How to find the mood of a verb. Verb moods

That's why it's so important. This part of speech is necessary in order to correctly name and describe the action. Like other parts of speech, it has its own morphological features, which can be constant or inconsistent. Thus, permanent morphological characteristics include person, gender, tense, and number. Let's look at the concept of verb mood in Russian. How to define it? All these questions can be answered in this article.

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What is inclination?

This is a grammatical feature of a verb that helps modify the word. This category is necessary in order to express process relation, which just calls this word, to reality.

Important! Verb forms are indicative, imperative and conditional moods

Depending on how the words express the attitude towards the processes that occur in reality, there are moods for verbs:

• direct;
• indirect.

By direct we mean the indicative mood, which allows you to objectively convey the action. For example: Yesterday we watched a movie.

Indirect is an imperative or imperative mood. It serves to express those processes that do not coincide with reality. For example: I would read this novel tomorrow, but I will go on a visit.

Thinking about the definition of a verb

Kinds

The classification is based on the features and peculiarities of the lexical meaning of verbs.

In modern times there are three types:

1. Indicative.
2. Conditional.
3. Imperative.

The first type usually denotes the action that is actually happening and could happen in the past, can happen in the present and can happen in the future. For example: I will do my homework on Thursday.

The second type denotes an act that will be performed in the future, but under a certain condition. For example: I would do my homework on Thursday, but I'm going to the theater.

The third type is either an order to do something or a request. For example: Be sure to learn your homework tomorrow.

Three types of verb mood

How to determine the mood of a verb

In order to determine this, it is necessary to understand how the action occurs and what grammatical characteristics it has. So, verbs in the indicative show a real action, so this word will change over time.

If the verb is in the imperative form, then it is the action will be performed by some other person. Such words usually encourage some kind of activity.

Therefore, the action will not be actually performed, but required. Most often, to obtain the imperative verb form, a specific tense is used, for example, future or present, to which the suffix -i must be added. But it’s possible without it. For example, catch, scream, die. If it is used in the plural, then the ending te is added respectfully to the ending of such a word. For example, catch, scream, die.

The conditional refers to those actions that would occur if all the necessary conditions were present. By the way, the conditional is also called the subjunctive. This form is easy to identify in the text, since it usually always contains a particle would or b. For example, I would jump into the river if I had a swimsuit.

Important! Any verbal word form can be used in oral and written speech not only in its literal meaning, but also in a figurative one. Usually a figurative meaning completely changes the meaning of a word, so this category also changes.

Indicative

The most common verbal word form in the Russian language is considered to be indicative, since it allows us to talk about what happens in reality to a person, object or any person. Only the indicative can determine time, and how this action is performed will depend on what it is: in reality or in the future.

Another feature of this form is the change in persons and numbers. If the verb is perfective, then it can change tenses:

1. The present.
2. Future.
3. Past.

Each time is formed here in its own way. Thus, the future tense is formed using the word “to be”, which is added to the verb in the indefinite form. But this is a complex form of the future tense, and the simple form is . For example: I clean my apartment all day long. (present time). I cleaned the apartment all day long. (past tense). I will clean the apartment all day long. (bud. time).

The indicative mood can be found in various types of speech, and therefore in many speech situations These are the most commonly used verb forms.

Conditional

Words that are used in conditional form indicate actions that can occur, but some conditions are necessary for this to happen. For example: I would pass this test if I had help. To form such forms, you simply need to put the verb in the past tense and attach the particle would or b. The particle can appear anywhere in a sentence. It is necessary in order to highlight the word you need, which can be any part of speech.

The subjunctive, or conditional, also has its own peculiarities of use. It allows not only to express some action that could occur if special capabilities were created for this, but also helps express desires and dreams, doubts and fears.

The subjunctive mood in Russian helps to express the nuances of the conditions of action. Examples: I would like to go to the sea if my work didn’t keep me. There wouldn't be any trouble!

Imperative

Imperative verbs encourage the person listening to the speech to take some action. Such words, varied in emotional and grammatical design, can be either polite when they contain some kind of request, or an order. For example: please bring a book. Bring a book!

Imperative verb

Attention! If such a word is preceded by the particle not, then the imperative form will indicate that it is undesirable to perform the action. For example: Don't pick snowdrops!

The formation of this form also has its own characteristics:

1. Often, introductory words are used to express a request, which are separated in writing by commas.
2. If it is necessary to address politely, then the word is put in the plural.
3. The suffix -i is often used.
4. It can be formed from both perfective and imperfective verb stems.
5. Sometimes they use the words let and let.

Verb mood

Conclusion

The various moods are easy to learn, and therefore do not require memorizing the rules; a table of verb forms will help with this. Each verb, depending on the speech situation, can be used in any form. Therefore, this category is always defined only in a sentence.

As you know, in the Russian language there are two types of verb mood: direct and indirect. This article provides descriptions of each type of mood, indicating their features and examples, and presents a table with verb moods.

What is the category of verb mood?

Mood of verbs in Russian is an inflectional grammatical feature of conjugated verbs. The mood category denotes the relationship of the process called by the verb to reality and expresses this meaning in the verbal forms of the indicative, imperative and subjunctive moods. Based on how the mood forms of verbs express a certain attitude of the called process to reality, two types of moods are distinguished:

• Direct inclination– indicative mood (indicative), serves to objectively convey the fact of an action in relation to reality. (Yesterday we visited the museum).
• Indirect moods– imperative (imperative) and subjunctive (conjunctive), serve to express an unreal action that may not coincide with reality. (Congratulate Masha on the holiday! I would read this book tomorrow, but I’m going to training).

Features of verb moods

There are three moods in the Russian language, which differ in the nuances of lexical meaning and features of verb conjugation.

• Indicative- expresses the action of past, present or future time, which actually occurs in reality. (I will do my homework on Tuesday).
• Imperative mood– expresses an order, motivation or request to perform an action. (Do your homework tomorrow).
• Subjunctive mood– expresses an action that is conceived by the subject as possible, desirable, but dependent on something. (I would do my homework today, but I'm going for a walk).

How to determine the mood of a verb?

Each mood is represented by a specific set of conjugated verb forms. To make it clear how to determine the mood of a verb by its conjugated form and context, use the table compiled by the moods of the verb.

And in French there are subjunctives in some types of sentences).

In Russian, verbs have forms of three moods: indicative, conditional (subjunctive) and imperative.

Verbs in the indicative mood denote a real action that is happening, has happened or will actually happen in a certain time (present, past or future). Verbs in the indicative mood change according to tenses: I am engaged (present tense), I was engaged (past tense), I will be engaged (future tense).

Verbs in the conditional mood do not denote actual actions, but desired, possible ones. Forms of the conditional mood are formed from the stem of the infinitive (or the stem of the past tense) using the suffix -l- (followed by the ending with the meaning of number and in the singular - gender) and the particle would (b) (which can appear before the verb, after it, or may be torn away from it). For example: If I were a poet, I would live like a goldfinch and would not whistle in a cage, but on a branch at dawn (Yu. Moritz).

In the conditional mood, verbs change according to number and gender (in this mood there is no tense or person): would have passed, would have passed, would have passed, would have passed.

Verbs in the imperative mood denote an inducement to action (request, order), that is, they do not denote an actual action, but a required one. In the imperative mood, verbs change according to numbers and persons (there is also no tense in this mood).

The most common forms are the 2nd person singular and plural, which express the motivation for action of the interlocutor (interlocutors).

Form 2 faces unit. number is formed from the stem of the present/simple future tense using the suffix -i- or without a suffix (in this case the stem of the verb in the imperative mood coincides with the stem of the present/simple future tense): speak, look, write, hold, work (stem of the present tense - work-eat), rest (rest), remember (remember), cut (cut), stand up (will stand up).

2nd person plural form numbers are formed from the 2nd person singular form. numbers using the ending -te: speak-\te\, hold-\te\, remember-\te\, etc.

Forms 3rd person unit. and many more numbers express the motivation to action of one or those who are not participating in the dialogue. They are formed with the help of particles let, let, yes + forms of 3rd person units. or more numbers of the indicative mood: let him go, let him go, long live, long live, etc.: May the descendants of the Orthodox of their native land know the past fate (A. Pushkin).

1st person plural form numbers expresses an impulse to joint action, in which the speaker himself is a participant. It is formed with the help of particles come on, let's + infinitive of imperfective verbs (come on, let's + sing, dance, play) or the 4th form of the 1st person plural. numbers of the indicative mood of perfective verbs (come on, let's + sing, dance, play): Let's compliment each other... (B. Okudzhava); Let's drop words like a garden - amber and zest... (B. Pasternak); Comrade life, let’s quickly trample, let’s trample the rest of the five-year days... (V. Mayakovsky).

Mood forms can be used not only in their literal meaning, but also in a figurative meaning, that is, in a meaning characteristic of another mood.

For example, the imperative form can; have the meanings of the conditional mood (1) and the indicative mood (2): 1) If it weren’t for God’s will, they wouldn’t have given up Moscow (M. Lermontov); 2) Just tell him: “I see, Azamat, that you really liked this horse” (M. Lermontov).

A verb in the indicative mood can be used in the imperative sense: However, it is already dark in the field; hurry up! let's go, let's go, Andryushka! (A. Pushkin); The commandant walked around his army, telling the soldiers: “Well, kids, today we will stand up for Mother Empress and prove to the whole world that we are brave and sworn people” (A. Pushkin).

The form of the conditional mood can have an imperative meaning: Dad, you should talk to Alexandra, she is behaving desperately (M. Gorky).

There is also a point of view according to which in the Russian language there are only two morphological moods - imperative and non-imperative, and the phrase with the particle would synchronously is no longer an analytical construct.

In other languages

• Imperative - as in Russian, expresses a request, order, advice.
• Prohibitive - expresses the speaker’s request that the action not be implemented.
• Optative - serves to express desire “in its pure form”, exists in the languages ​​of Eurasia (for example, in Georgian, ancient Greek and Sanskrit).
• The subjunctive is a reduced form of the subjunctive mood in French. Not used in conditional constructions. There is a special form for this - conditionalis. Conditionalis is used only in the main part of a conditional sentence. In many other languages ​​of the world, such a conditional is more common, which is used in the dependent part to indicate a condition (for example, in Tatar it replaces the conditional conjunction).
• Subjunctive is a mood in German, close in meaning to the Russian subjunctive.
• Irrealis is a form of the irreal mood in complex sentences in many Native American and Pacific languages. Sometimes used in simple sentences for a situation that near or almost realized.
• Paraphrase is a mood in the Latvian language, used to convey foreign words.

see also

Notes

Links

• Referovskaya E. A. Inclination // Linguistic encyclopedic dictionary. - M.: SE, 1990. - P. 321-322.

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See what “Mood (linguistics)” is in other dictionaries:

- (conjunctive, subjunctive, lat. modus conjunctivus or subjunctivus) a number of special forms of the verbal mood of most Indo-European languages, expressing through a subjective attitude possible, conjectural, desirable or ... ... Wikipedia

- (lat. modus imperativus; also imperative) a form of mood expressing expressions of will (order, request or advice). For example: let's go, let's go, talk. Contents 1 Meaning 2 Morphological characteristics ... Wikipedia

- (lat. modus indicativus) expresses the presence or absence of an unconditioned (objective) action, within one time or another, as if in contemplation of an action; various relations of the subject to this action are not determined by him and... ... Wikipedia

- (lat. Optativus), as an expression of the desire (more or less persistent) of the speaker, was quite common in the Proto-Indo-European language; from it it passed into later languages, in which it gradually disappeared, leaving only in some... ... Wikipedia

This article lacks links to sources of information. Information must be verifiable, otherwise it may be questioned and deleted. You can... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Modality. This article lacks links to sources of information. Information must be verifiable, otherwise it may be questioned and deleted. You can... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Taxis (meanings). Taxis is the connection between two predicative units in terms of mood, person, tense. If in a phrase the infinitive is indicated after the verb of motion, then they coincide in ... ... Wikipedia

Mood is a category of a verb that characterizes each specific action, process relative to reality. It is sometimes difficult to determine. To figure out what it is and how to define it correctly, you need to know the rules.

The mood of the verb is considered an unstable indicator of a given part of speech. Depending on the ability to change according to different characteristics (time, gender, gender, person), the types of inclinations are classified. In the Russian language, there are three main categories of this part of speech:

1. indicative;
2. conditional;
3. imperative (imperative).

The indicative category tells about the process that takes place during this period of time, according to the narrator. It also makes it clear that the action has already taken place, tells about the outcome of what happened or that the action will take place in the near future. Verb moods of other varieties do not change depending on tense indicators.

Verb mood, table

What is verb mood

The characteristics of the verb can easily determine what event is being discussed. The verb mood determines how realistic an event appears. With its help, you will understand whether we are talking about an incident that has happened, or whether it is about to happen. It also expresses the speaker’s requirement, wish or recommendation to do something.

Table of verb moods

Verb variations

A verb variety is a grammatical variation of a given part of speech, which denotes the temporal outlines of a process.

There are two varieties:

• perfect verb:

Indicates that the process has completed and describes the result. The peculiarity of this variety is that real time does not exist. The verb is used in the past tense or in the future. Changes by number: can be singular or plural. Varies by gender - female, male, or neuter.

In an impersonal meaning, it describes an action that is the answer to the question: what to do?

An example of an impersonal form: park, drive out, run out.

The past tense is the answer to the question: what did you do? What did you do? What did you do? Example: heated it up, pulled it out, hung it up.

• imperfect form:

Interprets a process that lasts for a long period or is renewed. Does not indicate the completion of the process, does not sum it up.

In an impersonal form, it is the answer to the question “what to do?” Example: throw, live, sign, warm.

Characterizes actions that occurred previously, are being carried out at the moment and will occur in the future. Declined by number and gender: there are singular and plural, as well as feminine, neuter and masculine.

Past tense - the word answers the questions: what did you do? What did you do? What did you do?

• were playing;
• washed;
• threw it away;
• watched;
• worked;
• embroidered.

Future tense - the word answers the questions: what will they do? What are we going to do? What will I do? What will she do? What will he do?

For example:

• will answer;
• let's go to the cinema;
• I will lie down;
• will check;
• will demand.

The present tense is the part of speech that answers the questions: what are they doing? What is he doing?

For example:

• children change clothes;
• playing sports.

How to determine verb mood

A simple way to determine the mood of a verb is to formulate a question about the word. If there is no request, order or wish in the composition, this is not an imperative. The next step is to make sure the presence or absence of the “would, b” particle. If it is not there, this is not a conditional category of mood. Only the indicative variety remains. It is used in Russian more often than others.

You can accurately indicate the rank of the part of speech that describes the process by looking at the table.

Mood table

Indicative mood of the verb

Indicative mood - characterizes a situation that has already happened, is happening in a given period of time, or will happen in the near future.

For this variety, use in any variant is acceptable. A verb can be of any gender, number, person and tense. Changing it according to these characteristics in grammar is interpreted as conjugating verbs.

• I read the book a month ago (singular verb, masculine, first person in the past tense).
• I am reading a book now (singular verb, first person in the present tense).
• I will start reading the book later (singular verb, first person future tense).
• He came to visit me (Singular, second person, masculine, real tense).
• The three of them will leave the entrance (plural, third person, future tense).

The past tense is formed using the suffix “l” and endings:

• without ending in the masculine gender, for example: yawned, passed, ran;
• ending “a” for the feminine gender, for example: sewed, cut, cleaned.
• ending “o” for the neuter gender, for example: ran away, carried away, looked out.
• ending “and-y” for the plural, for example: invented, ran away, copied.

Verb conditional

A verb in the conditional mood characterizes a situation that is possible only under certain circumstances. The formation of this variety is carried out by adding the particle “would” or “b” to the past tense verb.

• have – would have;
• cut - would cut out;
• build - would build.

Words change in number and gender, they are impersonal. The time in the conditional mood of the verb is exclusively past.

The additional particle is not used together with the verb. In a sentence, it is not necessarily written after it, it can be placed before it, or separated by other words.

Examples of conditional mood:

• Milana, of course, would be sunbathing in the sun (singular, feminine).
• We would certainly have done well (plural).
• He would carve this figure out of wood (masculine, singular).
• Margarita would bring me a newspaper (feminine, singular).

The imperative mood is a statement about motivation, request, command.

• Take out the trash.
• Close the door behind your neighbor.

In this version, the verb is only in the second person form, which is either singular or plural.

• you sit down - you sit down;
• you give - you give;
• you allow - you allow;
• you let go - you let go;

The parts of speech in this form do not change over time. They are formed from the stem of a word that denotes a situation that is happening at the moment or will happen in the near future. In addition to the base, the word is formed using the suffix “and”.

• decide;
• return;
• unfasten.

The words of this part of speech of the third person plural have the endings “sya”, “sya”.

• Please come back.
• Contact the company management with this proposal.
• Come downstairs in a few minutes.

A wish, request or motivation can be expressed by a third-person verb in the past or present tense with the particles “let”, “yes”.

• Let it be this way now!
• Let him tell you everything himself.
• Let him give me my toys.

It can be concluded that inclination cannot always be easily and immediately determined. To do this, you need to learn to formulate and ask the right questions. In addition, you need to master the concepts of conjugation, know what tense, gender, number, person are. However, if you study the rules in detail and understand everything, analyze the examples and try to create your own, you can easily cope with the task.

Verbs change according to mood. In the Russian language, there are three forms of verb moods: indicative, imperative and conditional (subjunctive).

Each of them has its own grammatical and semantic features and relates the action expressed by the verb to reality in different ways. The forms of mood are opposed to each other on the basis of reality (indicative mood) and unreality (imperative and conditional moods) of the denoting action. Verbs in the explanatory mood denote that an action that occurs in reality is carried out in the present, past or future tense, therefore the indicative mood is realized in the forms of three tenses: I do (present tense), did (past tense), I will do (future tense). Verbs in the explanatory mood The categories of person and number are characteristic, and in the forms of the past tense, gender and number. The indicative mood does not have a special formant; it is expressed using personal endings of verbs.

Verbs in the imperative mood denote a call to action, an order or a request. They denote actions that can occur after the corresponding utterance. In the imperative mood verbs do not have a tense category, but change according to numbers and persons.

Most often, the 2nd person singular and plural forms are used, which express the motivation for action of the interlocutor (interlocutors).

Forms of the imperative mood are formed from the bases of the present or future tense and are expressed using suffixes (endings) and formative particles.

In particular, the 2nd person singular form of the imperative mood is formed from the stem of the present or simple future tense using the suffix -And- or without suffix(in this case, the stem of the verb in the imperative mood coincides with the stem of the present / simple future tense): take, look, show, read, do (stem of the present tense – business (y-y), carry it, drop it.

The 2nd person plural form of the imperative mood is formed from the 2nd person singular form by adding the postfix -te: lead - lead, lie down - lie down.

The 3rd person singular and plural forms of the imperative mood are analytical (consist of several words). These shapes are formed by attaching particles let, let, yes to the 3rd person singular or plural forms of the present or simple future tense of the indicative mood: let him hear, let him say, long live, let there be, etc.

The 3rd person forms of the imperative mood express wishes; they can relate not only to persons, but also to inanimate objects: let the gardens bloom.

The 1st person form of the imperative mood expresses an impulse to joint action, in which the speaker himself is a participant. The 1st person form of the imperative mood is formed by adding particles Let's, let's to the infinitive of imperfective verbs (come on, let's + sing, play, read) or to the 1st person form of the future tense of the indicative mood of perfective verbs: let's sit down, let's leave, let's tell.

In a special way, forms of the imperative mood are formed from the following verbs: eat - eat, go - (on) - go, give - give, lie down - lie down.

Imperative mood can express a wide variety of shades of encouragement to action, from a categorical order to a soft request or advice. Intonation is very important here.

To forms of the imperative mood particle can be attached -ka, softening the command and giving a touch of simplicity: come on.

Verbs that denote states and actions that occur without an actor or that are independent of the will of the actor are not used in forms of the imperative mood: impersonal verbs (fever, getting dark), verbs of perception (see, feel), verbs of state (chill, feel unwell), modal verbs (want, be able).

Verbs in the conditional (subjunctive) mood denote actions that are desired and possible under certain conditions.

Forms of the conditional mood are formed by combining past tense forms with a particle would (b), which can come before the verb, after it, or can be torn from it by other members of the sentence: If I could leave, I would live in London.

In the conditional mood verbs have no tense or person, the forms of conditional verbs change according to number and gender: would say, would say, would say.

In speech, we often observe the use of one mood in the meaning of another.

The imperative form can be used in the meaning of the conditional (the meaning of an unfulfilled condition): If I had arrived a little earlier, nothing would have happened. If I had more time...

A verb in the form of a conditional mood can be used in the imperative sense: If only you would go home.

The indicative form can have the meaning of the imperative mood: Everyone is listening to me! Tomorrow you will bring the book!

The form of the conditional mood can have an imperative meaning: You should talk to her.

The main task of all communicative qualities of speech is to ensure the effectiveness of speech.

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