaughtering and eating a one-year-old virgin lamb with bitter herbs and unleavened bread. The blood of the slain lamb was supposed to remind the Jews of that last night before the exodus from Egypt, when, by the command of God, the doors of their dwellings outside were anointed with the blood of the lamb, and the destroying angel passed by the Jewish dwellings marked with this sign, and struck the firstborn only in neighboring Egyptian ones. houses. And unleavened bread and bitter herbs were supposed to remind the Jews of their hasty flight from Egypt and their bitter fate during their long stay in Egyptian slavery. Jesus Christ, in the last days of His earthly life, could not celebrate Easter on the same day as the Jews. He knew that he would not live to see this day, which was then Saturday. But He wanted to celebrate this celebration for the last time with His disciples, and therefore He celebrated it the day before the Jewish Passover, on Maundy Thursday. This was not only His last celebration, but at the same time it showed that the end of the Old Testament Passover had come. The Passover lamb prefigured Jesus Christ, the Lamb of God slain from the foundation of the world. The time has come for the slaughter of the Divine Lamb on the altar of the cross and, consequently, the time for the abolition of the Old Testament Passover rituals. They were actually abolished on the day of His death on the cross; but this circumstance was begun on the previous day by the institution of the Eucharist, in which He Himself Prefer to burn yourself, i.e. He previously presented an image of His suffering on the cross, which He performed following the celebration of the Old Testament Easter supper. And not only the Old Testament Passover was abolished, but the entire Passover was abolished and the New Testament, a new order of relations between God and man in Christ, came into force. Therefore, as the Old Testament, after the promulgation of its terms on Mount Sinai, was confirmed by the blood of calves, about which it is said: this is the blood of the covenant that the Lord has made with you(), so the Savior called the Blood of the Eucharist the Blood of the New Testament.

The Evangelist Matthew tells the following about the establishment of the Eucharist: those who eat them(to the apostles) Jesus accepted the bread, and blessed it, and broke it, and gave it to the disciples, and said: Take, eat: this is My Body. And having received the cup and given praise, he gave it to them, saying: drink of it, all of you: for this is My Blood of the New Testament, which was shed for many, for the remission of sins(; cf.). The Holy Apostle Paul writes about the same thing in his Epistle to the Corinthians: For I received from the Lord, and gave it unto you, as the Lord Jesus was in the night, when he was betrayed unto you, receiving bread, and breaking it, giving thanks, and speaking: take, eat: this is My Body, which was broken for you: do this in remembrance of Me. Likewise the Cup at supper, saying: This Cup is in My Blood: do this, as often as you drink, in remembrance of Me.(; cf.). Thus, the sacred rite established by the Savior included: a) the separation of bread and wine for the Sacrament; b) thanksgiving to God the Father for all His benefits to the human race, especially for the benefits of redemption, from which the Mystery itself is called the Eucharist, thanksgiving; c) blessing over bread and wine (). This blessing contains the thought of praising God, but at the same time it primarily expresses the desire for the power of God to act on the bread and wine offered; such a meaning is associated with this word and action in Holy Scripture (; ; ); d) pronouncing secret words: This is My Body, which is broken for you. This is My Blood, which has been shed for many; e) breaking the Mystical bread and teaching it to the disciples as His true Body; f) giving them the Cup of Blood separately from the Mystical Bread. In addition, the Savior’s sacred act is concluded by His commandment - to do this in His remembrance; also a touching conversation with the disciples () and singing, in all likelihood, Easter psalms ().

The Savior’s commandment to celebrate the Eucharist in His remembrance was holyly fulfilled in apostolic times and will be fulfilled, according to the word of the holy Apostle Paul, until the Second Coming of Christ (). The Eucharist was constantly celebrated under the apostles (). The composition of her sacred rites, as far as is known from the testimonies of the New Testament Scripture, collated with the testimonies of the church writers closest to the apostolic age, following the example of the Savior, included thanksgiving to God the Father, great in the perfections and gifts of grace (), and the blessing of bread and wine (). This was followed by the fragmentation of the consecrated Gifts and their teaching (). This is the main thing. This was also added to: 1) reading the holy books: the Gospel () and the Apostolic Epistles (); 2) spiritual singing. In addition to hymns taken from the Holy Scriptures, the assembly of believers was announced with hymns by direct inspiration from the Holy Spirit, so common in apostolic times, abundant in spiritual gifts (); 3) teachings that could be offered not by one primate, but also by others who felt within themselves the ability and calling of God to do so (; ). It was built from the remnants of bread brought for the Sacrament of the Eucharist, and from other offerings of people and united the rich and the poor, the noble and the ignorant.

The composition of the liturgy that existed under the apostles served as a model and guide for the rites of the liturgies of subsequent times. Judging by the evidence that has come down to us about the celebration of the liturgy in times close to the apostolic times, preserved in the writings of Justin the Martyr, Tertullian and Cyprian, as well as from ancient liturgies known under the names of the Apostle James, the Evangelist Mark, Saints Basil the Great and John Chrysostom and others, The similarity of these liturgies, at least in the main and essential, with each other and with brief testimonies about the celebration of the liturgy in the apostolic writings and among church writers of the 2nd and 3rd centuries, is easily explained by the fact that they are based on the rite handed down from the apostles. True, this order in the apostolic times and those closest to them in many particulars depended on the will of the primates of the Church, on their discretion and often on the inspiration so characteristic of those times; but in its general composition it has been preserved unchanged, due to reverence for the authority of the apostles, through constant use and oral tradition. St. Basil the Great directly testifies to this method of preserving the apostolic order of the liturgy: “Which of the saints left on the letter the words of invocation with which the bread in the Eucharist and the Cup of Blessing are consecrated? We are not content with what the Apostle and the Gospel remember; but both before and after we speak other words, which we accepted from unwritten tradition as having importance for the Sacrament itself.”

The written presentation of the liturgy handed down by the apostles began no earlier than the 3rd century. To this time, researchers of the history of Christianity attribute the following rites: the liturgy of the Apostle James, which was celebrated in the Jerusalem Church; the Syrian liturgy under the name of the Evangelist Mark, which was celebrated in the Alexandrian Church; a liturgy similar to them, described in the Eighth Book of the Apostolic Constitutions.

From the 4th century, the rite of liturgy set forth by Saints Basil the Great and John Chrysostom began to come into use, which subsequently became dominant throughout the entire Orthodox East from the 12th century. The Liturgy of Basil the Great, according to the testimony of Patriarch Proclus of Constantinople, is a reduction of the Jerusalem Liturgy of the Apostle James, which in turn, according to the testimony of the same writer, was further shortened by St. John Chrysostom, out of condescension for the weakness of his contemporaries, who were burdened by the duration of the ancient liturgy and therefore sometimes did not who attended or listened to her without diligence. However, both liturgies were subsequently supplemented by several sacred rites, chants and prayers, which will be indicated below.

Heb. 9, 12; ), sometimes serving at the altar (), at sacrifices (), as was the case in the Old Testament Church. In the liturgical sense, the word liturgy has been known since ancient times from church monuments. Thus, in the Acts of the Ephesian Ecumenical Council, evening and morning services are called liturgies, i.e. the entire circle of daily worship (Message to the Emperor about Cyril and Memnon). But in particular this is the Sacrament of the Eucharist, and over time it was exclusively acquired by it, just as the name of the Bible (book) became the exclusive name of the books of Holy Scripture.

Patriarch of Antioch Balsamon, interpreter of church rules in the 12th century, in response to the question of Patriarch Mark of Alexandria regarding this question: “Is it possible to accept in the Holy and Catholic Church the liturgical rites read in the regions of Alexandria and Jerusalem, according to legend, written by the apostles James and Mark?” gave a negative answer and kept this Patriarch from celebrating the Liturgy of the Apostle James in Constantinople. (Collection of ancient liturgies translated into Russian. St. Petersburg. 1874. P. 145).

Commentaries on the Divine Liturgy of St. John,Archbishop of Constantinople, Chrysostom

From the editor: The clergy of the Belgorod diocese have been performing missionary services for several years. At such a service, the priest comes out to the people several times during the service, explaining what is happening in the temple at the moment. We published the text of the commentary on the Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts.

We hope that the commentary on the Divine Liturgy will be useful both to the laity, who will be able to better understand the service, and to the priests in conducting missionary services.

In the name of the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit!

Beloved brothers and sisters in the Lord, you and I have all gathered in this holy church in order to perform our common prayer, because the word “liturgy” translated from Greek means “common cause,” i.e. the work is not only of the clergy alone, but of all the faithful who gather in the church for worship. This means that every action, every prayer is relevant to each of us. All prayers that are read by the clergy in the altar have the character of a common, joint prayer of the entire community, and the head of the service (bishop or priest) performs them on behalf of everyone. And the meaning of our presence at the divine service is not only to pray for our own joys and sorrows, but so that, through the prayer of the entire community, the great sacrament of the Eucharist is accomplished, i.e. thanksgiving, when the offered bread and wine are transformed into the Body and Blood of Christ and everyone who approaches the sacrament of Holy Communion is united with Christ Himself.

But the main problem is that our worship is in many ways unclear. In order to partially resolve this problem today, the Divine Liturgy as it is celebrated will be accompanied by commentaries explaining the meaning of the sacred rites and prayers being performed. The hours, which are part of the daily cycle of worship, have just been read, and the priest performed proskomedia in the altar (in translation from Greek. offering), during which part of the bread was taken from the offered prosphoras (symbolizing the Lamb of God, i.e. Christ), particles in honor and memory of the Most Holy Theotokos, saints, as well as living and dead Orthodox Christians for whom commemorations were given. All this rests on the paten and symbolizes the Church of Christ - heavenly and earthly. Wine combined with water is poured into the Chalice in memory of the fact that blood and water flowed from the side of the Lord, after it was pierced by a spear on the Cross. After this, the proposed gifts are covered with special payments (covers and air at hom) and the priest reads the prayer of offering, in which he asks to bless and accept the offering on the Most Heavenly Altar, to remember “ those who brought and for their sake brought"(i.e. those who offered commemoration and for whom) and we will remain uncondemned during the sacred rite.

Thus, the proskomedia ends and the time comes for the Liturgy of the Catechumens, which will begin literally now. In the initial prayers before the liturgy, the priest reads a prayer for the calling of the Holy Spirit “ Heavenly King", and when the service is performed with the deacon, he, asking for the blessing of the primate, says: " Time to create the Lord, O Lord, bless" Those. the time of the liturgy is coming, the time when the Lord Himself will act, and we will only be His co-workers.

The Divine Liturgy begins with a solemn exclamation “ Blessed is the Kingdom of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, now and ever and unto ages of ages", to which the choir replies " Amen", What means May it be so. Any responsibility of the choir expressed in the utterance of the words “ Amen“are expressions of consent and acceptance by the people of God, i.e. by all faithful Christians, everything that happens in the Church.

This is followed by the great or “peaceful” litany, which begins with the words “ Let us pray to the Lord in peace", "peace", means "in the world", i.e. a peaceful state of mind and reconciliation with others. You cannot make a sacrifice to God while in an embittered state. Petitions are pronounced, and we, together with the choir, answer them “ Lord have mercy" After the great litany, a prayer is read in which the priest asks the Lord to “ looked at this holy temple and gave us and those praying with us inexhaustible mercies" This is followed by the singing of antiphons. Antiphons are entire psalms or verses from them, which are sung alternately by the right and left choir. Not everywhere, of course, it is possible to follow this tradition. The main content of the antiphons is the glorification of God and His eternal Kingdom. Initially, they were not part of the liturgy, but were sung by the people on the way to the temple. While singing the antiphons, the priest reads a prayer in which he asks God to “ save Your people and bless Your inheritance, preserve Your Church in its entirety... and do not forsake us who trust in You».

Pronounced so-called "small" litany " packs and packs, let us pray to the Lord in peace", i.e. " again and again in peace let us pray to the Lord». « Lord have mercy“responses the choir, and with it all of us.

This is followed by the singing of the second antiphon “ Praise the Lord my soul" and song " Only Begotten Son", which expresses the Orthodox teaching about Christ: in Him two natures are united - divine and human, and both of them are present in Him in all their fullness: God, having become incarnate, did not cease to be God, and man, united with God, remained a man. At this time, the priest reads a prayer where he prays “… Fulfill the request of Your children for the benefit: grant us in the present age the knowledge of Your Truth, and in the future grant us Eternal Life».

And again the “small” litany follows, after which the singing of the third antiphon, the so-called. “blessed”, i.e. the beatitudes given by the Lord, during which the small entrance takes place. Priests carry the Holy Gospel from the altar while reading a prayer “...make at our entrance the entrance of holy angels, serving with us and glorifying Your goodness" The priest blesses the holy entrance with the words " Blessed is the entrance of your saints", followed by the exclamation " Wisdom, forgive me!». "Sorry"- that means, let’s stand upright, reverently. The Small Entrance symbolizes the appearance of the Church, which, together with the angelic forces, gives unceasing praise to God. But earlier, the bringing of the Gospel also had a purely practical nature, because it was not kept on the throne, but in a separate place, and at that moment it was brought to the temple in order to be read.

The choir sings " Come, let us worship and fall before Christ!", followed by the singing of troparions and kontakions for this day. During the singing, the priest reads the prayer of the Trisagion, which is in direct logical connection with the idea of ​​entry and the prayer of entry, and it speaks of concelebration with the priest and the Heavenly Forces themselves. Holy God, who rests among the saints, Whom the seraphim sing with the Trisagion hymn and the cherubim glorify...You Yourself, Master, accept from the lips of us sinners the Trisagion hymn and visit us in Your goodness, forgive us all voluntary and involuntary sins...».

This is followed by the exclamation “ Lord, save the pious...", which survives from the ceremonial of the Byzantine service, which was attended by the kings. And immediately follows the singing of the Trisagion " Holy God, holy Mighty, holy Immortal, have mercy on us" During the singing of the Trisagion, the clergy ascend to the high place in the altar, a place on which only the bishop can sit, symbolizing Christ. Ascending to a mountainous place takes place to hear the Holy Scriptures, therefore it is from there that the primate teaches peace to all those gathered, so that we can hear the word of God. The reading of the Holy Scriptures is preceded by the singing of the prokemena (translated from Greek. presenting). A prokeimenon is a verse from Holy Scripture, most often from the Psalter. For the prokemna, the verse chosen is particularly strong, expressive and suitable for the occasion. The Prokeimenon consists of a verse, properly called a prokeimenon, and one or three “verses” that precede the repetition of the prokeimenon.

Afterwards the reader reads the corresponding passage from their apostolic epistles. Today there will be two such passages from the letter of the Apostle Paul to the Colossians and the first letter to the Corinthians. During the reading of the Apostolic Epistle, incense is performed on the altar, the iconostasis, the reader of the apostle, the choir and all those gathered in the church. Previously, incense was used during singing alleluaria with verses of psalms, i.e. after the reading of the Apostle, but since this singing is usually done very hastily, the incense was transferred to the reading of the passage of the Apostolic Epistle itself. Hallelujah is a Hebrew word and literally means “praise Yahweh” (Yahweh, or Jehovah, is the name of God revealed in the Old Testament).

This is followed by the reading of the Gospel. Before reading it, the priest reads a prayer “ Shine into our hearts, O humane-loving Master... Place in us the fear of Your good commandments, so that we, having conquered all carnal lusts, may lead a spiritual life..." Today there will also be two Gospel readings, and we will stop separately to talk about the meaning of the passages read.

And now the Divine Liturgy will begin, so I call on everyone gathered in the church to take a responsible and prayerful turn at the service, because our common prayer is the prayer of the entire Church. God help everyone!

Next Stop After Reading Scripture

Beloved brothers and sisters in the Lord, immediately after reading the Gospel the so-called “extreme” litany, during which we pray for the Primate of our Church, His Holiness the Patriarch, the Ruling Bishop, the God-protected country, the people and the army, for all those who stand and pray, who do good for this holy temple, those who sing and those who stand expect great mercy from the Lord. The choir responds to each request three times “ Lord have mercy“, and each of us must repeat this prayer in our hearts. During the litany, the priest prays that the Lord “ accepted this fervent prayer... and had mercy on us according to the multitude of mercy" His. Also, the serving clergy reveals the holy antimension (literally - instead of the throne), a plate with a sewn-in particle of holy relics, on which the Bloodless Sacrifice will be offered.

On weekdays, after the “special” litany, there is a funeral litany, but on Sundays and other holidays it is not scheduled, which means there will not be one today. But let us not forget that the commemoration of the dead is always performed at the proskomedia, and after the consecration of the Holy Gifts, in a place that will be discussed later.

After this, the litany of the catechumens is pronounced, which reminds us that in the Ancient Church Baptism was performed only after a long teaching (catechumen) and those preparing for this great sacrament were called catechumens. They were allowed to attend the service up to a certain point. After the recitation of this litany, all those preparing for Baptism had to leave the service. Today there are practically no catechumens, but the litany has been preserved, and it is possible that it will become a guarantee that the ancient catechumen practice will be revived in our Church. During this litany, the priest prays that the Lord " honored them ( those. catechumens ) during a favorable bath of renewal ( those. Baptism )… united them with His holy, catholic and apostolic Church and included them among His chosen flock…».

At the end of the litany, “ Elitsa(i.e. all those who) announcement, come out...", which means it ends Liturgy of the Catechumens and it begins Liturgy of the Faithful, which can only be attended by members of the Church, i.e. Orthodox Christians.

During the recitation of the litanies in the altar, two prayers of the faithful are read, in which the priest, on behalf of all those gathered, asks the Lord to accept “ ...our prayer, to make us worthy to offer Him prayers, supplications, and bloodless sacrifices for all His people...", grant " To all who pray with us, prosperity in life and faith and spiritual understanding" And " innocent and uncondemned to partake of His holy Sacraments and His heavenly Kingdom will be worthy" At the end of the reading of the second prayer, the exclamation follows: “ For according to Thy power(so that we are under Your authority) always preserved, they sent glory to You, Father, and Son, and Holy Spirit, now and ever and unto ages of ages" After double " Amen"The choir begins singing the Cherubic Song. At the beginning of the singing cherubic the priest silently reads a prayer in which he asks God “ ...honor that through me, a sinful and unworthy servant of Yours, these gifts be brought to You. You Yourself are the one who brings and is offered, the one who receives and who is distributed, O Christ our God..." This prayer is a preparation for the moment of the great entrance, i.e. transferring the Gifts from the altar to the throne. After reading the prayer, the priest (if the deacon is absent) performs censing, during which he silently reads the penitential 50th psalm.

Having completed the censing, the primate raises his hands up with the words “ We, depicting the cherubim in the sacrament and singing the Trisagion hymn to the life-giving Trinity, will now put aside all worldly cares in order to receive the King of the world, accompanied invisibly by the ranks of angels. Hallelujah, hallelujah, hallelujah».

The transfer of the Gifts and their placement on the throne is expressed in terms of sacrifice, but again, our sacrifices, sacrifices of praise that we ask you to accept “ from the hands of us sinners…”. In the event that the liturgy is celebrated without a deacon, the primate takes the paten and the Chalice and, on the solea, commemorates the First Hierarch of our Church, the Ruling Bishop, the Right Reverend Metropolitans, Archbishops and Bishops, as well as all those present in the church with the words “ May the Lord God remember in His Kingdom, always now and ever and unto ages of ages" Placing the holy vessels on the altar, the priest covers them with air and recites the troparions of Good Friday. After transferring the Gifts from the altar to the throne, we will make one more stop with you to explain the further course of the service. God help everyone!

Next stop after the Great Entrance

Beloved brothers and sisters in the Lord, the Great Entrance has taken place, and you and I have almost come close to the culminating moment of the service - the Eucharistic canon. Immediately after the transfer of the Gifts from the altar to the throne, the litany of petition begins. The petition sounds " Let's do it(i.e. we will replenish) our prayer to the Lord“, and we, together with the choir, answer “Lord, have mercy.” After the request " We ask the Lord to spend the entire day holy, peacefully and sinlessly", we answer with the words " Give it, Lord", and that is why the litany is called petitionary. This litany develops petitions regarding what people need: the Guardian Angel, forgiveness of sins, peaceful death, etc. During its recitation, the prayer of offering is read. This last prayer before the anaphora itself (i.e., the Eucharistic canon) attracts attention by invoking the Holy Spirit on the Gifts and on the people: “... Make us worthy to find favor in Your sight, so that our sacrifice may be acceptable to You and that the good Spirit of Your grace may rest upon us, and on these gifts set before us, and on all Your people...».

After the exclamation " Through the bounty of Your Only Begotten Son, with Him you are blessed..."priest teaching" peace to all" Then follows the exclamation “ Let us love one another, so that we may confess with one mind" and the choir continues " Father and Son and Holy Spirit - Trinity Consubstantial and Indivisible" In ancient times, at this moment the so-called kissing the world, when the faithful taught one another the kiss of peace in Christ: men to men, women to women. It can be assumed that the disappearance of this action was associated with the growth of the Church, with the appearance of crowded meetings in churches, where no one knew each other and where these actions would be a mere formality. Today this custom has been preserved only among clergy, when one greets the other with the words “ Christ is in our midst" to which the answer follows " and there is and there will be».

This action symbolically signifies complete internal reconciliation between Christians intending to participate in the sacrament of the Eucharist. The Savior’s commandment (Matthew 5:23-24) directly commands that one should first be reconciled with one’s brother, and then bring the sacrifice to the altar. But this reconciliation must also mean complete like-mindedness, complete spiritual unity. Therefore, immediately immediately after the kiss of peace, the Creed is proclaimed (adopted at the First Ecumenical Council in Nicaea and supplemented at the Second Ecumenical Council in Constantinople), as the measure of the dogmatic truth of Christians. The Eucharistic offering can only be with one mouth and one heart, in a single faith, in agreement of dogmas, in the same view on the basic issues of faith and salvation.

After the exclamation " Doors, doors, let us smell wisdom(i.e., let us listen)” the Creed is sung by all the people of God as an expression of the dogmatic unity of the Church. Exclamation " doors, doors"in ancient times was a sign for deacons who stood at the doors so that during the Eucharistic prayers no one would leave or enter the assembly of the faithful.

At the end of the singing of the Creed, the Eucharistic canon or anaphora prayers begin (from the Greek. exaltation), which are the culminating part of the liturgy. We hear the cry " Let's become kinder(i.e. slim), let's stand with fear, let's scream(i.e. we will pay attention) to bring holy offerings in the world -" and the choir continues " mercy, peace and sacrifice of praise" The priest, turning his face to the people, exclaims: “ The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, and the love of God and the Father, and the sacrament(communication) May the Holy Spirit be with you all!" The choir, and with it all of us, answer: “ And with your spirit" Primate: " Gore e we have(i.e. let's lift up) hearts", the chorus answers: " Imams(i.e. we exalt) to the Lord", priest: " We thank the Lord!" And the choir begins to sing " It is worthy and righteous to worship the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, the Trinity Consubstantial and Indivisible" At this time, the primate performs a prayer of thanksgiving, in which he praises God for all His blessings, revealed and unseen to us, for the fact that He brought us from non-existence into existence and restored us again after the fall, for the service that is performed, despite the fact that He thousands of archangels and multitudes of angels are coming, cherubim and seraphim, six-winged, many-eyed, soaring on wings, which (the priest exclaims) “ singing the song of victory, shouting, shouting and speaking" (chorus continues) " Holy, Holy, Holy, Lord of Hosts; Heaven and earth are full of Your Glory! Hosanna(i.e. salvation) in the highest! Blessed is He who comes in the name of the Lord! Hosanna in the highest!" And the priest continues " with these blessed Powers we, the philanthropic Lord, exclaim..."After which the primate in prayer remembers the event when our Lord Jesus Christ established the sacrament of the Holy Eucharist" taking the bread into His holy and immaculate and sinless hands, giving thanks and blessing, sanctifying" and saying to his disciples and apostles " Take, eat, this is My Body, broken for you for the remission of sins", the choir and we together with him " Amen!" The priest prays In the same way I drink the cup after supper, saying: (out loud) Drink from it, all of you, this is My Blood of the New Testament, shed for you and for many for the remission of sins" The chorus continues to answer " Amen!", priest " So, remembering this saving commandment of His and everything He did for us: the cross, the tomb, the three-day resurrection, ascension to Heaven, to the right hand(from Father) sitting, and also His second and glorious coming,(raising the Gifts) “Thine from Thine, offering unto Thee for all and for all" And further " We sing to You, we bless You, we thank You, Lord, and we pray to You, our God!"(chorus echoes this). And the priest begins to read a prayer about the calling of the Holy Spirit to the Gifts " and we ask, and we pray, and we work hard(i.e. seizure A eat): send down Your Holy Spirit on us and on these gifts that are set before us,».

According to the Russian tradition, at this time the troparion of the third hour “Lord, like Thy Most Holy Spirit” is supposed to be read; many mistakenly believe that this troparion is precisely a prayer for invoking the Holy Spirit for the Gifts. In order not to break the integrity of this prayer, it will be read immediately after the words “ and we pray to You, our God!».

The prayer of epiclesis (i.e. the prayer for the invocation of the Holy Spirit) continues inextricably with the words “ And make this bread with the honest Body of Thy Christ"(the priest blesses the paten with his hand), " and in this Chalice is the precious Blood of Thy Christ"(the priest blesses the Chalice), " changed by Your Holy Spirit"(the priest blesses the paten and the chalice together). After this, a prostration is made before the consecrated Holy Gifts.

Having risen, the primate makes intercessory prayers so that we all receive communion for the sobriety of the soul and the forgiveness of sins. Next, he prayerfully offers a verbal service “ about every righteous soul who has died in faith" And he exclaims, censing the throne, “ Considerably(i.e. especially) about our Most Holy, Most Pure, Most Blessed Lady Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary" The choir sings a chant glorifying the Mother of God, who is the most honest cherub and the most glorious without comparison seraphim, and the priest continues to commemorate the holy saints of God, John the Baptist, the holy glorious apostles and saints whose memory is celebrated today. Then, please pay attention, the primate commemorates the deceased Orthodox Christians, therefore each of us at this time can and should prayerfully remember all those whom we usually remember for their repose. Then the priest prays for every Orthodox bishopric, priesthood, deaconry and every priestly order, for the Holy Catholic and Apostolic Church.

Afterwards, the primate loudly commemorates the First Hierarch of the Russian Church and the Ruling Bishop, after which he reads a prayer for our city, for our country and the salvation of all those Orthodox Christians who are not currently present at the service. Then, again, please pay attention, it is possible to remember the health of Orthodox Christians, but there is very little time for this, so we can only have time to prayerfully remember the people closest to us. This is followed by an exclamation: “ And give it(i.e. give) with one mouth and one heart we glorify and sing Your all-honorable and magnificent name, the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, now and ever and unto ages of ages.", the choir, together with the people, answers, " Amen!" and the priest, turning his face to all the faithful, proclaims: " And may the mercies of our great God and Savior Jesus Christ be with you all", the chorus replies " and with your spirit" This is where the Eucharistic canon ends and there is little time left until the moment of communion for the clergy and laity. At this point, we will stop again to continue explaining the subsequent course of the service. I wish us all a meaningful standing before the Lord!

Next stop after the Eucharistic canon

Beloved brothers and sisters in the Lord, the transformation of bread and wine into the Body and Blood of Christ took place, in order to then be offered to the faithful for communion and union with God. Now a litany of petition will be pronounced after the consecration of the Gifts. Having remembered all the saints, let us pray to the Lord again and again in peace" By saints here we mean not only the holy saints of God glorified by the Church, but also all faithful Orthodox Christians, deceased and living, remembered during the service. In the early Church, saints meant all Christians in general, and the apostolic writings refer to Christians in this way. Next is the petition “ Let us pray to the Lord for the offered and consecrated honest Gifts“, this is a petition for the sanctification of us by the communion of these Gifts, which follows from the following petition “ So that our humane God, having received them onto His holy and heavenly and mental altar, like a spiritual fragrance, would send down to us divine grace and the gift of the Holy Spirit as reward - let us pray!”, then the usual petitions for the litany of petition follow, and the priest prays that each of us will receive communion without condemnation and be cleansed from the defilements of the flesh and spirit. St. writes about the meaning of this prayer and litany. Nicholas Kavasila, one of the best interpreters of the Liturgy: “Grace acts in honest Gifts in two ways: firstly, by the fact that the Gifts are sanctified; secondly, by the fact that grace sanctifies us through them. Therefore, no human evil can hinder the action of grace in the Holy Gifts, because their sanctification is not an act of human virtue. The second action is a matter of our efforts, and therefore our negligence can interfere with it. Grace sanctifies us through the Gifts if it finds us worthy of sanctification; if it is found unprepared, then it does not bring us any benefit, but causes even greater harm.” The litany ends with the petition “ Having asked for the unity of faith and the communion of the Holy Spirit, we commit ourselves and each other, and our whole life, to Christ God", followed by the exclamation " And grant us, O Master, with boldness and without condemnation to dare to call You, the Heavenly God, Father and to speak»:

And all the people, together with the choir, sing the Lord’s Prayer: “ Our Father…" The petition in the Lord's Prayer for daily bread acquires a special Eucharistic character during the liturgy. The prayer ends with the exclamation “ For Thine is the kingdom, and the power, and the glory...", after which the priest gives peace to everyone, and after an exclamation of adoration, reads the corresponding prayer, in which he thanks God and asks for our immediate needs " Float to those who swim, travel to those who travel, heal the sick, Physician of our souls and bodies" After the chorus responds " Amen", the priest reads a prayer before the crushing of the Holy Lamb, in which he asks God " to give us His pure Body and honest Blood, and through us - to all His people».

Followed by the exclamation “ Let's see!(i.e. let us be attentive)" and the primate, lifting up the Holy Lamb, proclaims " Holy to saints!" Here, as we have already said, saints mean all Orthodox Christians, in this case, those gathered in this holy temple, i.e. understood by each of us. The choir sings: " There is one Holy One, one Lord, Jesus Christ, to the glory of God the Father. Amen" The Primate performs the crushing of the Holy Lamb, with the words “ Filling of the Holy Spirit“puts a particle with the inscription “Jesus” into the Chalice, a particle with the inscription “Christ” will be used by the clergy, and the remaining two with the inscriptions “NI” and “KA” (i.e. victory) will be crushed for teaching to everyone who gathers today take communion. A ladle of hot water, the so-called, is poured into the Holy Chalice. "warmth", which in its theological interpretation goes back to the death of the Savior on the cross, because The blood that flowed from the Lord was hot. After the clergy have received communion, we will again make a short stop and explain the rest of the service, after which the Body and Blood of Christ will be given to everyone who prepared for it today.

Next stop after clergy communion

Beloved brothers and sisters in the Lord, the moment has come when the Chalice with the Body and Blood of Christ will be taken from the altar for the communion of the faithful. As we said at the beginning, the Divine Liturgy has as its meaning the transmutation of bread and wine into the Body and Blood of Christ, for the communion of all those gathered at the liturgy. The last part of the liturgy is therefore called the liturgy of the faithful, because all those present at it were not outside spectators, but active participants in the service, aware of their responsible presence before God in the joint Eucharistic prayer. Communion at every liturgy was the norm for Christians of the ancient Church, but over time this norm began to be forgotten, and today we can see that in a church in which there is a sufficient number of people, there are only a few communicants. We often talk about our unworthiness, and this is absolutely true, each of us is unworthy to be able to unite with Christ Himself and woe to those who suddenly realize their dignity in front of the Holy Chalice. It is precisely because we are weak and unworthy that we are called to heal our ailments in the Sacraments of the Holy Church - repentance and communion, first of all. The universality of the communion of all the faithful during the liturgy reveals the nature of the Church, which Itself is the Body of Christ, which means that each member of Her is a part of Him.

Striving for constant unity with God in joint prayer and in communion in the sacraments, we will step by step make our spiritual ascent to which every Christian is called. The Liturgy is not celebrated so that we can light candles and order mass; more precisely, we also have every right to do all this, but the main meaning of its celebration is our union with God Himself. The goal of an Orthodox Christian's life is to achieve O marriage, because, according to the words of St. Athanasius the Great, “God became man in order for man to become God.” And our deification is unthinkable without participation in the church sacraments, to which we must resort not occasionally, from time to time, but constantly, remembering that this is precisely what our church life consists of. Naturally, all this is unthinkable without painstaking and thorough work on oneself, without struggling with one’s sins, because as the Holy Scripture says: “ The Kingdom of Heaven is taken by force, and those who use force take it away"(Matthew 11:12). God saves us, but not without us; if each of us does not thirst for salvation, then it will be impossible to achieve it.

And in addition to our constant mysterious life, we must make efforts to better know our faith, because everyone who looks at us already has an idea of ​​the Church of Christ, and what this idea will be like if we cannot give answers to elementary questions. You need to constantly force yourself to study, read the Holy Scriptures, the Fathers of the Church, the works of Orthodox theologians and, undoubtedly, improve in prayer. Each of us has a huge responsibility before God, the Church and people, because having become Christians we have become, according to the words of the Apostle Peter, “a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, a people taken for his own possession, that we might proclaim the perfections of Him who called us out of darkness into His wonderful light” (1 Pet. 2:9). Keeping this responsibility in mind, we must perform our church service.

Now the Holy Chalice will be taken out and everyone who was going to take communion today will unite with Christ Himself. After communion, the Chalice is brought into the altar and the holy particles that were taken out for the saints, living and dead, are immersed in the Chalice with the words “ Wash away, Lord, the sins of all those remembered here by the prayers of Your saints" Thus, everyone for whom the offering was made is also made the Body of Christ, and this is the highest meaning of the Eucharist - the unity of the heavenly and earthly Church.

Let's dive the particles, the priest proclaims " Save, O God, Your people and bless Your inheritance!" Then the Holy Chalice is transferred to the altar, with the words “ Blessed be our God" (quiet) " Always now and ever and unto ages of ages!"(exclamation). The priest saying " Ascend into heaven, O God, and throughout all the earth Your glory» places the Cup on the altar. The choir, on behalf of all those who received the Holy Mysteries, sings “ May our lips be filled with Your praise, O Lord, so that we may sing Your Glory, for You have honored us with communion of Your holy, divine, immortal and life-giving Mysteries" This is followed by the litany “ Let's be reverent! Having partaken of the divine, holy, immaculate, immortal, heavenly and life-giving, terrible Mysteries of Christ, we worthily thank the Lord!", after which it is proclaimed " Let's go out in peace!"and the junior clergyman reads the so-called. "behind the pulpit" prayer, in which he asks " Lord... save Your people and bless Your inheritance... Grant Peace to Your world, Your churches, the priesthood, our rulers and all Your people..." The choir and the people respond, “ Amen!", after which the blessing is given to all the faithful with the words " The blessing of the Lord is upon you..." After which the primate makes a dismissal, i.e. the final prayer of the liturgy, in which the Mother of God, the holy apostles, the saints of the temple and the day are remembered (today this is, first of all, Equal-to-the-Apostles Nina, the enlightener of Georgia) and St. John Chrysostom, whose liturgy is celebrated today. After which the choir sings many years to the Primate of the Russian Church, His Holiness Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus' Alexy II and our Ruling Bishop, His Eminence John, Archbishop of Belgorod and Stary Oskol. Thus the service ends.

We hope that today’s service, which was constantly commented on during its celebration, has given us the opportunity to better know our liturgical heritage, and we will continue to make efforts so that we have a desire to comprehend our Orthodox heritage more and more, through meaningful participation in worship, through participation in the Sacraments of the Holy Church. Amen.

The end and glory to our God!

The entire Liturgy consists of a mass of symbols. And our perception of worship depends on how we understand them.

Before you begin to interpret the components of the Liturgy, you need to clearly understand the Orthodox understanding of the word “symbol”. There are different interpretations of this term, but in this article we will proceed from the understanding of the symbol not only as a connection with the past, as a recollection of the events committed by Christ in His earthly life, but as a window into eternal life, making it possible to touch the spiritual, immaterial reality. Based on this, the main function of a symbol is not to depict, which presupposes the absence of what is depicted, but to reveal and introduce to what is revealed through the symbol, to introduce believers to the symbolizing reality.

Why is the definition of this term so important? But because the entire Liturgy consists of a mass of symbols. And our perception of worship depends on how we understand them. For example, the Church is a symbol of the Kingdom of God, the earthly Eucharist is a symbol of the heavenly Eucharist celebrated in heaven, the Small Entrance to the Liturgy symbolizes the ascent to heaven. This perception of the symbol allows a person, while on earth, to touch the spiritual through material things, to see the heavenly in the earthly, the invisible in the visible. Otherwise, if we define a symbol as a recollection of past events, then, for example, the Small Entrance at the Liturgy will symbolize Christ’s coming out to preach. But such an understanding is alien to Eastern Christianity and came to us “thanks” to the influence of Western theology at one time. A person, based on such an understanding, will perceive the Liturgy as a “sacred drama”, where the entire history of salvation from the Incarnation of Christ to His Ascension is played out, will stand and only indifferently observe the actions of the priest at best. The Eastern understanding presupposes the active, prayerful participation of every believer present in the temple.

Let us move on to the direct interpretation of the Divine Liturgy, or more precisely, some of its parts.

The first exclamation at the Liturgy, “Blessed is the kingdom...” from the very beginning, loudly proclaims to those present: the Kingdom of Heaven is already to some extent present among believers and that it is already preached after the coming of Christ (Mark 1:14-15). A kingdom that we have the opportunity to touch through prayer and service in the church, since this presence is most manifested in the church during the Divine Liturgy. The position that the Kingdom of Heaven will come only at the end of the world and that it cannot be achieved by us now in any way contradicts the faith of the first Christians, who were convinced that the Kingdom of Heaven was already at work in the world.

What does it mean to “bless the Kingdom”? This is the recognition of His highest and final value, the proclamation of the beginning of the path of each of those present at the Liturgy towards wandering, ascension to “other worlds.” With this exclamation our path throughout the entire Liturgy begins to the heavenly Jerusalem, to spiritual reality.

Great Litany:

“For peace from above and the salvation of our souls...” With this petition we ask in the person of the deacon for peace from above, that is, for the Kingdom of God - “joy, peace and righteousness in the Holy Spirit” (Rom. 14:17);

“For the peace of the whole world...” - so that peace would be extended to everyone, so that all people would become participants in the Kingdom of God;

“For the welfare of all God’s Churches...” - we pray for the fidelity and firmness of all Christians in their positions, so that they do not betray the truth and preach the Gospel of the Kingdom, each in his own place;

“About the union of all...” - about all being one in one body of our Lord Jesus Christ (John 17:23);

About bishops, clergy, people, about the country, city, regions, about all people, about the abundance of earthly fruits and times of peace - prayer embraces the whole world, all of nature.
And the litany ends with a statement of the fact that we will give ourselves and each other to Christ our God - we give our lives to Christ, because He is our life, our salvation.

The Small Entrance with the Gospel symbolizes the ascent of the Church to heaven, where the Eucharist is celebrated.

We need to realize that after the Small Entrance we are mysteriously present before the Holy One, before the very Heavenly Altar.

The exclamation “Peace to all,” pronounced several times during the Liturgy: before the reading of the Gospel, before the kiss of peace (before the Creed), before the sacrament itself, reminds us each time that Christ himself (Peace is the name of Christ) heads our Eucharist , because He Himself is “Bearer and Offered, Receiver and Distributed,” and that Christ is present with us during the Liturgy.

I would also like to draw your attention to the exclamation with which the third part of the Liturgy begins: “Return the trees, let us pray again and again in peace to the Lord.” This exclamation reminds us that not only does the priest serve for the laity, and the laity are in a passive state, but everyone present prays and actively participates in the service, making up the One Body of our Lord Jesus Christ. In the Holy Scriptures, all Christians are called “a royal priesthood, a holy nation...” (Peter 2:3) to be prayer partners for the ordained priesthood and for preaching Christ in the world. By these titles every believer is called to apostleship.

With the Great Entrance, during the singing of “Like the Cherubim,” the Eucharistic Offering begins, during which the Gifts are transferred from the altar to the throne.

In ancient times, the first Christian offering consisted in the fact that people, whenever possible, brought candles, oil, or alms for the maintenance of the clergy, to help orphans and widows. In this way, the unity of the Church was formed, cemented by love and compassion for others, and the sacrifice of love was carried out. By performing common service, everyone united in one task, which made it easier, through common efforts, to achieve a given goal - entry into the Kingdom of Heaven. In our time, such service is also possible and depends on the desire of believers to be united and serve the priesthood.

Eucharistic canon

The Eucharistic canon is the main part of the Liturgy, but in no way rejects or neutralizes previous hymns and prayers.

“Woe are our hearts” - the call of the Church to shake off all the darkness of the world, forget about all worries and turn the heart to heaven, but not to the visible sky, but to the one that is inside us and among us, the heavenly one, restored by our Savior. In this context, the words of John Chrysostom become clear: “What do I care about heaven when I contemplate the Lord of heaven, when I myself become heaven.”

“We give thanks to the Lord...” - thanksgiving for the fact that God has already accomplished the salvation of the human race. Our expression of gratitude primarily consists of offering that quality that rightfully belongs to us and depends only on our own efforts. This is an offering to God of Sacrificial Love, because, according to Maxim the Confessor, the Lord can transform all things, but the only thing he cannot do is force a person to love, because Love is the highest manifestation of human freedom.

After the proclamation of the secret formula and the priest’s blessing of the bread and wine, they are transmuted into the Body and Blood of our Lord Jesus Christ himself, which he gave to the slaughter during his earthly life in order to return to us the paradise lost by our ancestors. It is difficult to rationally explain how the transformation occurs, but Christians firmly believe that during Communion they eat not bread and wine, but the Body and Blood of the Lord Himself.

Thus, the fruits that we wish to receive during worship depend on the perception and understanding of the Liturgy. The service is not just a meeting of grandmothers, but an opportunity on earth to touch heavenly realities, to connect with heaven. With worthy communion of the very Body and Blood of Christ, we get the chance to become gods by grace, to enter the Kingdom of Heaven, which will become fully felt only after the Second Coming of Christ for those who coordinate their life on earth with the commandments.

Priest Maxim Boichura

Liturgy as the center of Christian life

The liturgy begins with everyone gathering together. The word “Church” itself in Greek is “ekklesia,” which in turn means “assembly.”

When we gather in church, we gather together with the Church, the very Church in which we believe. Our Eucharistic gathering is a gathering in Christ necessary for each of us to be united with God and through God to be truly deeply and eternally united with each other. This gathering of people in the Sacrament, in fact, is what makes people the Church.

“Liturgy” (“λειτουργία”) translated from Greek means “common cause.” In ancient times, liturgy was the name given to building a temple or a ship. People gathered and the whole world did something that could not be done without common participation. The word “layman” comes precisely from this: “with the whole world,” “all together.” Therefore, we can say that in the temple everyone is a co-servant. Not as some silent herd, separated by a blank wall from the priests, but as one people of God, including the bishop, the clergy, and the laity.

It should not be that the priest serves the Liturgy, and the parishioners only light candles and hand over notes. We must all serve God with one mouth and one heart, praise and glorify Him, uniting with each other in the indestructible unity of faith, in the unity of love, in the unity of good thoughts and deeds. We are called to offer our prayers for everyone. No wonder the Lord said: “Where two or three are gathered in My name, there am I in the midst of them” (Matthew 18:20). People gathered in the name of the Lord become the Body of Christ, and then the prayer of the Church acquires enormous significance and power.

In the rite of the Divine Liturgy, three parts can be distinguished: Proskomedia, Liturgy of the Catechumens and Liturgy of the Faithful. First, the substance for the Sacrament is prepared, then the believers prepare for the Sacrament, and finally, the Sacrament itself is performed, and the believers receive communion.

Sacred vessels

The attributes of the Liturgy did not appear immediately. In ancient times, the rank of Proskomedia in the form in which it exists now did not yet exist - it took shape only towards the end of the first millennium. In the Acts of the Apostles the Liturgy is called the “Breaking of Bread.” When the Liturgy was celebrated by the apostles or in the catacombs, under conditions of persecution, only two liturgical vessels were used to celebrate the Proskomedia - the Chalice and the Paten, on which the broken Body of Christ was laid out. From this Paten, the faithful took the Body and drank from the Chalice together, that is, they received communion in the same way as priests now receive communion in the altar.

Later, when the Church multiplied during the reign of Constantine, parish churches appeared, and breaking bread for numerous communicants became difficult. During the time of John Chrysostom (c. 347–407), a copy and a liar appeared.

In worship, nothing can exist on its own. All these accessories are intended to serve a more complete disclosure of the meaning of the ongoing sacrament.

Chalice and Paten - the most important liturgical vessels used by the Savior during the Last Supper. Paten (Greek “δίσκος”) is a dish on a base depicting scenes from the New Testament, most often the icon of the Nativity of Christ. The paten simultaneously symbolizes both the Bethlehem cave and the Holy Sepulcher.

Two cruciformintercession , with which the Chalice and Paten are covered, and a cloth cloth calledair , on the one hand, symbolize the shrouds with which the Savior was wrapped at Christmas, and on the other, the Shroud in which He was wrapped after being removed from the cross.

Liar - a spoon with a long handle, used to give communion to the laity, did not appear immediately and became established in liturgical practice quite late. It recalls the prophecy of Isaiah: “Then one of the Seraphim flew to me, and in his hand he had a burning coal, which he took with tongs from the altar, and he touched my mouth and said: behold, this has touched your mouth, and your iniquity is taken away from you. and your sin is cleansed” (Isaiah 6:6). This is an Old Testament image of communion: the spoon symbolizes the tongs with which the Archangel pulled out the coals from the brazier.

The Savior was pierced on the Cross with a copy of a Roman soldier, but at the Liturgy a sharp knife is used, which is called"copy" and with which it is cutLamb (we will talk about it below) and the particles are removed from the prosphora.

Zvezditsa , made in the shape of a cross, represents a crucifix and at the same time the Star of Bethlehem, which pointed the Magi to the Savior of the world who was born in a cave.

To celebrate the Liturgy, you need red grape wine, diluted with a small amount of holy warm water (warmth), following the example of how the Lord at the Last Supper consumed wine with water, and in remembrance of the fact that during the suffering of the cross after being struck by a spear, the Savior’s rib leaked blood and water.

In Orthodox worship, wheat leavened bread is used, baked in the form of prosphora (from the ancient Greek word “προσφορά” - offering). The prosphora, or prosvira, has a round shape and consists of two parts as a sign that the Lord Jesus Christ had Divine and human nature and a single divine-human personality. On the top of the prosphora there should be a seal with the image of a cross. On either side of it is the inscription: “IS HS” (the name of the Savior), and below is “NIKA,” which in Greek means “victory.” The prosphora may contain an image of the Mother of God or saints.

How did Proskomedia come about?

First, let's talk about how Proskomedia came to be, the main meaning of which is the preparation of substances for performing the Sacrament of Communion from bread and wine brought to the temple. At the same time, all members of the earthly and heavenly Church are commemorated.

The word "Proskomedia" translated from Greek means "bringing" or "offering". In the community of the holy apostles, each Christian had his own “offering” - an offering as a movement of the soul, as the meaning of the meeting, as something that unites all people. Everyone considered everything common. Everyone who comes to Church certainly brings something necessary for the life of the parish - his hands, his heart, his mind, his own means. The deacons accepted those brought into the Church and distributed the gifts. This is how this part of the Liturgy developed, called the offering (that is, Proskomedia), when the deacon chooses the best bread and the best wine to serve, to offer to God.

Ancient liturgical monuments record that the poor and orphans brought water for the Liturgy to wash the hands and feet of the wanderer, so that this water would serve for ablution at the Liturgy. No one had to come just to take. Everyone came to give. At least bring water, but don’t come empty...

Nothing can buy God. God can only distribute everything. And He can distribute only when a person has free hands to accept gifts. When you have bags in your hands, you can’t stretch them to God...

And a sacrifice to God is a contrite spirit, nothing more is needed. The Church does not need any materialization of our sacrifice and God does not need anything other than our heart. Don't turn the Church into a store! Don't come to order something, buy it and take it home. Proskomedia is the first step of the Liturgy - sacrificing ourselves.

Proskomedia

Once upon a time, the priest appeared in the temple when the community was fully assembled. Now, unfortunately, he often comes to an empty church, reads the entrance prayers and robes himself in silence, and only the reader on the choir waits for his blessing to begin reading the hours (prayers consecrating a certain time of day; consist of three psalms, several verses and prayers selected accordingly to each quarter of the day and to the special circumstances of the Savior’s suffering.)

Having prepared, according to church regulations, for the celebration of the Liturgy, the priest, not yet vested, reads the so-called “entrance” prayers in front of the closed Royal Doors, reverently asking God for strength to serve. He asks to strengthen him for the upcoming service and to cleanse him of sins, giving him the opportunity to perform the sacrament without condemnation. Having entered the altar, the priest dresses in sacred vestments and begins to prepare everything necessary for the Divine Liturgy.

Parishioners usually appear in the church later and are not present at Proskomedia. This is how it has developed in modern church practice, so it is better to submit notes before the start of the Liturgy, during the reading of the Hours. Of course, the priest will take out the particles up to the Cherubim, but the action itself is performed precisely during the reading of the Hours.

While at the altar, the priest bows and kisses the sacred vessels, reading the troparion of Good Friday: “Thou hast redeemed us from the legal oath...” Thus, the beginning of Proskomedia is an entry into the atoning sacrifice of Christ, into the suffering of our Lord Jesus Christ.

But Proskomedia is a remembrance not only of the Savior’s atoning sacrifice, but also of His Incarnation and Nativity, because He became incarnate and was born not in order to live, but in order to die for our sins. And therefore, all the words and actions of Proskomedia have a double meaning, depicting on the one hand the Nativity of Christ, and on the other hand, His suffering and death.

The priest takes the main lamb prosphora, uses a copy to cut out from it a square part of the seal, which is called the Lamb, and places it on the Paten. The Lamb testifies to the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ, that the Son of God became the Son of man.

Lamb means lamb. In worship, this word denotes sacrifice. Throughout Old Testament history, the lamb was always the most important and purest sacrifice offered for human sins. For the Jewish people, sacrificing a lamb meant: a person has sinned, committed evil in this world, and an innocent, completely blameless lamb, which is a symbol of purity and meekness, good-naturedness and defenselessness, suffers for him.

Holy Scripture refers to the Lamb as the Savior. When John the Baptist on the Jordan sees the incarnate Son of God, he points to Him and says: “Behold the Lamb of God, who takes away the sins of the world” (John 1:29). Therefore, this prosphora is called the Lamb, intended for sacrifice.

Then the priest, taking a spear in his hand, cuts one edge of the prosphora with the words: “Like a sheep to be slaughtered... Like a lamb without blemish... so it opens not its mouth.” These prophecies are dedicated to Christ, His leading to the Calvary sacrifice. The priest cuts off the lower part of the prosphora: “As if His belly would fly up from the ground.”

The priest cuts the prosphora in a cross shape with the words: “The Lamb of God is eaten (that is, sacrificed), take away the sin of the world, for the worldly belly (the life of the world) and salvation.”

Completing this part of the ritual, the priest pierces the prosphora with a copy on the right side, in the place where the name “Jesus” is written on the seal with the words: “One of the warriors pierced His side with a copy,” and pours wine mixed with water into the Chalice: “And He came forth, blood and water, and he who saw evidence, and the truth is his testimony.”

The earthly name of the Savior - Jesus is pierced by a spear. Man suffered on the Cross; God is not subject to suffering. The God-man Jesus Christ suffered on the Cross with his human nature. That is why Jesus, the earthly name of the Cross, symbolizing His human nature, is pierced by a spear. After this, the Lamb is installed in the center of the Paten.

* * *

After the Lamb is prepared for further sacred rites, the priest takes out (cuts out) a piece from the second prosphora, intended for the memory of the Mother of God, and with the words: “The Queen appears at Your right hand” (David’s prophecy about the Mother of God) places it on the Paten to the right of the Lamb.

The third prosphora, called the “nine-day prosphora,” is intended for the remembrance of all the saints. Nine particles are sequentially taken out of it in memory of John the Baptist, prophets, holy apostles, saints, martyrs, saints, healers and unmercenaries, righteous Joachim and Anna, as well as in memory of the saints, some of whom the temple is consecrated and whose memory is celebrated on this day. The last piece is taken out in memory of the saint who wrote the Liturgy - Basil the Great or John Chrysostom.

The commemoration of saints during Proskomedia is very important - we address all the saints, and all the saints stand next to us.

This part of the Proskomedia resembles the Deesis order of the iconostasis. At its center is the Savior, on the one hand is the Mother of God, and on the other are all the saints in their communion with Christ and in prayer for the Church. They were numbered among the Heavenly Host and constituted the Heavenly Church. The saints pray to the Lord, as the Merciful Judge, for mercy on all those present in the temple.

The earthly church is often called “militant” because it is in a constant state of spiritual struggle. We are all soldiers of Christ who went to this battle for truth, for love, in order to defend the image and likeness of God within ourselves. And the Heavenly Church, as we see at Proskomedia, is a triumphant Church, a victorious Church - NIKA. The Mother of God is on the right, and all the saints are on the left side, like a mighty, indestructible army staying next to Christ.

Then begins the prayer for the earthly Church. The priest takes the fourth prosphora, the healthy one, and takes out a piece from it in memory of our Holy Patriarch and the patriarchs who stand before God in the Church, like military leaders who are the first to go into battle and bear the heavy cross of responsibility for the Church. Then he takes out pieces for the bishops and all Orthodox Christians and prays for our fatherland.

After this, the priest takes the prosphora for the repose and, taking out a piece, prays for those who created the temple, for all the previously deceased Orthodox patriarchs and the deceased parishioners of this holy temple.

* * *

Finally, the priest reads the notes that we give behind the candle box. We often don’t understand why we bring these notes, but commemoration at Proskomedia is one of the greatest prayers of the Church. In fact, our notes are bringing everyone to Christ with prayer for salvation, healing, conversion. When we pray, the Church is filled with those who suffer, as it was at the pool of Siloam. There is no other such powerful prayer in the Church other than the prayer of the Liturgy, which could unite and realize all our requests like this.

In Proskomedia, through their sacred rites - and here this must be emphasized: it is through sacred rites - that every person participates. Our offering is not that we submitted notes and paid money. Just as the cleric performs the sacred rite during the Proskomedia, so all the parishioners at this moment take part in the Proskomedia rite, offering their prayers to God.

For each name, a piece is taken out of the prosphora, and now next to Christ, with the Lamb of God, who took upon Himself the sins of the world, next to the Mother of God, with the entire Heavenly Church, a mountain of particles grows. The entire Church was placed on the Paten, which symbolizes the universe, the whole world created by God, in which the center is Christ. Nearby is the triumphant Church - this is the Mother of God and the saints, and next to it is a countless crowd of particles - the living and the dead, the good and the bad, the righteous and the sinful, the healthy and the sick, the mourning and the lost, even those who have gone far from Christ, betrayed Him, forgotten about Him, but everyone for whom the Church prays, everyone who is not indifferent to God... On this platter there are many more sinners than saints - after all, we pray, first of all, for those who most need salvation, who often, like prodigal children are on the far side, and we bring them to the Church, just as the four brought the paralytic, laying him at the feet of the Savior.

Now they all reside in a single space of the universe, in one Church, in which the Heavenly component is inseparable from the earthly one, which is why it is said that it is One.

* * *

The proskomedia ends with a symbolic expectation: the Lord lies in the tomb. The priest censes the temple. Just as the Magi brought gold, frankincense and myrrh, so the censer is brought to this offering. Father censes the star and places it on the Paten, covering it with a cross - the guarantee of our salvation. Then he successively burns three shrouds and covers the church vessels with them, just as the Infant Christ is covered with shrouds, just as the Savior is covered with a shroud.

Proskomedia is the great sacrament of the seventh day, when the Lord rested from His works - that blessed Saturday, after which we are in anticipation of the Resurrection of Christ, in anticipation of our salvation and the life of the next century.

After the Sabbath, we meet the risen Christ. This greatest miracle is reflected in the celebration of Easter. Actually, the Easter service is a kind of external implementation of our liturgical celebration. Transition from Proskomedia to Liturgy. This is the passing of Saturday, the seventh day - the end of the world in which we now find ourselves.

During the censing of the altar, the priest reads the Easter troparion. It is very important for understanding the Easter meaning of the Liturgy as a sacrament of the eighth day. The Troparion emphasizes: Proskomedia and the beginning of the Liturgy correspond to the end of our life on earth and entry into the Kingdom of Heaven. Therefore, after the priest has lit the church vessels, he approaches the Royal Doors and opens the curtain to commemorate the coming of the Lord and our salvation.

Liturgy

The part of the service after Proskomedia is called the “Liturgy of the Catechumens” because the catechumens, that is, those preparing to receive Holy Baptism, as well as penitents excommunicated from Holy Communion for grave sins, may be present when it is celebrated.

The Liturgy begins with the priest and deacon praying and bowing before the Throne. The priest reads the prayer: “To the Heavenly King,” then an angelic doxology sounds: “Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, good will toward men,” because the service that he has to perform is an angelic service: it is transferred to man, as if entrusted , angelic function.

The prayers end, the priest stands in front of the Throne, which is covered by a folded antimension. (Antimens – boards depicting the scene of the position of Christ in the tomb and the four evangelists. A particle of the relics of some saint is sewn into the antimension.) The priest raises the Gospel above the antimension and silently prays, lamenting his unworthiness, and asking for God’s help.

The deacon approaches the priest and, having asked for a blessing, leaves the altar to the pulpit (the place opposite the royal doors) and proclaims: “It is time for the Lord to create, Vladyka, bless!” In Russian this means: “Now it is the turn to work for the Lord.” In other words, everything that could be done by people has been done. Human gifts have been brought, wine and bread are on the altar. Now the time has come when the Lord Himself will begin to work, when He will enter into His rights and perform sacred rites.

The priest answers him: “Blessed is the Kingdom of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, now and ever and unto ages of ages. Amen".

The singers sing: “Amen” (that is, “it really is so”). Then the deacon pronounces the Great Litany (a litany is a series of prayer requests), which lists various Christian needs and our petitions to the Lord, and the priest in the altar secretly prays that the Lord will look at this temple (look at this temple) and those praying in it and fulfill their needs.

The deacon or priest first of all proclaims: “Let us pray to the Lord in peace.” The word “peacefully” in this case does not mean that we pray together. This is a call to remain in a state of mental peace. A person who comes to the Liturgy must be at peace with God, must be at peace with himself, must be at peace with his neighbors. It is not for nothing that the Gospel teaches us: “If you bring your gift to the altar and there you remember that your brother has something against you, leave your gift there before the altar, and go first and be reconciled with your brother, and then come and offer your gift "(Matthew 5:23).

We must be in peace if we truly seek the Kingdom of Heaven, because it is said: “Blessed are the peacemakers, for they will be called sons of God” (Matthew 5:9).

In modern Russian, the word “peacemaker” does not mean exactly what it meant in Gospel times. The Lord does not mean people trying to reconcile warring parties through numerous compromises. A peacemaker in the gospel understanding is a person who knows how to create and maintain peace in his own soul. This state is achieved with great difficulty, but this work builds a person spiritually.

After the exclamation: “Let us pray to the Lord in peace,” we begin to pray about things that seem understandable, but which, nevertheless, need to be comprehended. The great, or peaceful, litany is in fact great, and in its petitions - universal. She embraces all earthly and heavenly requests - both material and spiritual dispensation.

Let us pray to the Lord for the peace from above and the salvation of our souls...
Peaceful spiritual dispensation should in no case be confused with convenience and comfort, often achieved by guile and hypocrisy. Dale Carnegie's theory of communication is now popular, containing all sorts of tricks that allow a person to convince himself that he is good and can easily establish correct relationships with others. In fact, peace can only descend to a person from heaven, which is why we pray for the Divine peace that the Lord sends to us.

After the Resurrection of Christ, the Apostles gathered behind closed doors. Christ has risen, but there is no peace in their souls. They gathered in the same way as they had gathered before, but without Christ. The doors and windows are closed “for fear of the Jews.” And so the risen Savior appears to them and says: “Peace be with you” (John 20:19). He gives peace to these fearful hearts.

But we are talking about the apostles - the disciples who knew Christ better, more than others! How similar is this to us... Don’t we know that Christ has risen, don’t we know that the Lord will not leave us, haven’t we been told by the Gospel, haven’t the manifestations of the power of God in the world been preached by our Church? We know that the Lord is with us, and yet, “for the sake of the Jews,” we close ourselves behind steel doors, hiding from each other and from ourselves. There is no peace in our souls...

This world is given to us only by the Lord, and we can accept it or reject it, preserve it or lose it, multiply it in ourselves or squander it madly.

About the peace of the whole world, the prosperity of the Holy Churches of God and the unity of all... You see how often the word “peace” is heard in the Peaceful Litany - the peace that we call into our hearts, the peace that we call for the whole universe, for the soul of every person.

This petition contains another good word - “welfare”. We are talking about standing in goodness, about standing in the truth of God. We also pray for the union of everyone in love. Our Church is truly a Catholic Church, and not only because its teaching is based on the Ecumenical Councils, and not only because it is scattered throughout the world, but, above all, because it truly unites us all .

The Monk Abba Dorotheos, who lived in the 6th century, proposed the following scheme: the center of the universe, represented in the form of a circle, is the Lord, and the circle itself is made up of people. If we draw radii to the center of the circle and mark different points on each of them, this will be us on our path to God. The closer we come to Him, the closer we are to each other. This is the immutable law of spiritual life. This is the meaning of our service of the Liturgy, and the meaning of the existence of the Church, because the Church must unite us all, gathering us at the feet of the Savior. “That they all may be one,” the Lord prays, “as You, Father, are in Me, and I in You, [so] that they also may be one in Us” (John 17:21).

For this holy temple, and for those who enter the stench with faith, reverence and fear of God, let us pray to the Lord...
The following petition contains two words that define inexhaustible spiritual concepts: “reverence” and “fear of God.”

When we fast, we fast, but we can also be in reverence. Do you understand what meaning our post immediately takes on? After all, you can not only fast, but spend this fast in a state of a very high spiritual mood, in a state of peace and communion with the Kingdom of Heaven. This will be reverence.

Then it becomes clear why a person fasts. Not so that, at the end of the fast, we immediately forget about it and happily indulge in all the hard things, again immerse ourselves in what this fast saved us from. I prayed - now I don’t have to pray, I abstained from fast food - now I don’t have to limit myself to anything, I did something - now I don’t have to do it, now I have the right to take a break from fasting. This often happens, because many of us perceive fasting as a burden. And if fasting were reverent for us, it would enter our life as a component, as an integral part of it.

For our Great Lord and Father, His Holiness Patriarch Kirill, and for our Lord, His Eminence the Metropolitan (or Archbishop, or Bishop), the venerable presbytery, the diaconate in Christ, for all the clergy and people, let us pray to the Lord...
A prayer follows for the leader of our church community, for the one who, as the good shepherd, stands before Christ for all the verbal sheep.

It is important for us to understand what a great responsibility it is to be an intercessor before the Lord for all of God’s people. So Moses prayed when he led his people through the Egyptian desert, a stiff-necked, disobedient and unfaithful people, who continually betrayed both God and Moses and rebelled, despite all the mercies that the Lord sent them. At some point, Moses even began to shout to God: “Lord, did I give birth to this people? Is he mine? Why did I get such a heavy burden?”

The Lord strengthened Moses and made him an intercessor for this people. Through the prayer of Moses, He forgave sins, sent manna from heaven, turned a stone into honey, because Moses carried this people in his heart, like a mother carries a child.

This is what standing as a bishop means, standing as a patriarch for his people. The Patriarch can beg God to have mercy on us, despite all our weakness. The patriarch can boldly ask God to punish someone or prohibit something. It is not for nothing that in the social doctrine of the Church adopted at the Council of Bishops there was a bishop’s word that the Church can call on its people to disobey the state if it commits direct lawlessness. Therefore, we pray for our patriarch as an intercessor for each of us, as well as for the entire priesthood, deaconry, all clergy and all people.

About our God-protected country, its authorities and army...
The petition for the army and for the people, of course, changes over time. But, nevertheless, the Apostle Paul wrote: “There is no authority except from God; But the existing powers have been established by God” (Rom. 13:1). This often confuses people, especially when the authorities behave offensively towards the Church, when the Church is in reproach. But it is worth recalling that the apostle said this to the Romans when Nero, whom many considered the Antichrist, and from whom the Apostle Paul himself suffered, was king. But, despite the fact that the government was openly godless, the apostle calls for prayer for it. Rus' prayed the same way during the Tatar-Mongol invasion, remembering the Golden Horde in its prayers.

About this city, every city... country, and those who live in them by faith... About those who sail, travel, the sick, the suffering, the captives, and about their salvation...

Let us pray to the Lord for the goodness of the air, for the abundance of earthly fruits and times of peace...

When we pray for the goodness of the air, we are not praying for good weather, but for the harmony of man and nature, man and God, for that harmony that puts nature at the service of man.

The world was created so that it would be very convenient and pleasant for man to live in it. The world is not man’s enemy, on the contrary, it is his servant. When the Lord entrusted man with this world to decorate and take care of it, every movement of the air was necessarily beneficial, because nature was subject to the laws of Divine truth and love. Everything that was sent down by nature was sent down exclusively for the benefit of man. And therefore, words about the goodness of the air should be perceived as a request to restore real connections between man and nature, so that nature, these “airs,” would bring us good.

When a person brings his malice into the world, he destroys this original harmony, and nature turns against him. If a person comes into this world with love and lives in harmony with God, then nature itself assists him.

The stories described in the lives of the saints are touching. The lioness comes to the hermit's cell and drags him by the hem of his cassock into her lair, because her cubs are wounded. And the hermit pulls out the splinters from the paws of the lion cubs, heals them, smears them with oil, because the lioness, a dumb creature, felt spiritual harmony in him. Animals know that their owner is human.

The Monk Gerasim of Jordan raised a lion who led a donkey to water, and when the monk departed to the Lord, he lay down on his grave and died. One can recall the lion who, at the request of Elder Zosima, dug a grave for Mary of Egypt. Seraphim of Sarov tamed the bear and fed it from his hands... All these stories testify not to some supernatural gift, but to the fact that the human spirit came into harmony with the Spirit of God.

In one of his sermons, Metropolitan Anthony quotes the early fathers of the Church, who argued that the Lord does not need our good deeds, does not need our exploits, but only needs harmony between us and Him, because in this case we cannot be evil. The most important thing is to achieve inner harmony, that is, the unity of man with God.

Liturgy is the spiritual space in which this unity is given to us.

Let us pray to the Lord for deliverance from all sorrow, anger and need. Intercede, save, have mercy, and preserve us, O God, with Your grace...
This is how we pray for ourselves, because everyone has something to ask from God. We can and should ask Him for deliverance from all need and sorrow, from the anger that tears us apart. If you ask for something in the simplicity of your heart, the Lord will certainly respond.

Our Most Holy, Most Pure, Most Blessed, Glorious Lady Theotokos and Ever-Virgin Mary, having remembered with all the saints, let us commend ourselves and each other, and our whole life to Christ our God...
This petition connects us with the Heavenly Church. We, together with the Mother of God, with all the saints, with each other, give ourselves and everyone to God - we give our whole lives to Him as a gift and offering, as our Proskomedia.

Antiphons

Immediately after the Great Litany, antiphons are sung. According to the established rules, there should be two choirs in the temple - right and left, and singing should be antiphonal, that is, alternating, two choirs.

Antiphonal singing has been known since ancient tragedies. It appears quite early in Christian worship. The Byzantine church historian Socrates Scholasticus says that such singing was introduced into the Antiochian Church by Saint Ignatius the God-Bearer (about 107). In the West, it entered into worship under Saint Ambrose of Milan (c. 340–397). In Constantinople it was introduced by St. John Chrysostom (c. 347–407).

Antiphons could have arisen from religious processions. The procession of the cross is the Church’s testimony to this world. People leave the temple and the entire surrounding space becomes its continuation. Believers walk with icons and banners through the streets of the city, and the whole world, whether it wants it or not, must somehow participate in this pious action. Processions of the cross are evidence of the strength and completeness of the Church.

In the Ancient Church there was a custom according to which religious processions from different parishes flocked to one church, in which a patronal feast day was celebrated that day or another significant event took place. During the procession, festive chants were sung, praising the holiday or the holy martyrs in whose name the service was performed. When religious processions converged at the place where the event was celebrated, they chanted alternately. Antiphons are hymns of procession, hymns of gathering, hymns of preparation.

During daily services, weekday or daily antiphons are sung. At Sunday services, which we most often attend, and on some holidays, Sunday or figurative antiphons are sung. Festive antiphons are sung only on the Lord's holidays (such as, for example, Christmas or Transfiguration) and on the Presentation of the Lord, which is, as it were, a transitional holiday between the Lord's and the Theotokos.

The antiphons prophetically depict the mercies of God revealed to humanity through the incarnation of the Son of God. There are three Sunday antiphons: Psalm 102, Psalm 145 and “Blessed.” They are separated by small litany (petitions). During the singing of the antiphons, the priest is in the altar and reads the so-called secret priestly prayers.

Previously, secret prayers were read aloud - there is no secret in them; it's all about their incomprehensibility and greatness. However, starting from the 6th century, they are read quietly in the altar, which reveals a certain external division between those who officiate at the Throne and those who officiate as the people of God. According to many theologians, the power of sacred rites is thus weakened. Unfortunately, now we are reaping the fruits of this reduction, because in the minds of many people only the priest performs the Liturgy, only he prays, and everyone else is just present. In fact, this is not so - all prayers during the Divine Liturgy are offered on behalf of all those gathered in the temple. Each of us should know and understand them. Antiphons and litanies do not replace priestly prayers, but are their continuation.

The first antiphon is Psalm 102: “Bless the Lord, my soul...”

At this time, the prayer is read: “Lord our God, whose power is unspeakable and glory incomprehensible, whose mercy is immeasurable and love for mankind inexpressible, Himself, Master, according to Your compassion, look upon us and on this holy temple and do with us, and with those who pray with us , rich are Thy mercies and Thy tender mercies.”

Before the Second Antiphon, a small litany is heard and a prayer is offered: “Lord our God, save Thy people and bless Thy inheritance, preserve the fulfillment of Thy Church, sanctify those who love the splendor of Thy house; Glorify them with Your Divine power, and do not forsake us who trust in You.”

The word “fulfillment” in this case means “completeness”. The priest prays for the preservation of the fullness of the Church, for every person to enjoy the fullness of the Kingdom of Heaven.

The second antiphon consists of Psalm 145: “Praise, O my soul, the Lord...” and the dogmatic chant: “The only begotten Son and Word of God...”, expressing the dogma of the Church about God in the Trinity and about the incarnation, nativity and assumption of the human nature of the Son of God, who is of one essence with the Father and the Holy Spirit. This chant was composed by the Byzantine emperor Justinian I (483–565), canonized for his piety.

It is no coincidence that this particular psalm was chosen - it contains a deep liturgical meaning. Unfortunately, only selected verses are sung, which do not include the very important lines: “The Lord has prepared His Throne in heaven and His Kingdom possesses all,” which directly relate to our standing at the Liturgy. The Kingdom that sanctifies our hearts and our lives belongs to everyone, and no one is superfluous in this Kingdom. Liturgy is a sacrifice for the life of the whole world; it is truly the coming of the Kingdom of Heaven in power, which everyone possesses and which everyone can possess.

After the singing of the Second Antiphon, the Royal Doors are opened and the Third Antiphon, consisting of the Beatitudes, is sung. The prayer of the Third Antiphon sounds like this: “Who has granted us prayers in common and agreement, and who has promised to ask for a tax to two or three who agree on your name. Even now Your servant fulfill your requests for useful purposes, giving us in the present world the knowledge of Your truth, and in the future granting us eternal life.”

A person who reads the Psalter regularly easily perceives the divine service, because practically Vespers, Matins, the All-Night Vigil, and the Liturgy largely consist of the singing of psalms. Many hymns, even stichera, which are sung in honor of saints, are largely composed on the basis of psalms. That is why it is necessary to know the Psalter well.

* * *

During the Third Antiphon, the Small Entrance takes place, which is called the “Entrance with the Gospel.” In the old days, parishioners gathered near the still closed church. The people greeted the bishop, and the small entrance was the bishop's entrance to the church. Now this entrance is more like an exit, because they leave the altar through the northern gate, and then enter the central Royal Doors. In the ancient Church, the Gospel was kept in a special treasury, and it was precisely before entering the temple that it was taken out from the temple keeper, therefore the procession with the Gospel in the ancient Church was a particularly significant action.

Our Church has preserved this tradition in its hierarchal service. When the bishop enters the church, the Gospel is carried out for blessing, the bishop puts on sacred clothes precisely during the singing of the antiphons and reads the entrance prayers, since, as we know, it is the bishop who is the exclusive minister of the Divine Liturgy.

Now the Entrance with the Gospel symbolizes Christ’s coming out to preach. Taking the Gospel from the Throne and raising it above himself, the priest, reading a blessing prayer, leaves through the northern doors and enters the Royal Doors. A candle is placed in front of him.

Liturgy is co-service of the earthly and heavenly Church. In his prayer, the priest asks that with the entrance of the clergy into the altar, the Lord would also create the entrance of the Angels, serving with them and praising God’s goodness.

Our knowledge of the rites of the Divine Liturgy, including the antiphons, is very important for full participation in it. We stand and quietly sing along with the choir, realizing what is happening in the church and what is behind the spoken words. This is our participation in the common liturgical prayer, in the very prayer that the priest reads at the altar.

At the end of the singing of the antiphons, the deacon or priest raises the Gospel, blessing the parishioners with it in the shape of a cross, and says: “Wisdom, forgive.” The word “wisdom” warns those praying about the deep content of the following singing and reading, and the word “forgive”, that is, “stand up straight,” calls for special attention and reverence.

After singing “Come, let us fall down and worship Christ, save us, Son of God...” church hymns called troparions and kontakions are sung. They briefly tell about the feat of the saint or express the essence of the holiday that is celebrated on this day. At this time, the priest in the altar on behalf of all believers prays to the Lord, so that He may accept the Trisagion hymn sung from the Seraphim from us, humble and sinners, to forgive us every sin and sanctify our thoughts, souls and bodies.

Trisagion

The Small Entrance ends with the singing of the Trisagion. We find the history of the origin of this prayer in Holy Scripture and Holy Tradition. First of all, it is associated with the vision of the prophet Isaiah, to whom the Old Denmi appeared, that is, God in the form of an old man, sitting on a high Throne. “The Seraphim stood around Him; each of them had six wings: with two he covered his face, and with two he covered his feet, and with two he flew. And they called to each other and said: Holy, Holy, Holy is the Lord of hosts! the whole earth is full of His glory!” (Isa. 6:2–3). Seeing God, Isaiah cried out: “Woe is me! I'm dead! For I am a man of unclean lips, and I live among a people also of unclean lips, and my eyes have seen the King, the Lord of hosts. Then one of the Seraphim flew to me, and in his hand he had a burning coal, which he took with tongs from the altar, and touched my mouth and said: behold, this has touched your mouth, and your iniquity is taken away from you, and your sin is cleansed" ( Isaiah 6:5–7).

There is a pious legend: a miracle happened in Constantinople, revealed to one youth, who was caught up into heaven during an earthquake. He also happened to hear angelic singing: “Holy God, Holy Mighty, Holy Immortal...” When he came to his senses and told everything to the bishop, he decided to walk along the walls of the city with the singing of the Trisagion, adding to it: “Have mercy on us!” After this religious procession, the earthquake ended and the city was saved. It is in this form that the Trisagion Hymn is introduced into worship. This is church tradition. It was documented for the first time after the completion of the first meeting of the Council of Chalcedon (451), when the Church Fathers left the temple to the singing of the Trisagion.

It must be said that the Trisagion hymn is not always heard in the church; sometimes other chants are sung that replace the Trisagion. These are holidays on which it is sung: “Those who were baptized into Christ put on Christ...” Such hymns are sung during Christmas, Epiphany, Easter and Trinity. In the ancient Church, these days were celebrations of the birth in Christ of new members who came to baptism after a long period of catechesis, which for many lasted for years.

In the prayer of entry we first encounter the fact that the liturgical ministry is equated and exalted with the angelic ministry. “Create at our entrance the holy Angels to be, serving us and praising Your goodness...” the priest says during the Lesser Entrance.

The knowledge that at this moment the Heavenly Church and the earthly Church are united in a single service is constantly emphasized during the Eucharist, especially during the service of the Liturgy of the Presanctified Gifts, when it is sung: “Now the Heavenly Powers serve with us invisibly.”

The angelic praise begins and we sing praises to the Creator. Before our eyes, the same thing is happening that happened two thousand years ago. Christ comes and begins to teach. He proclaims His word, many people gather around Him, as in the synagogue in Capernaum, when He spoke about the bread that came down from heaven. Some people listen, don’t believe it, and leave. They do not accept the word because it does not fit within them. Others say: “Lord! who should we go to? You have the words of eternal life, and we have believed and known that You are the Christ, the Son of the living God!” (John 6: 68–69) and remain with Him, despite their unworthiness, their inferiority, their misunderstanding.

This happens every time the Liturgy is served, when Christ appears before us, and we are waiting for Him, we sing the Trisagion hymn to Him - this is the angelic doxology that is given to us as real participants in the Kingdom of Heaven.

Reading of the Apostle

After the Trisagion in the church there follows the reading of the Apostolic Epistles or, as they say, the Apostle. This part of the Liturgy of the Word is very ancient. When in the first centuries of Christianity the community gathered to remember the Last Supper, first of all the Good News was proclaimed to it. The apostle came and began, quoting Scripture, to prove that Jesus is the Christ. He cited passages from the Old Testament prophecies about the Messiah, showing that they were talking specifically about Jesus, who was crucified and resurrected. This was the main part of the apostolic gospel.

Fragments of these sermons are recorded in the prokeimnas, proclaimed after the Trisagion before the reading of the Acts or Epistles of the holy apostles. Prokeimenon (from Greek - literally “lying in front”) is a repeatedly repeated hymn in the Orthodox Church, most often consisting of two verses of a psalm, although there are prokeimenes taken from the Gospel or the Apostle. They most obviously and frequently contain prophecies about the coming of Christ. They used to be read and sung in full, but over time they were reduced to two lines, one of which is usually the beginning line of the text, and the other taken from the middle.

The so-called selected psalms are also sung by us during the magnification at Matins - the choir proclaims a line from the selected psalm dedicated to the holiday, and then, like a refrain, sings the magnification. All these are echoes of that ancient Liturgy, in which the reading of the Holy Scriptures and especially the Old Testament occupied a significant place.

After reading Old Testament texts, the apostle who came to the community spoke about Christ himself. He proclaimed His teaching, which later became the Gospel (after all, initially the Gospel was the Holy Tradition of the Church, and only several decades later the apostles recorded their oral sermons). Each apostle carried the gospel, which was either the fruit of his personal experience with Jesus, or the story he heard from people who saw and heard Christ. As John the Theologian writes, “what we have seen and heard we declare to you” (1 John 1:3).

The Church lives by apostolic preaching. Reading the messages is the presence of the apostles themselves in the temple.

The Apostles wrote to the Churches. What we know as the Epistles of the Apostles are actually their letters, the most ordinary letters sent to loved ones from exile or travel. These are letters from a teacher with whom it was not possible to communicate face to face. The community read them in a filial manner, very carefully and with great love, and then passed them on to the neighboring church, the neighboring community. So these letters became available to all Christians. And now we read and hear them. In worship, they seem to stand before the Gospels, located between the prophecies of the Old Testament about Christ and the fulfillment of these prophecies in the New Testament.

The one reading these messages stands in the middle of the church, like an apostle who has come to the Christian community and proclaims to people the salvation that the Lord brought into the world, and the deacon at this time censes the altar, the reader, and then all those praying.

During the reading of the Apostle, the priest sits as an equal to the apostles, as one who marks the presence of the apostleship in the community, is the continuer of the apostolic ministry - he leads people to Christ and proclaims to people the truth of God. This is the meaning of reading the apostolic, and then reading the gospel.

After the Apostle is read, the reader exclaims: “Hallelujah!”, which translated from Hebrew means: “Praise the Lord!”

Reading the Gospel

The central place in the Liturgy of the Word, of course, is occupied by the Gospel itself. One could even say that this part of the Liturgy is dedicated to the Gospel, and everything that happens in it is a kind of preparation for the Gospel to be revealed and read.

In the Liturgy of the Word, which is also called the Liturgy of the Catechumens, there is a certain independent life and completeness, because for the catechumens it ends precisely with the reading of the Gospel, after which, according to the rules of the ancient Church, they should leave the temple.

The Four Gospels that we are reading now were written in the period from 60 to 110–115, that is, for several decades the Gospel was only Holy Tradition, which the apostles transmitted orally to their followers. And yet it was the true Gospel, it was the word of God. Nevertheless, the Gospel as Holy Scripture appeared quite early in the life of the Church and the attitude towards it was extremely serious.

The book was one of the greatest treasures of the ancient world, and not all even rich people could afford to purchase them. For centuries, Christians could only partake of the word of God during worship in church, recognize it, and then live by it, suffer for it and embody it in their lives.

For the catechumens, reading the Gospel is the main encounter with the word of God, because the rest is not yet available to them. They have not yet been born in Christ, but the word of God is transforming them now.

Reading the Gospel in church is an opportunity for us to meet with God. What is happening to us at this moment? How do we live by this word later? How do we leave the temple? These are the most important questions to which we have to give truthful answers.

Sublime Litany

After the reading of the Gospel, the Great Litany sounds. The Liturgy of the Catechumens ends and a new stage of liturgical ascension begins. A special litany is included in every service. In terms of petitions, she is similar to Mirna, with whom the service usually begins.

At the beginning of the service, a folded antimension lies on the Throne. Now the priest unfolds it from three sides. Only the upper part remains unopened, which the priest opens a little later, during the litany of the catechumens.

The intense litany is all-encompassing. It includes all the requests of the world, all its needs and sorrows. However, despite the fact that there is a petition for general, cosmic things, the Church, nevertheless, prays for each of us.

However, if there is a need to pray for someone especially, for example, for a sick person, then the whole Church should pray for him, and not just the priest. For this purpose, there are special petitions that complement the special litany - for those traveling and captives, for the suffering and sick.

* * *

The Liturgy of the Word ends with the litany of the catechumens.

Before the revolution there were no catechumens, they simply could not have existed, but now they have appeared again in our Church. Again, there is someone to enlighten, there is someone to prepare for the Sacrament of Baptism, there is someone to preach the basics of Christianity. Today, a huge number of people come to the font without announcement, and this is wrong. Preparing people for baptism and church prayer for them are absolutely necessary.

Cherubic Song

After the litany of the catechumens, the antimension is already open, and the temple is ready for the offering of a bloodless sacrifice. The Church has already offered up all the prayers and commemorations, not forgetting the living, the dead, or the catechumens, and the deacon proclaims: “Come out, catechumens, come out...” - so that only the faithful remain in the church during the Divine Liturgy.

The Eucharistic word “faithful” refers to Christians. After the litany for the catechumens, two prayers of the faithful are heard.

The priest reads the first of them during the small litany of the faithful: “We give thanks to You, Lord God of Hosts, who has made us worthy to present ourselves now at Your holy Altar and to receive Your bounties for our sins and for human ignorance. Accept, O God, our prayer, make us worthy to offer You supplications and supplications and Bloodless Sacrifice for all Your people; and satisfy us, whom You have placed in this service of Yours, by the power of Your Holy Spirit, without condemnation and without stumbling, in the pure testimony of our conscience; call upon Thee at all times and places. Yes, by listening to us, You will be merciful to us in the abundance of Your goodness.”

After the next litany, the priest reads the second prayer of the faithful: “Once again and again we fall before You and pray to You, O Good One and Lover of Mankind, for having regard to our prayer, cleanse our souls and bodies from all filthiness of the flesh and spirit, and give us an innocent and uncondemned standing Your holy Altar. Grant, O God, to those who pray with us, prosperity of life, faith, and spiritual understanding. Grant to them, who always serve You with fear and love, to innocently and uncondemnably partake of Your Holy Mysteries, and to be worthy of Your Heavenly Kingdom.”

The priest in this prayer asks that all people who are in the church at this time would partake of the Holy Mysteries of Christ without condemnation. This means that all parishioners are really ready to begin communion, otherwise this prayer is being read for no reason.

It happens that a person comes to the service, but does not want to receive communion. Why? After all, only mortal sin and nothing else can separate us from communion, separate us from the boundless love of God. And most often we don’t receive communion because laziness prevents us: laziness to come to the service in the evening, laziness to pray, laziness to work on ourselves, we don’t want to make peace with our neighbor and confess.

So for whom are the prayers of the faithful read? Upon receiving holy baptism, each of us took vows of faith. A Christian is called faithful not only because he has entrusted his life to God, but because he has promised to remain faithful to Him. For the sake of this fidelity, the Lord gives man His Great Mysteries. Vows of fidelity belong to eternity.

* * *

“Like the Cherubim secretly forming...” What do these strange words mean? We only know that when they sing the Cherubim song, we should freeze. But why? For what? I would really like you to ask yourself this question more often.

And this is what they mean: you, standing in the temple, those who mysteriously depict the Cherubim, who sing the Trisagion hymn, must put aside all worldly cares.

Each of us at this moment is given the opportunity to stand with the Cherubim and Seraphim. They sing: “Holy, holy, holy...” - and we must merge with them in a single angelic praise.

In this sacrament we are actors, not spectators. We are in the co-service of the angels, and this is the culmination of the service, when we must put aside all worldly worries, all worldly cares.

“As if we will raise the King of all with angelic invisibly dorinoshima chinmi.” This is an echo of the ancient or Byzantine world. Then the winners were carried in their arms through the triumphal arches. We must carry Christ on ourselves.

* * *

While singing the Cherubic Song, the priest makes the Great Entrance. The King of glory, Christ, goes to the Cross, because the Great Entrance is the procession of the Savior to Golgotha: “The King of kings and Lord of lords comes to sacrifice and be given as food to the faithful.”

The deacon censers the altar and those gathered in the church, reading to himself the 50th psalm of repentance, which we can all also read to ourselves at this moment. The height of the cherubic calling of each of us brings our souls to a state of deepest awareness of our own unworthiness.

It is no coincidence that the priest, before singing the Cherubim, opens the Royal Doors, stands before the Throne and reads the only prayer in the Liturgy, which does not apply to everyone present, but only to himself: “No one is worthy from those bound by carnal lusts... to come, or draw near, or serve You, To the King of Glory; for it is great and terrible to serve You and the Heavenly Powers themselves...” This prayer is dedicated to the Lord Jesus Christ Himself, as the Bishop, before Whom an unworthy cleric stands before him, entering the realm of terrible sacred rites.

The priest asks forgiveness from all concelebrants and parishioners, censes the Proskomedia standing on the altar, and, accompanied by the singing of the Cherubim, goes out onto the solea (the raised platform in front of the iconostasis). He carries the Holy Proskomedia - the Cup of wine, which is to become the Blood of Christ, and the Paten with bread, which is to become the Body of Christ. At the Great Entrance, a special commemoration of the entire Church is performed at the same time, because just as the Lord Almighty carries the whole world in His arms, so the priest leaving the altar carries the Proskomedia, as an image of the world, the Church and the entire universe, for which the sacrifice of Christ is offered.

The Great Entrance represents the Entry of the Lord into Jerusalem: Jesus goes to His suffering. This is a victory that is given to the Lord through visible defeat, this is the taking upon oneself through love and humility of all the sins of the world so that this world can be saved. We mysteriously portray Cherubim, but at the same time we are those who crucify Christ. What Satan has put into our souls forces the Lord to go to death, therefore the Great Entrance for every person is a judgment, a test of his life, a test of his participation in the Savior’s sacrifice.

* * *

The priest enters the altar, places the Paten and Chalice on the Throne, removing the coverings from them, and reads the troparion of Good Friday: “Blessed Joseph...” - a prayer for the removal of the Lord from the Cross, once again emphasizing the Golgotha, sacrificial nature of the Great Entrance. On the Throne, the Gifts are again covered with air. The gifts were on the altar in memory of the fact that Christ was swaddled like a baby, but now they remind of His swaddling in the Holy Shroud. Finishing the incense, the priest prays: “Bless Zion, O Lord, with Your favor, and may the walls of Jerusalem be built...”

Look at how Father Pavel Florensky describes the importance of this moment: “You, like Cherubim, do not tremble before each other? But tremble, tremble more! Do you know who's here? The King, Christ, the ranks of angels serve Him invisibly... The Church is full of Angels, and you all stand mixed with the Angels. The Lord is here, don't you know? He is with us, as promised. Shall we not now put aside the cares of this life? Shall we not forget about the worldly crust that hides the Guardian Angel for each of us? Let this veil fall from your eyes. Let the wall that separates heart from heart fall down. Oh, what happiness it is to see Cherub in everyone! Oh, joy forever! Let us now put aside all worldly concerns. All sorts of things..."

Symbol of faith

The Great Entrance ends, the Royal Doors close, the curtain draws. With the litany of petition, the Church begins to prepare those praying for the celebration of the Sacrament of the Eucharist: “Let us pray to the Lord for the honest gifts offered.”

At this time, the priest secretly reads the prayer of offering, asking him to accept this sacrifice. “...And make us worthy to find grace before You, to be more favorable to You than our sacrifice, and to indwell the good Spirit of Your grace in us, and on those who are presented with these Gifts, and on all Your people.”

* * *

The deacon exclaims: “Let us love one another, that we may be of one mind…” Previously, after these exclamations, Christians kissed each other as a sign of faith, love and unanimity. This custom is still preserved among the clergy. They all kiss the Paten, the Chalice (from the ancient Greek ποτήρ - “chalice, goblet”), the Throne and each other with the words: “Christ is among us,” and answer: “And there is and will be.”

The deacon exclaims: “Doors, doors, let us sing of wisdom!” In the ancient Church, the exclamation “Doors, doors...” referred to the gatekeepers standing at the doors of the temple, and called on them to carefully watch the entrance and not let in catechumens or penitents, that is, those who did not have the right to be present at the celebration of the Sacrament of Holy Communion.

* * *

When we sing the Creed, we do not ask for anything, we do not repent of our sins. We take vows and oaths.

For the first time we sing the Creed when receiving holy baptism. After the priest asks about our faith, we take the first oath of allegiance, after which the Creed is read. Every morning, when we wake up, we again swear allegiance to God, that we will live this day as Orthodox Christians.

This is an oath sealed by the Liturgy itself. We sing the Creed all together, with one mouth confessing our faith, in order to live by this faith, so that this faith is known by its fruits, so that by this faith people recognize us.

We are Orthodox not because we were able to preserve the dogmas of the holy faith intact, but because the Lord gave us the opportunity, through true knowledge of God, not distorted by human thoughtlessness, lies or pride, to perceive the fullness of love. Dogmas are given to us for only one purpose: so that we learn to love.

Eucharistic canon

In the second, most important part of the Liturgy - the Liturgy of the Faithful - the very celebration of the Sacrament takes place.

The deacon’s call: “Let us become kind, let us become fearful, and bring holy offerings to the world” moves everyone to the most important Eucharistic prayer, which is called Anaphora. The ancient Greek word “ἀναφορά” in this case can be translated as “exaltation.”

“Let us become kind, let us become fearful, let us bring the Holy Ascension to the world...” This is not yet a prayer, but a call proclaimed by the deacon. In response to it, the choir on behalf of all those praying expresses their readiness for the Holy Ascension and sings: “Mercy of peace, sacrifice of praise” - that is, we will offer the Bloodless Sacrifice (Holy Eucharist), which is the great mercy of God given to us as a result of our reconciliation (peace) with the Lord, and consisting of grateful glorification (praise) of God. The priest, turning his face to the people, blesses them and says: “The grace of our Lord Jesus Christ, and the love of God the Father, and the communion of the Holy Spirit, be with you all.” The choir, that is, the whole people, answers him: “And with your spirit.”

The call sounds: “Woe to our hearts!” At this moment our hearts should be directed upward, like fire ascending to the sky. We answer: “Imams to the Lord,” that is, our hearts are burning and turned to God.

* * *

Anaphora is central, the oldest part of the Christian Liturgy. During the Anaphora, the transformation or transubstantiation of bread and wine into the Body and Blood of Christ occurs. It begins with the words: “We thank the Lord.” The choir sings: “It is worthy and righteous to worship the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, the Trinity, Consubstantial and Indivisible.” This is an abbreviation of the beginning of the Eucharistic Prayer. The priest prays at the altar: “It is worthy and righteous to sing to You, to bless You, to praise You, to thank You, to worship You in every place of Your dominion.”

From about the end of the 6th century, the prayers that had previously been said aloud by the priest became inaccessible to parishioners praying outside the altar. The choir, representing the image of the people of God, began to sing only some parts of this prayer.

One may get the impression that the priest reads several prayers, separated by exclamations, after which the choir begins to sing certain chants. In fact, the Anaphora prayer continues without stopping until the Transubstantiation of the Holy Mysteries.

* * *

“It is worthy and righteous to sing to Thee, to bless Thee, to praise Thee, to thank Thee, to worship Thee in every place of Thy dominion: For Thou art God, Ineffable, Unknowable, Invisible, Incomprehensible, Everlasting, and also Thy Only Begotten Son, and Your Holy Spirit."

In the first part of the Anaphora, the priest professes apophatic theology (from the Greek word αποφατικος - “denying”). We are talking about a theological method that consists in expressing the essence of the Divine through the consistent denial of all His possible definitions as incommensurable to Him, in the knowledge of God through the understanding of who He is not. Indeed, we can express our idea of ​​the Lord only allegorically, because God is so incomprehensible that human speech is not able to convey the correct definition of his Essence. Suppose you say about God that He is Light, and this will clearly not be enough; you say that He is Love and Grace incarnate, and you also will not characterize your idea of ​​Him. Of course, all this is true, but only to some infinitesimal extent, because we are talking only about our ideas about love, mercy, light and goodness. In any case, all our definitions will turn out to be insufficient, flawed, miserable, saying practically nothing about the Lord.

All we can say about God is that He is unknown, incomprehensible, unknown and ineffable. It is with these words that we begin our thanksgiving. Even the true meaning of the Name that He reveals to us: “I Am Who I Am” tells us little, because our life is flawed and inevitably sooner or later ends in death. We do not have a truly self-sufficient life. Even when we repeat that He is the Existent, we cannot understand what this really means.

* * *

“... You are ever present, and so are You, and Your Only Begotten Son, and Your Holy Spirit; You brought us from non-existence into being, and you raised us back from those who had fallen, and you did not retreat, creating everything, until you raised us to Heaven, and you gave us the future of Your Kingdom.”

The Resurrection of Christ is a new act of creation of the world, an act of creation of a new creature. The Lord first created us, bringing us into existence from non-existence. It would seem: a completely incomprehensible act of creation, because a person cannot realize it. We don’t even try to understand it, we just accept it as it is written.

But when we already exist, the Lord creates us anew. With His Resurrection He recreates the world, creates everything again through His Church. Everything old is gone, and the present is just beginning. A new creation is being created in Christ, and every minute we are participants in this creation in constant communion with God.

* * *

“...And you did not retreat, while you created everything, until you raised us to Heaven, and you bestowed your future kingdom.”

In this amazing prayer we are faced with the fact that the past, present and future merge into one time. We begin to feel this way and speak as if we were no longer here on earth, but in the Kingdom of Heaven. It is from there that we thank the Lord not only for creating us, not only for saving us, but also for taking us to heaven and giving us His Kingdom.

We are invading Eternity, which has already arrived. We are talking about communication with God in the Kingdom of Heaven, because He has already given us all this. All this has already happened to us, and all we have to do is reach out and accept what has been given to us. The only question is, do we really want this? Do we want to accept from Christ the salvation already given to us? After all, the gift of eternal life is not an easy burden; it will have to be accepted like a cross, and nothing else...

The weight of salvation is immeasurable; a person can bend under it. But every Eucharist calls us to decide: do we strive for salvation or not? Do we want to bear this gift on ourselves, as the greatest burden and at the same time as absolute goodness, or will we prefer to step aside? You can enter the Kingdom of Heaven only through the Church that the Lord created, through His wounds, through a pierced rib...

The Liturgy in which you and I are participating is an uninterrupted chain of bold touches to the body of Christ. Just like the Apostle Thomas, we continually “test” the Savior by putting our fingers into His wounds.

* * *

“For all of these we thank Thee, and Thy Only Begotten Son, and Thy Holy Spirit, for all the known and unknown, manifest and unmanifested blessings that have been upon us. We thank Thee also for this service, which Thou hast deigned to receive from our hands, even though thousands of Archangels and darkness of Angels, Cherubim and Seraphim, six-winged, many-eyed, towering feathers stand before You.”

We give thanks for this service, as for a gift that the Lord accepts from us, unworthy, although at this moment He is glorified by Archangels and Angels, Cherubim and Seraphim - six-winged, many-eyed, towering, feathered... The believers sing to Him that very song, to the sounds with which He once entered Jerusalem: “Hosanna in the highest, blessed is He who comes in the name of the Lord,” and their jubilant singing is combined with angelic praise.

The Lord is coming! In the same way, we are coming to heavenly Jerusalem through the acceptance of God's gift, through the constant desire to be together with Christ - in His death and Resurrection, in His ascension to Heaven, in His sitting at the right hand of the Father. This is the main feeling that should fill the soul of every Christian: “I want to be saved! I want to follow the path of salvation! I want to bear this undeserved, immeasurable and unaffordable gift on myself, because this is the only way to enter into communion with Christ!” Only then will this gift become that good yoke and light burden that the Lord told us about.

* * *

Priest: “Singing the song of victory, crying out, calling out and speaking.”

Chorus: “Holy, Holy, Holy is the Lord of hosts, fill Heaven and earth with Your glory; Hosanna in the highest, blessed is He who comes in the name of the Lord, Hosanna in the highest.”

The priest continues reading the Eucharistic prayer:

“With these blessed Powers, O Lord, Lover of Mankind, we cry out and say: Holy and Holy are You, and Your Only Begotten Son, and Your Holy Spirit. Thou art Holy and Most Holy, and Thy glory is magnificent; Whosoever Thou hast loved Thy world, even as Thou didst give Thy Only Begotten Son, that whosoever believeth in Him shall not perish, but have Eternal Life. He who came, and having fulfilled all his care for us, gave himself up in the night, and even more so gave himself up for his worldly life, took the bread into His holy and most pure and immaculate hands, thanking and blessing, sanctifying, breaking, and giving to His holy disciples and the apostle, rivers..."

The prayer contained in the Liturgy of Basil the Great reveals the deep meaning of the Eucharistic Sacrifice, explains why it is offered and why the humiliation of Christ occurs.

When does the humiliation of the Son of God, or kenosis (from the Greek κένωσις - “emptiness”, “exhaustion”) begin? The Lord has already limited and belittled Himself by saying: “Let Us make man in Our image and in Our likeness” (Gen. 1:26). According to the Holy Fathers of the Church, the creation of man was a harbinger of the incarnation of the Son of God and His offering of the atoning sacrifice on the cross.

The prayer included in the Liturgy of Basil the Great speaks of exhaustion, that “we have taken away the earth, and in Your image, O God, honor, Thou hast placed it in the paradise of sweets...”, that is, the sacrifice has already been made. God limits Himself to the presence on earth of His image and likeness, endowed with immortality and free will. It is for his sake that the great sacrifice is made. However, not only for his sake...

“Although He went forth to His free and ever-memorable and life-giving death, in the night, in darkness, He gave Himself for the life of the world...” The sacrifice is made for the life of the world. This sacrifice encompasses everything that God has created. But, in fact, this whole world was created only for the sake of man. He exists insofar as man exists. This world was originally designed in such a way that we could live well and happily in it. Theologians say: the world is anthropomorphic, that is, it is human-oriented. However, when a person sins, this world is distorted, spoiled, and subject to decay. The Kingdom of Heaven, the fulfillment of the fullness of times when God will be “all in all,” can only come through man.

* * *

“Take, eat, this is My Body, which was broken for you for the remission of sins.”

This part of the Eucharistic prayer ends with establishing words that establish the Sacrament of the Eucharist itself, about which there has been much controversy.

“Take, eat, this is My Body, which was broken for you for the remission of sins.” It was with these words that Christ made ordinary bread and ordinary wine His Body and His Blood during the Lord’s Last Supper. This is what led to their literal understanding by the Western Church.

Catholics believe that these very words are the sacramental formula that transforms bread and wine into the Body and Blood of Christ. It is at this moment that they bless the Cup and the Bread. In the Catholic consciousness, the priest is a kind of “substitute” for Christ, and the Eucharist is celebrated with his hands. But no one can replace Christ, and this is not necessary! He, He did not go anywhere, although He is with His Father and the Holy Spirit in the Holy Trinity and in the Kingdom of Heaven. The Lord remains with us until the end of the age.

The Orthodox Liturgy, with its entire structure, points to what is most important. In our minds, a priest is not a “substitute for Christ” at the Liturgy, he is the leader of the people of God and nothing more. Therefore, during the Liturgy, he does not perform anything himself, the priest is the primate before God, begging Him to perform this mystery. Calling: “Come, eat...”, he recalls how Christ uttered these words at the Last Supper.

Only after this is one of the most important liturgical actions performed. The culmination of the ongoing Eucharistic prayer is the epiclesis (Latin epiclesis and Greek ἐπίκλησις - “invocation”).”

The priest reads to himself: “Remembering this saving commandment, and everything that was about us: the Cross, the Sepulcher, the three-day resurrection, the ascension to heaven, sitting on the right hand, the Second and glorious coming again” and says aloud: “Your from Yours brings to You from everyone and for everything."

After the establishing words, the priest prays, remembering these events as having already happened in eternity. He also remembers the Second Coming: after all, as we have already said, the Liturgy for us is a stay in eternity, this is the acquisition of the Kingdom of Heaven, this is the life of the future century, to which we join.

We are already in a completely different world, remembering the mortal danger that we miraculously avoided. At the Liturgy we remember this saving Sacrament, the Cross, the Sepulcher, the Resurrection, sitting at the right hand and the Second Coming, as if we were already in the Kingdom of Heaven.

* * *

Following the offering of the Holy Gifts, their transfiguration takes place. The Holy Spirit is called to the offered Gifts - bread and wine - and their transformation into the Body and Blood of Christ occurs.

The priest takes the Holy Gifts in his hands and, raising them above the Throne, proclaims: “Thine from Thine is offered to Thee for all and for all.”

What does the priest bring “Yours from Yours”? We are talking about bringing Proskomedia. You remember that the Paten symbolically depicts the Lamb, the Mother of God, the Church, the holy apostles, all the saints, all the living and the dead surrounding the Lord. The paten, as an image of the universe itself, as an image of the Church itself, ascends to Christ: “We offer Yours to You, from those who belong to You, for everyone and for everything.” Both the Liturgy and the Proskomedia are performed not only in memory of the living and the dead, not just as a prayer for our land, but for the whole world, for the entire universe, for everything that the Lord has created.

We came here and brought You everything we could. Everything we have belongs to God. We brought You Yours. The bread is yours. The water is yours. The wine is yours. I don't have anything of my own. All is yours. And I am Yours...

The path of the Church ascending to Christ is the path of the cross. The priest crosses his arms, offering the Holy Gifts to the Throne before the epiclesis prayer. This is the path of each and all of us together: offering ourselves together with everyone for others, from everyone and for everything - to God. This is the path of ascension and cross-bearing, the only path to Christ, leading to eternal life.

* * *

This moment is the beginning of the epiclesis prayer, the culminating part of the Anaphora prayer, in which the invocation of the Holy Spirit takes place on the offered Gifts - bread and wine, and their transmutation into the Body and Blood of Christ.

The choir sings: “We sing to You, we bless You,” and the priest reads a prayer of invoking the Holy Spirit for the Gifts: “We also offer You this verbal and bloodless service, and we ask, and we pray, and we pray, send down Your Holy Spirit upon us, and upon these gifts that are presented.”

This is a very short prayer, which is not heard by us, because at this moment the choir sings, but during this greatest prayer the Holy Gifts are transformed into the Body and Blood of Christ.

Please note: we ask that the Holy Spirit be sent upon us and upon the Gifts. We ask that all of us be made the Body of Christ, we pray that all of us present in the temple, all the people of God, the whole Church, become the Body of the Lord.

The grace-filled descent of the Holy Spirit cannot bypass us. Not only the bread and wine prepared in advance, but all of us participating in the Liturgy, at this moment - the Eucharist. The grace of the Holy Spirit descends on each of us, transforming us into the Body of Christ.

That is why every Orthodox Christian participating in the Liturgy needs to partake of the Holy Mysteries of Christ. Otherwise, all liturgical prayers are meaningless for us. Judge for yourself: here we are standing during the Eucharistic canon, everyone is praying for the Holy Spirit to descend on us, and the Lord sends Him to us, but we refuse to accept Him! We find ourselves in some strange, ambiguous position, first praying for the Gifts, and then turning away from Them.

* * *

The significance of the epiclesis is emphasized by a special prayer book, which was not included in the Liturgy by either Basil the Great or John Chrysostom, but is a late addition. I mean the troparion of the Third Hour for the invocation of the Holy Spirit: “Lord, who sent down Your Most Holy Spirit in the third hour by Your Apostle, do not take Him away from us, O Good One, but renew us who pray to You.”

The Troparion is not part of the Eucharistic Prayer; it was introduced as another confirmation that the transfusion of the Holy Gifts does not occur at the moment of calling Jesus, but at the moment of calling the Holy Spirit. The Holy Spirit performs this Sacrament; it is He who transforms the bread and wine into the Body and Blood of Christ.

The priest raises his hands and reads three times: “Create a pure heart in me, O God, and renew a right spirit in my womb. Do not cast me away from Your presence and do not take Your Holy Spirit from me.”

Unfortunately, the troparion interrupts the priestly prayer, so in many Local Churches it is read before the epiclesis prayer.

After this, the deacon, pointing to the Holy Gifts, offers a prayer: “Bless, Master, the Holy Bread.” The priest, continuing the epiclesis prayer, says, pointing to the Lamb: “Create this Bread, the Honorable Body of Thy Christ. Amen". The deacon answers: “Amen” on behalf of the entire Church.

Then the deacon points to the Chalice with the words: “Bless, Master, the Holy Chalice.” The priest adds: “And in this Cup is the Honest Blood of Thy Christ.” The deacon, and with him all the people, answer: “Amen.”

The deacon points first to the Paten, and then to the Chalice: “Bless, Lord of the wallpaper.” The priest, blessing the bread and wine, says: “Translating by Your Holy Spirit.”

The deacon and priest bow before the Throne and repeat “Amen” three times.

* * *

The Eucharistic prayer is offered to God the Father. It is to Him that the Church turns, and the Church is the Body of Christ. As the Monk Justin Popovich said, “The Church is our Lord Jesus Christ.” This is a Divine-human organism, and since the Divine-Man addresses God, he addresses Him as the Father. When we ask: “Send down Your Holy Spirit...”, we all turn to God the Father. At this time, this creation of the Flesh and Blood of Christ takes place, as a kind of new creation of the world.

The priest here can only step aside. He blesses this action, but the Sacrament is performed only because the Lord hears His Church. We cry: “Make this Bread the honorable Body of Thy Christ... adding Thy Holy Spirit,” because God sends His Spirit so that the bread and wine become the Body and Blood of Christ.

The culmination of the Eucharistic Prayer has come, which, unfortunately, for many of us remains almost unnoticed, because few people know what is happening in the altar at this time. This prayer in the Orthodox Church is done in secret, while in the Catholic Church it is said out loud. It is very sad that people standing at the Liturgy at its most grandiose moment do not participate in it with their hearts, with their prayer. The entire Church must repeat loudly: “Amen, Amen, Amen!” when the deacon proclaims this for the entire Church. "Amen!" - our acceptance of what the Lord does. This is our common work with God, in Greek called Liturgy.

* * *

Immediately after the prayer of invocation, the priest prays: “As if you are to receive communion for the sobriety of souls, for the remission of sins, for the communion of Your Holy Spirit, for the fulfillment of the Kingdom of Heaven, for boldness towards You, not for judgment or condemnation.”

This prayer sounds especially heartfelt in the Liturgy of St. Basil the Great: “Unite us all, from the one Bread and Chalice who partake of communion, to one another in one communion of the Holy Spirit...”

The priest intercedes before the Lord for the living and the dead: “We again offer this verbal service to You, for those who died in the faith, the forefathers, fathers, patriarchs, prophets, apostles, preachers, evangelists, martyrs, confessors, abstinents, and for every righteous soul who passed away in the faith. "

The prayer, which began with the words: “It is worthy to eat...” ends with a church intercession for the whole world, which includes all its needs, all the people living in it. This prayer of the Church before the Body and Blood of Christ is a cosmic prayer, it embraces the entire universe. Just as the crucifixion of Christ took place for the life of the whole world, so the Eucharist was celebrated by the Church for the whole world.

We are participating in a most important commemoration: it is as if a second Proskomedia is taking place. Remember how during Proskomedia the priest before the Lamb remembered all the saints, then all the living and all the dead. The same prayer is repeated, but before the true Flesh and Blood of Christ. The priest prays for the universe, for the entire cosmos, and we return to the proskomedia commemoration. The Liturgy again leads us to the very beginning of the sacrifice, because again the whole Church is remembered, but the Church has already been realized, as the Body of Christ.

Preparation for communion

At the end of the Eucharistic Prayer, that part of the Liturgy of the Faithful begins, during which the Church prepares those praying for Holy Communion and the communion of clergy and laity takes place.

A petitionary litany sounds: “Having remembered all the saints, let us pray again and again in peace to the Lord...”, accompanied by special petitions. She spiritually prepares each participant in the Liturgy for communion of the Holy Mysteries of Christ and prays that God will accept our sacrifice, grant us the grace of the Holy Spirit and allow us to accept this Gift without condemnation.

The priest reads: “We offer you our entire life and hope, Lord, Lover of Mankind, and we ask, and we pray, and we pray: grant us worthy to partake of your heavenly and terrible Mysteries, eating sacred and spiritual meals, with a clear conscience, for the remission of sins, in forgiveness of sins, into the communion of the Holy Spirit, into the inheritance of the Kingdom of Heaven, into boldness towards You, not into judgment or condemnation.”

After this, the priest asks us to be vouchsafed to “call upon us with boldness and without condemnation” the Heavenly Father.

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“Our Father” sounds like the Eucharistic prayer. We ask for our daily bread, which during the Eucharist became the Body of Christ. The parishioners gathered for the Liturgy are humanity called to become the Son of God.

Jesus gave the Lord's Prayer to the apostles in response to a request to teach them how to pray. Why are there so many other prayers? If you look closely, they are all, to one degree or another, an adaptation of the Lord’s Prayer; each patristic prayer is its interpretation. In fact, we always offer one prayer to God, it is simply transformed into a prayer rule in relation to various circumstances of our life.

The three components of prayer are repentance, thanksgiving and petition. The Lord's Prayer in this sense is something different. Of course, it contains requests, but unique requests: what we most often forget to ask for. “Our Father” is a pointer on the path to God and a plea for help along this path. The Lord's Prayer concentrates the entire Christian world in itself: everything is collected in it, the whole meaning of Christian life, our life in God, is revealed.

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After the prayer “Our Father,” which is the last Eucharistic petition, has sounded, the priest reads the prayer: “Peace to all.” Bow your heads to the Lord” and gives a blessing to the faithful. The parishioners bow their heads, and the priest prays at the altar: “We give thanks to You, the invisible King... Yourself, Master, look from heaven upon His head bowed to You; not because I bowed down to flesh and blood, but to You, the terrible God. Therefore, O Master, you, who are set before us all, level for good, according to each of your needs: float to those who swim, travel to those who travel, heal the sick...”

In this prayer, the priest asks the Lord for earthly things, that He would send according to everyone’s needs: accompany those sailing and traveling, heal the sick... Those gathered can no longer think about their needs, they think about God, and the priest intercedes to help in this search The Kingdom of Heaven and its righteousness would be added and everything else...

The prayer ends with the exclamation: “Grace, and generosity, and love for mankind...” The choir answers: “Amen.” At this moment it is customary to close the curtain of the Royal Doors. The priest reads a prayer for the breaking of Bread and the reception of the Eucharist: “Take in, Lord...”, in which he asks God to give him and all those serving with him, that is, everyone present in the temple, His Body and Blood: “And grant By Your sovereign hand, give us Your Most Pure Body and Honest Blood, and to all of us.”

Standing in front of the Holy Gates, the deacon girds himself with an orar in a cross shape, thereby demonstrating his readiness to serve the Holy Eucharist, and together with the priest three times says: “God, cleanse me a sinner and have mercy on me.”

Seeing that the priest stretches out his hands to the Lamb, the deacon exclaims: “Let us attend,” that is, let us be extremely attentive. The deacon calls the worshipers to stand reverently and enters the altar, and the priest takes the Holy Lamb in his hands, raises it high above the Paten, and says: “Holy of Holies.”

During the communion of the clergy, the altar becomes like the Upper Room of Zion, in which the apostles, together with their Teacher, received Holy Communion.

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“Holy of Holies” is a cry heard at the end of the Liturgy, before the faithful approach the Chalice. The Church proclaims that the Holy One will now be taught to the Saints, that is, to each of us.

It is important to understand that, on the one hand, the Lord calls everyone present in the temple to holiness, and on the other hand, he sees this holiness in everyone and already considers everyone a saint, because only saints can be given the Body and Blood of Christ, only saints can communicate with By God and not being destroyed by the Divine flame, only the saints have access to the Kingdom of Heaven. It is during the Eucharist that the Gates of Heaven open.

The Church responds on behalf of all believers: “Holy is one Lord Jesus Christ to the glory of God the Father.” These words are filled with repentance and contrition of heart. “No one is worthy...” the priest reads when the Cherubic song is heard in the temple.

We cannot afford not to strive for holiness. The liturgy leaves us no other option. Each of us is reminded who we are, what the Lord calls us to, what we should be. Each one is again given the high task that he received in holy baptism. We should not be afraid that we are meant to be saints. We must desire this with all our hearts and apply the words: “Holy of Holies” to ourselves.

Communion of priests and laity

The deacon enters the altar and turns to the priest, who has already placed the Lamb on the Paten: “Break, master, the Holy Bread.” The priest again takes the Lamb and breaks it crosswise into four parts with the words: “The Lamb of God is broken and divided, broken and undivided, always eaten and never consumed, but sanctifying those who partake...”

As you remember, on the seal of the Lamb is inscribed the name of Christ and the word “NIKA”, meaning “victory”. A piece with the inscription “Jesus” is placed on the upper part of the Paten, and a piece with the inscription “Christ” is placed on the lower part.

The top part of the Lamb is called the Pledge. During the Sacrament of Ordination, the ordained priest is brought to the Holy See. The bishop separates the Pledge and places it in the hands of the priest with the words: “Accept this Pledge, for which you will give an answer at the Last Judgment.” The priest holds it over the Throne during the rest of the service as a pledge of the priesthood, a pledge of the most important thing that a priest accomplishes in his life: serving the Liturgy and bringing the people of God to Christ. For this he will have to answer on the Day of Judgment.

When the Lamb is crushed and laid on the Paten, the priest lowers the Deposit into the Chalice and says: “Filling of the Holy Spirit. Amen". After this, the deacon brings warmth, exclaiming: “Bless the warmth, Master,” and pours it into the Chalice with the words: “Fill the warmth of faith with the Holy Spirit. Amen".

This is a prerequisite for communion of the Holy Mysteries of Christ. Warmth has a traditional meaning, firstly, because in ancient times they never drank undiluted wine. It was believed that only barbarians drank such wine. In addition, undiluted wine can cause a cough, especially if it is cold. And finally, this is a symbol of the warmth of human faith.

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The priest and deacon bow before the Throne. They ask forgiveness from each other and from everyone present in the temple and with reverence they partake first of the Body and then of the Blood of the Savior.

Usually, during the communion of clergy, spiritual chants are sung and prayers are read before holy communion. Parishioners should reverently, with a contrite heart, listen to these prayers, preparing themselves to receive the Holy Mysteries of Christ.

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This is followed by the fragmentation of the part of the Lamb with the seal “NIKA”, intended for the communion of the laity. This action is accompanied by the words: “Having seen the Resurrection of Christ...” The priest takes a copy in his hands and carefully crushes the Lamb on a special plate. The particles are carefully poured into the Chalice, and it itself is covered with a shroud. The curtain of the Royal Doors opens and the deacon takes out the Chalice.

The paten with pieces of Proskomedia remains on the Throne. On it remain the particles taken from the prosphoras in honor of the Mother of God, John the Baptist, the apostles and saints.

“Draw near with the fear of God and faith...” Usually infants are given communion first, and only with the Blood of the Lord. Believers reverently accept the Holy Gifts, kissing the edge of the Chalice. Kissing the Cup symbolizes touching the risen Savior, touching Him and confirming the truth of the Resurrection of Christ. According to the interpretation of some liturgists, the edge of the Chalice symbolizes the rib of Christ.

We must receive communion with the thought: “Lord, with You I am ready to go even to Golgotha!” And then He gives us this great joy - to remain with Him to the end.

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After communion, the choir sings “Hallelujah,” and the priest enters the altar and places the Chalice on the Throne. The deacon takes the Paten in his hands and immerses into the Chalice the particles that remained on the Paten with the words: “Wash, Lord, the sins of those who were remembered here by Thy Honest Blood, by the prayers of Thy saints.”

Thus ends the commemoration of the living and the dead, who are immersed in the death and Resurrection of Christ. The cup with particles immersed in it in this case symbolizes the fact that the Lord took upon Himself the sins of the world, washed them with His blood, redeemed them with His crucifixion, death and Resurrection, and granted Eternal Life to everyone.

When it is proclaimed: “... through the prayers of Thy saints,” we are talking not only about those saints of God whose memory is celebrated on this day, although, of course, we resort to their gracious help. In this case we are talking about all the Christians gathered in the temple. That is, through the Blood of Christ and the prayers of the entire Church, sins are washed and forgiven. That is why liturgical prayer is universal prayer, omnipotent prayer.

After the particles are immersed in the Chalice, it is covered with a cover. Covers, a spoon and a star are placed on the Paten. The priest turns his face to the people and, blessing them, says: “Save, God, your people and bless your inheritance.” The choir answers him: “We have seen the True Light, we have received the Heavenly Spirit, we have found true faith, we worship the Undivided Trinity: for she has saved us.”

While singing “We have seen the true light...” the priest transfers the Chalice to the altar, reading to himself the prayer: “Ascend into heaven, O God, and Thy glory throughout all the earth,” as a reminder of the bodily Ascension of our Lord Jesus Christ and of the future ascension of us, the deified into the Kingdom of Heaven. This liturgical moment once again emphasizes the true purpose of man, the highest goal of his earthly life.

Please note that all laws of nature operate “descending”, “descending”, akin to the law of attraction. Everything falls to the ground - rain, snow, hail, and we call this world itself fallen. And Christ, ascended to heaven, cancels the inexorability of the laws of the fallen world. He shows us: by his communion with God, man overcomes earthly gravity.

Knowing about all our weaknesses, about our tendency to sin and about the lack of desire for spiritual life, the Lord, nevertheless, exalts our nature, taking it upon Himself. Man is given the opportunity to live, overcoming the laws of the fallen world, rushing upward. There is no other way for a Christian.

The priest censes the Holy Gifts and, having bowed to them, takes the Cup in his hands with the words: “Blessed is our God.” Turning his face to the people, he says: “Always, now and ever, and unto ages of ages,” recalling the Savior’s promise to remain in the Church until the end of the age.

Thanksgiving

The last part of the Liturgy of the Faithful includes thanksgiving for communion and a blessing for leaving the temple.

The choir sings: “May our lips be filled with Thy praise, O Lord...”, and the deacon comes out with the last litany of thanksgiving, beginning with the words: “Having accepted forgiveness...” The word “forgive” in this case comes from the verb “to extend,” that is, a person must stand, reverently rushing towards God.

At this moment, the priest folds the antimension, takes the Gospel and, having drawn a cross on the Throne, reads: “For You are our sanctification, and we send up glory to You...”. Then he goes to read the prayer behind the pulpit: “Let us go out in peace in the name of the Lord... Bless those who bless Thee, O Lord...”

The choir sings: “Blessed be the name of the Lord from now on and forevermore” and Psalm 33: “I will bless the Lord at all times...”

The priest pronounces the dismissal (from the Greek word ἀπόλυσις - a blessing for those praying to leave the church at the end of the service): “Christ, our true God, risen from the dead...” and, having crossed the people with the cross, holds it out to the parishioners for a kiss. Usually prayers of thanksgiving are read at this time. Having once again made the sign of the cross over the believers, the priest returns to the altar, closes the Royal Doors and draws the curtain.

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The service is over. But what is worship? At first glance, the answer is obvious: Christians come to church to serve God. But if we think carefully about this word, we will definitely notice: in fact, it is difficult to say who serves whom here. Like many words and expressions used by the Church, the word “worship” has a double meaning.

What happens at the service is what Jesus did at the Last Supper. Then He gathered the apostles, took a basin of water and began to wash their dirty feet with love, meekness and humility. To wash the feet of everyone, even the traitor, even the one who will soon betray Him. This is the image of true worship - God serves His disciples. When we gather in temple, the Lord washes our feet.

We often tell children: we need to do this, we need to do that... - but we don’t do it ourselves. And the Lord, by his own example, showed us what and how to do. When we are just getting ready to touch Him, He already begins to wash our feet.

Sometimes it seems to us that when we come to Church, we are performing a spiritual feat. Of course: we patiently lined up for confession, submitted memorial notes... Little did we know that, once in the Church, we were invisibly transported to the Upper Room of Zion, where the Lord washed the feet of His disciples, and now it is our turn.

We turn to God, crying out for help, and He immediately begins to serve us, fulfilling our petty desires, helping us solve everyday problems. We begin confession, and He again serves us, washing away the filth from us. Who serves whom at the Divine Liturgy? It is the Lord who gives us His Body and His Blood! It is He who performs service towards us.

The same thing happens in all the Church Sacraments - everywhere the image of washing our feet is embedded, this is the real Divine service. Everything that happens to us in the Church is God’s unceasing service to man. The heavenly world serves us, and the Lord heads it. God accepts everyone who comes to the temple and performs Divine services for us as the High Priest. He expects only one thing from us: that we strive to become like Him.

After washing the disciples’ feet, Jesus commanded them: “If I, the Lord and Teacher, have washed your feet, then you should also wash one another’s feet. For I have given you an example, that you also should do the same as I have done to you” (John 13:14-15). We should finally realize: our worship is accomplished when we serve our neighbor and when we truly, unfeignedly fulfill the commandments of God.

How else can we serve the Lord? What might God need from us? Our candles? Money? Prayers? Notes? Posts? Of course, God doesn’t need any of this. He only needs our deep, sincere, heartfelt love. Our worship consists of the manifestation of this love. When it becomes the meaning of our life, then everything we do will become a service to God, a continuation of the Divine Liturgy.

The combination of Divine service and thanksgiving, when the Lord serves us, and we serve Him, is the Divine Liturgy, the common work of God and the people of God. In this union the Church is realized as a divine-human organism. Then the Church becomes a truly universal event, a catholic and all-conquering Church.