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DENIKIN Anton Ivanovich(1872-1947), Russian military leader, lieutenant general (1916). In the First World War he commanded a rifle brigade and division, an army corps; from April 1918 commander, from October commander-in-chief of the Volunteer Army, from January 1919 commander-in-chief of the “Armed Forces of the South of Russia” (Volunteer Army, Don and Caucasian Cossack Armies, Turkestan Army, Black Sea Fleet); simultaneously from January 1920 "Supreme Ruler of the Russian State". Since April 1920 in exile. Works on the history of the Russo-Japanese War; memoirs: “Essays on Russian Troubles” (vol. 1-5, 1921-23), “The Path of a Russian Officer” (1953).
DENIKIN Anton Ivanovich(December 4, 1872, the village of Shpetal-Dolny Włoclaw, Warsaw province - August 7, 1947, Ann Arbor, USA), Russian military leader, one of the leaders of the white movement, publicist and memoirist, lieutenant general (1916).
Beginning of a military career
Father, Ivan Efimovich Denikin (1807-1855), came from serfs. In 1834 he was recruited by the landowner. In 1856 he passed the exam for the officer rank (he was promoted to ensign). In 1869 he retired with the rank of major. Mother, Elizaveta Fedorovna, nee Vrzhesinskaya (1843-1916), was Polish by nationality, and came from a family of small landowners.
He graduated from the Lovichi Real School, the military school course of the Kyiv Infantry Junker School (1892) and the Imperial Nicholas Academy of the General Staff (1899). He served in the 2nd Field Artillery Brigade (1892-95 and 1900-02), and was senior adjutant at the headquarters of the 2nd Infantry Division (1902-03) and the 2nd Cavalry Corps (1903-04). During the Russo-Japanese War in March 1904, he submitted a report on transfer to the active army and was appointed as a staff officer for special assignments at the headquarters of the 8th Army Corps; At the theater of military operations, he served as chief of staff of the Trans-Baikal Cossack, then the Ural-Trans-Baikal division, and in August 1905 he took the post of chief of staff of the Consolidated Cavalry Corps (at the same time promoted to the rank of colonel “for military distinction”). Awarded the Order of St. Stanislav and St. Anna 3rd degree with swords and bows and 2nd degree with swords.
In 1906-10 - in various staff positions in the General Staff; in 1910-14 - commander of the 17th Arkhangelsk Infantry Regiment. In March 1914 he was appointed acting general for assignments from the headquarters of the Kyiv Military District, and in June he was promoted to major general.
Back in the 1890s, Denikin’s political worldview took shape: he perceived Russian liberalism “in its ideological essence, without any party dogmatism,” sharing its three positions: “constitutional monarchy, radical reforms and peaceful ways to renew Russia.” From the late 1890s, under the pseudonym Ivan Nochin, he published a lot in the military press, mainly in the most popular magazine "Razvedchik", in which in 1908-14 he published a series of articles "Army Notes". He advocated improving the system of selection and training of command personnel, against bureaucracy, suppression of initiative, rudeness and arbitrariness towards soldiers; He devoted a number of articles to the analysis of the battles of the Russo-Japanese War, in which he personally participated. He pointed to the German and Austrian threat, in light of which he considered it necessary to carry out speedy reforms in the army; in 1910 he proposed convening a congress of General Staff officers to discuss the problems of the army; wrote about the need to develop motor transport and military aviation.
During the First World War
Having learned about the beginning of the war, Denikin submitted a report with a request to send him into service. In September 1914 he was appointed commander of the 4th Brigade of the Iron Rifles. The "Iron Riflemen" distinguished themselves in many battles of 1914-16, they were thrown into the most difficult areas; they received the nickname "fire brigade". For his distinction in battles, Denikin was awarded the Arms of St. George, the Order of St. George 4th and 3rd degrees. For breaking through enemy positions during the offensive of the Southwestern Front in 1916 and the capture of Lutsk, he was again awarded the St. George's Arms, decorated with diamonds, and promoted to lieutenant general. In September 1916 he was appointed commander of the 8th Army Corps.
February Revolution
Denikin's military career continued to rise even after the February Revolution. In April 1917, he was appointed chief of staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, then in May - commander-in-chief of the armies of the Western Front, in July - commander-in-chief of the armies of the Southwestern Front. He sharply criticized the policies of the Provisional Government, leading to the collapse of the army, at the officers' congress in May 1917. At a meeting at Headquarters on July 16, in the presence of members of the Provisional Government, he made a speech in which he formulated an 8-point program for strengthening the army, which actually contained a demand the abolition of democratic gains in the army. On August 27, 1917, having received news of the speech of General L. G. Kornilov, he sent a telegram to the Provisional Government in support of its demands - bringing the war to a victorious end and convening the Constituent Assembly. On August 29, he was arrested and placed in a guardhouse in Berdichev, then transferred to Bykhov, where Kornilov and his associates were imprisoned. On November 19, 1917, by order of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, General N. N. Dukhonin, he was released from arrest, like some others arrested in the Kornilov case; with documents in someone else's name he made his way to the Don.
At the head of the Volunteer Army
In the late autumn of 1917 he arrived in Novocherkassk, where he took part in the organization and formation of the Volunteer Army. He sought to smooth out differences between generals M.V. Alekseev and Kornilov, initiated the division of powers between them, as well as the Don ataman A.M. Kaledin. On January 30, 1918, he was appointed head of the 1st Volunteer Division. In the 1st Kuban (“Ice”) campaign - deputy commander of the Volunteer Army of General Kornilov. On March 31 (April 13), 1918, after the death of Kornilov near Yekaterinodar, he took command of the Don Army. He abandoned Kornilov's plan to storm Yekaterinodar, considering it suicidal, which allowed him to save the army. In June 1918 he undertook the 2nd Kuban campaign, during which Ekaterinodar was captured on July 3, 1918. On September 25 (October 8), 1918, after the death of General Alekseev, he became Commander-in-Chief of the Volunteer Army. Since January 1919, after the consent of the Don Ataman General P. N. Krasnov to create a unified command and subordination of the Don Army to Denikin, he was Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the South of Russia (AFSR). Not wanting to cause a split in the anti-Bolshevik movement, in May 1919 he recognized Admiral A.V. Kolchak as the “supreme ruler” of Russia; in January 1920 the powers of the “supreme ruler” were transferred by Admiral Denikin.
The greatest successes of Denikin’s troops occurred in the summer and early autumn of 1919. On June 20, in the newly captured Tsaritsyn, Denikin signed the “Moscow Directive” on an attack on Moscow. However, the general did not take into account the specifics of the civil war, as well as the specifics of the areas where his troops were mainly deployed. Denikin failed to put forward an attractive program, settling on the doctrine of “non-decision” (refusal to decide on the form of government until the expulsion of the Bolsheviks), and a program of agrarian reform was not developed. The Whites failed to organize the work of the rear, in which profiteering and corruption flourished, and the army supply system, which led to “self-supply” and a decline in discipline, the degeneration of the army into a gang of robbers and pogromists, which was especially evident in Ukraine, where the Whites carried out pogroms against Jews . Denikin was accused of a strategic miscalculation - the “march against Moscow” led to the fact that the front was stretched, supplies were difficult, and the Whites occupied vast territories that they were unable to hold. The attack on Moscow in two directions led to a scattering of forces and made the troops extremely vulnerable to Red counterattacks. In response to these accusations, Denikin reasonably pointed out that civil war has special laws and it is impossible to approach operations only from the point of view of military strategy. But Denikin's undoubtedly achieved great success compared to other anti-Bolshevik fronts; in October 1919 they took Oryol, and their advanced detachments were on the outskirts of Tula.
However, the offensive stalled and Denikin was forced to rapidly retreat. In March 1920, the retreat ended in the “Novorossiysk disaster.” When the white troops, pressed to the sea, evacuated in panic, and a significant part of them were captured. Shocked by the disaster, Denikin resigned and after transferring command to General P. N. Wrangel on April 4, 1920, he left Russia forever.
In exile
In Europe, Denikin experienced all the hardships associated with his forced emigration. First, in the spring of 1920, he ended up in Constantinople, soon ended up in London, and in August he left for Brussels. Being extremely scrupulous in financial matters, Denikin did not provide himself with a means of subsistence; primarily due to financial circumstances, his family moved to Hungary in June 1922, eventually settling in a place near Lake Balaton (it was in Hungary that his most famous book, “Essays on Russian Troubles,” 1921-1926) was written. In 1925 the Denikins returned to Brussels, and in 1926 they moved to Paris.
“Essays on Russian Troubles,” published in Paris, combined elements of memoirs and research. Denikin relied not only on memory and materials from his archive; at his request, various documents were sent to him, participants in the white movement put their unpublished memories at his disposal. "Essays" to this day are the most complete and valuable source on the history of the white movement in the south of Russia; read with growing interest and written in expressive Russian.
His books “Officers” (1928) and “The Old Army” (1929) were also published in Paris.
Literary earnings and fees from lecturing were his only means of subsistence. In the 1930s, as the military threat grew, he wrote a lot and gave lectures on problems of international relations; took an anti-Nazi position, which in no way meant his reconciliation with the Soviet regime. In Paris he published books and brochures “The Russian Question in the Far East” (1932), “Brest-Litovsk” (1933), “Who Saved Soviet Power from Death?” (1937), "World events and the Russian question" (1939). In 1936-38 he was published in the newspaper "Volunteer" and some other Russian-language publications. After the surrender of France in June 1940, the Denikins moved to the south of France to the town of Mimizan, near Bordeaux. The former general was very upset by the defeats of the Red Army and rejoiced at its victories, however, unlike many emigrants, he did not believe in the degeneration of Soviet power.
In May 1945 he returned to Paris, but, fearing forced deportation to the USSR, six months later he left for the USA. In May 1946 he wrote in a private letter: “The Soviets are bringing a terrible disaster to the peoples, striving for world domination. Their insolent, provocative, threatening former allies, raising a wave of hatred, their policy threatens to turn into dust everything that has been achieved by the patriotic upsurge and blood of the Russian people.” In the USA he continued working on the memoirs he had begun in France. Died of a heart attack. Buried with military honors at Evergreen Cemetery (Detroit); On December 15, 1952, Denikin's ashes were transferred to St. Vladimir's Russian Cemetery in Jackson (New Jersey).
Denikin's archive is kept in the library of the Institute for the Study of Russian and East European History and Culture at Columbia University in New York.
The most famous leader of the White movement during the Civil War was born on December 4, 1872 in the small town of Wloclawek near Warsaw. He was one of the few White Guard generals who came from the lower classes. His father, a former military man, came from the serf peasants of the Saratov province, and his mother from the impoverished small-scale Polish gentry. After graduating from the Lovichi Real School, Denikin followed in his father’s footsteps, entering the Kiev Infantry Junker School in 1890. Two years later, upon graduation, he was promoted to second lieutenant and went to serve in the 2nd Artillery Brigade near Warsaw. In 1895 he passed the entrance exams to the General Staff Academy in St. Petersburg, from which he graduated in 1899. Three years later he was transferred to the General Staff and appointed to the post of senior adjutant of the 2nd Infantry Division. In 1903, Denikin transferred from infantry to cavalry and became adjutant of the 2nd Cavalry Corps located nearby. He served in this position until the outbreak of war with Japan. In February 1904 he left for the active army in the Far East, where he served in staff positions in several divisions. He was a participant in the Battle of Mukden. During the hostilities, he showed himself to be an proactive officer, for which he was awarded the Order of St. Stanislaus, 3rd degree with swords and bows, and St. Anne, 2nd degree with swords. After the end of the war, he made a career from the position of staff officer of the 2nd Cavalry Corps to the commander of the 17th Arkhangelsk Infantry Regiment. Denikin met the First World War with the rank of major general at the headquarters of the 8th Army of General Brusilov. Soon he transferred to a combat position and became the commander of the 4th Infantry Brigade. For its successful leadership, he was awarded the St. George's Arms and the Order of St. George, 3rd and 4th degree. He was a participant in the Battle of Galicia. In September 1916, Denikin was already commander of the 8th Army Corps, with whom he fought on the Romanian Front. In February 1917, he welcomed the overthrow of the monarchy, for which he was appointed chief of staff of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief, and a little later, he became commander-in-chief of the armies of first the Western and then the Southwestern Fronts.
General Denikin during the Civil War
In his political views, Denikin was close to the cadets, opposing the democratization of the army, so in August he supported the Kornilov coup attempt, for which he was arrested and imprisoned first in Berdichev and then in Bykhov. There he, together with Kornilov and his comrades, sat until the October Revolution.
After his release, under someone else’s documents, he fled to the Don to Novocherkassk, where, together with Kaledin, Kornilov and Alekseev, he took part in the organization and formation of the Volunteer Army. As its deputy commander, he took part in the 1st Kuban campaign. After the death of Kornilov on April 13, 1918 during the unsuccessful assault on Yekaterinodar, Denikin became its leader. During the summer-autumn, the Denikinites liquidated the North Caucasus Soviet Republic. In December 1918, all the anti-Bolshevik armies - Volunteer, Don and Kuban - united into the Armed Forces of the South of Russia (AFSR) under the single command of Denikin, who, with the political and economic support of the Entente, launched an attack on Moscow in the spring of 1919. During the summer, Tsaritsyn and most of Ukraine were captured, including Kyiv, from where parts of the UPR were driven out. And by October, after the capture of Kursk, Orel and Voronezh, Denikin’s troops approached Tula, preparing for the final push on Moscow. During the campaign, the number of AFSR increased from 10 thousand in May to 150 thousand people in September. However, the stretched front and political mistakes led to defeat. Denikin was a fierce opponent of any form of self-determination for the territories of the former Russian Empire. This led to conflict both with Ukraine and the peoples of the Caucasus, and with the Cossacks of the Don and Kuban. Starting in August, battles between Denikin’s troops and UPR units began, and after they killed the chairman of the Kuban Rada Ryabovol, the Kuban Cossacks began to desert en masse from Denikin’s army. In addition, its rear on the Left Bank of Ukraine was destroyed by the Makhnovists, to fight whom it was necessary to withdraw units from the northern front. Unable to withstand the powerful counterattack of the Red Army, in October units of the AFSR began to retreat to the South.
By the beginning of 1920, their remnants retreated into the Cossack regions, and at the end of March, only Novorossiysk and the surrounding area remained under the control of the Denikinites. Fleeing from the Bolsheviks, about 40 thousand volunteers crossed to Crimea. Denikin was one of the last to board the ship.
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Denikin in exile
In Crimea, due to his growing unpopularity in the army and feeling responsible for military failures, on April 4 he resigned as commander-in-chief of the AFSR and on the same day departed with his family for England on an English ship. After Denikin's departure, Baron Wrangel became his de facto successor, although Denikin did not sign any orders for his appointment. He did not stay in England for long, since the British government expressed a desire to make peace with Soviet Russia. In August 1920, Denikin left the islands in protest and moved to Belgium, and a little later, to Hungary. In 1926 he settled in Paris, which was the center of Russian emigration. In exile, he withdrew from big politics and took up active literary work. He wrote about a dozen historical and biographical works dedicated to the events of the civil war and geopolitics, the most famous of which was “Essays on the Russian Troubles.” With Hitler coming to power in Germany, Denikin launched a vigorous public activity, condemning his policies. Unlike many other political emigrants from Russia, he considered it impossible to collaborate with Hitler to overthrow Bolshevism. With the outbreak of World War II and the occupation of France by the Germans, he rejected their offer to lead Russian anti-communist forces in exile. Remaining a staunch opponent of the Soviet system, he nevertheless called on emigrants to support the Red Army, and in 1943, Denikin used his personal funds to send a carload of medicines to the Soviet Union. The Soviet government knew about his fundamental anti-German position, so after the war it did not raise the question of his forcible deportation to the USSR with the allies. In 1945, Denikin emigrated to the United States, where he continued to engage in social and political activities. He died on August 7, 1947 and was buried in Detroit. In 1952, by decision of the White Cossack community in the United States, his remains were transferred to the Orthodox Cossack cemetery of St. Vladimir in the city of Keesville in New Jersey. In 2005, on the initiative of the Russian Cultural Foundation, the remains of Denikin and his wife, along with the remains of the Russian philosopher Ilyin and his wife, were transported to Russia and solemnly reburied in the Moscow Donskoy Monastery. In 2009, a memorial to white soldiers was built on their graves in the form of a granite platform framed by a symbolic marble fence, inside of which there are memorial obelisks and two white Orthodox crosses.
Denikin Anton Ivanovich was born on December 16, 1872 in the suburb of Wloclawek, which at that time was listed as a county town in the Warsaw province of the Russian Empire. As historians later noted, this future fighter against communism had a much more “proletarian origin” than those who later called themselves “leaders of the proletariat.”
Ivan Efimovich, Anton Denikin's father, was once a serf. At the time of his youth, Ivan Denikin was recruited, and for 22 years of faithful service to the sovereign, he managed to obtain the status of an officer. But the former peasant did not stop there: he remained in the service and built a very successful military career, which is why he later became a role model for his son. Ivan Efimovich retired only in 1869, having served for 35 years and rising to the rank of major.
Elizaveta Franciskovna Wrzhesinskaya, the mother of the future military leader, came from a family of impoverished Polish landowners, who once owned a small plot of land and several peasants.
Shorts.ru Anton Ivanovich was brought up in strict Orthodoxy and was baptized at the age of less than a month, since his father was a deeply religious man. However, sometimes the boy visited the church with his Catholic mother. He grew up as a gifted and precocious child: already at the age of four he read perfectly, spoke excellent not only Russian, but also Polish. Therefore, subsequently it was not difficult for him to enter the Włocław Secondary School, and later – the Łowicz Secondary School.
Russia 360 Although Anton’s father was a respected retired officer at that time, the Denikin family was very poor: his mother, father, and the future politician himself had to live on his father’s pension in the amount of 36 rubles a month. And in 1885, Ivan Efimovich died, and Anton and his mother’s money became very bad. Then Denikin Jr. took up tutoring, and at the age of 15 he received a monthly student allowance as a successful and diligent student.
Beginning of a military career
The family, as already mentioned, served as a source of inspiration for Anton Denikin: from a young age, he dreamed of building a military career (like his father, who was born a serf and died a major). Therefore, after completing his studies at the Lovichi School, the young man did not think for a second about his future fate, having successfully entered the Kiev Infantry Junker School, and then the very prestigious Imperial Nicholas Academy of the General Staff.
Edges He served in various brigades and divisions, took part in the Russo-Japanese War, worked on the General Staff, and was the commander of the seventeenth Arkhangelsk Infantry Regiment. In 1914, Anton Denikin received the rank of general, entering service in the Kiev Military District, and soon after that he rose to the rank of major general.
Political Views
Anton Ivanovich was a man who closely followed the political life of his native country. He was a supporter of Russian liberalism, spoke out for reforming the army, against bureaucracy. Since the end of the 19th century, Denikin has published his thoughts more than once in military magazines and newspapers. The most famous is his series of articles “Army Notes”, published in a magazine called “Scout”.
Coollib.net As in the case of the Russo-Japanese War, immediately after the outbreak of the First World War, Anton Ivanovich submitted a report, asking to be appointed to duty. The fourth brigade of the Iron Rifles, commanded by Denikin, fought in the most dangerous areas and repeatedly demonstrated courage and bravery. Anton Denikin himself received many awards during the First World War: the Order of St. George, the Arms of St. George. In addition, for breaking through enemy positions during the offensive operation of the Southwestern Front and the successful capture of Lutsk, he received the rank of lieutenant general.
Life and career after the February Revolution
During the February Revolution of 1917, Anton Ivanovich was on the Romanian front. He supported the coup and, despite his literacy and political awareness, even believed numerous unflattering rumors about the entire royal family. For some time, Denikin worked as chief of staff under Mikhail Alekseev, who, soon after the revolution, was appointed supreme commander of the Russian army.
Officers of the Russian Imperial Army When Alekseev was removed from his post and replaced by General Brusilov, Anton Denikin resigned his position and took over as commander of the Western Front. And at the end of August 1917, the lieutenant general had the imprudence to express his support for the position of General Kornilov by sending a corresponding telegram to the Provisional Government. Because of this, Anton Ivanovich had to spend about a month in Berdichev prison awaiting reprisals.
Colors.life At the end of September, Denikin and other generals were transferred from Berdichev to Bykhov, where another group of arrested senior army officials (including General Kornilov) was being held. Anton Ivanovich stayed in the Bykhov prison until December 2 of the same year, 1917, when the Bolshevik government, preoccupied with the fall of the Provisional Government, forgot for some time about the arrested generals. Having shaved his beard and changed his first and last name, Denikin went to Novocherkassk.
Formation and functioning of the Volunteer Army
Anton Ivanovich Denikin took an active part in the creation of the Volunteer Army, smoothing out conflicts between Kornilov and Alekseev. He made a number of important decisions, became commander-in-chief during the first and second Kuban campaigns, finally deciding to fight the Bolshevik regime at all costs.
Graphage In the middle of 1919, Denikin’s troops fought so successfully against enemy formations that Anton Ivanovich even planned a campaign against Moscow. However, this plan was not destined to come true: the power of the Volunteer Army was undermined by the lack of a coherent program that would be attractive to ordinary residents of many Russian regions, the flourishing of corruption in the rear, and even the transformation of part of the White Army into robbers and bandits.
Anton Denikin at the head of the army | Russian courier At the end of 1919, Denikin’s troops successfully recaptured Oryol and settled on the approaches to Tula, thereby proving more successful than most other anti-Bolshevik formations. But the days of the Volunteer Army were numbered: in the spring of 1920, the troops were pressed to the sea coast in Novorossiysk and, for the most part, captured. The civil war was lost, and Denikin himself announced his resignation and left his native country forever.
Personal life
After fleeing Russia, Anton Ivanovich lived in different European countries, and soon after the end of World War II he went to the USA, where he died in 1947. His family: his faithful wife Ksenia Chizh, from whom fate repeatedly tried to separate them, and his daughter Marina, took part in these wanderings with him. To date, quite a lot of photographs have been preserved of the emigrated couple and their daughter abroad, especially in Paris and other cities of France. Although Denikin wanted to have more children, his wife could not give birth anymore after a very difficult first birth.
WikiReading In exile, the former lieutenant general continued to write on military and political topics. Including, already in Paris, from his pen came the “Essays on Russian Troubles”, well known to modern experts, based not only on the memories of Denikin himself, but also on information from official documents. A few years after this, Anton Ivanovich wrote an addition and introduction to the “Essays” - the book “
Anton Denikin was born in 1872 in the vicinity of Wloclawek in what is now Poland into a poor family of a retired military man.
Since childhood, Anton has set himself the goal of joining the military service. In 1890, having received a general education, he entered the Kiev military school for two years of training. After completing his studies in 1892, Anton Denikin was promoted to second lieutenant and assigned to one of the artillery brigades in the Warsaw province.
After three years of service, he continues his studies at the Academy of the General Staff. He graduated from it in 1899, but received an appointment to the General Staff only two years later for his “difficult” character.
In 1904, he sought appointment to a unit taking part in the Russo-Japanese War. Participated in hostilities. He performed well in battles with his units. Awarded two orders.
After the end of hostilities, he occupied successively the positions of brigade chief of staff, regiment commander, and just before the outbreak of the First World War, in 1914, he received the rank of general and a position in the 8th Army under the command of General Brusilov.
In the first days of the war, he is appointed to the position of brigade commander and very soon achieves noticeable success with it. 1914 was quite successful for the Russian army. She has come a long way. Denikin's brigade took an active part in the battles. For several bold operations, Denikin was awarded the Order of St. George. 1915 is the year of retreats. Denikin's brigade is deployed into a division. In 1916, the division took part in the famous Brusilov breakthrough. For excellent actions in the offensive, Denikin received further awards and was appointed corps commander on the Romanian front.
Denikin favorably greeted the February Revolution of 1917 and supported the provisional government. A month later he was appointed Chief of the General Staff. But he worked in this position for only a month and a half. After the appointment of General Brusilov as commander-in-chief of the Russian army, he resigns from his post. Denikin was Brusilov’s subordinate at the front for two years and, apparently, the number of disagreements between the two outstanding military leaders was considerable.
After the Bolsheviks seized power, he moved incognito to Novocherkassk. There he participates in the formation of the Volunteer Army. Becomes one of the leaders of the white movement. The fight against the Red Army is going on with varying degrees of success. Brilliant victories alternate with defeats and uprisings in the rear. Great disunity and the lack of clear political theses with which to appeal to the people for support lead to the general defeat of the White Guards. In April 1920, General Denikin left Russia forever.
Having changed several countries (England, Belgium, Hungary), Denikin settled in France. He writes a number of works in which he tries to comprehend the events that took place in the life of him and his country. Publishes a magazine and gives lectures. During the occupation of France by the Nazis, he receives an offer to lead the anti-Bolshevik forces, which he categorically refuses.
In 1945, due to the likely possibility of his allies extraditing him to the Stalinist regime, he moved to the United States. He continues his active social activities there. Opposes the forced extradition of former Soviet citizens from Western occupation zones to the USSR. Dies in 1947 from a heart attack.
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Name: Anton Denikin
Age: 74 years old
Place of Birth: Wloclawek, Poland
A place of death: Ann Arbor, Michigan
Activity: military leader, political and public figure
Family status: was married
Anton Denikin - biography
According to an ancient belief, Antosha Denikin, who was lying in his cradle, was given a choice of a book, a toy sword, a cross and a glass to find out what fate awaited him. The kid immediately grabbed the saber...
In the year of the 100th anniversary of the revolution, two “Denikin” anniversaries happened at once. August 7 marked the 60th anniversary of his death, and December 4 (16) marked the 145th anniversary of his birth. What was this man like, who was called the main enemy of the Soviet republic in old history textbooks?
Childhood, family
Anton was born in the town of Wloclawsk, Warsaw province, his mother was a Polish woman, Elisaveta Wrzesinskaya. The father, a retired border guard major, turned 65 years old the year his son was born. Ivan Denikin, who was once a recruit of the serf Saratov province, received his first officer rank of ensign at the age of 49.
The boy grew up talented and lively, already at the age of 4 he could read fluently, and at 9 he entered a real school. The family lived poorly, on only 36 rubles a month - the pension of a retired major and veteran of three wars. With the death of his father (Antosha was barely 13), it became even more difficult, and the young man decided to give paid lessons. Then he began to write poetry.
With a certificate that showed straight A's in the exact and natural sciences, one could quite count on getting a student's coat from a technical university. However, there were two “buts”. First, the family simply did not have the means to support the student’s life. And secondly: the father managed to tell his son that there is such a profession - to defend the Fatherland. Dying, the old warrior regretted that he did not have time to see his Antoshka in golden officer's shoulder straps.
Denikin - military biography
In the Russian Empire at the end of the 19th century, there were two types of military educational institutions: schools of ground and Cossack forces, where graduates of cadet corps (hereditary nobles) were admitted, and military cadet infantry schools. They recruited young people from commoners: graduates of gymnasiums, real schools, and seminaries. These young men could not count on any other social lift than the army one. The latter were trained only for two years and released as ensigns into army units.
The major's son Anton Denikin became a cadet at the Kyiv Infantry School. He studied well, but did not get the only vacancy for graduates in the guard. The reason is the same: unsatisfactory financial situation. An officer of the Guards Corps was supposed to have proper financial support, and the mother of a newly promoted ensign after the death of her husband received a pension of only 20 rubles. Anton chose artillery: after all, this branch of the army is “more intelligent” than infantry. He was sent to serve in his native Poland, to the great joy of his mother.
War writer
Like the classic of Russian literature Alexander Kuprin, the same poor army officer Anton Denikin began to write out of need: a student at the Academy of the General Staff was sorely lacking money to live in St. Petersburg. He received only a salary for his rank and not a penny more. But the military magazine “Razvedchik” still paid fees.
Since 1898, when his first debut essay was published, Denikin became a regular contributor to this magazine. A little later, he regularly published essays from military life in the magazine “Warsaw Diaries” - in Polish. The Academy's authorities looked askance at the literary experiences of the listeners, so Anton signed his creations with the pseudonym “I. Nochin."
Expelled after the 1st year of the Academy for failing an exam in the history of military art, Denikin found himself at a crossroads. Perhaps, if he had found himself among writers, like Kuprin, he would have retired and devoted himself to writing. But he managed to re-enter the Academy. He graduated so successfully that he was able to apply for enrollment in the corps of officers of the General Staff. And this is a direct road to the rank of general. Thus, luck in a military career interrupted the literary one that had just begun. More precisely, she postponed it until emigration.
Anton Denikin - biography of personal life
Modest in income and character, Anton Ivanovich remained a bachelor until he became a general. He did not know how to charm women and was completely devoid of that same “officer swagger” that distinguished the brilliant guardsmen and hussars. He proved his courage under enemy shrapnel, and not at balls and social events. In addition, his mother lived with him in the apartment until his death.
He parted with her only 3 times in his life: while studying at a military school and when he went to war - with Japan and the First World War. Even while studying at the capital’s Academy of the General Staff, my mother was nearby. But his mother had already passed away, and his letters to Ksenia Vasilievna, the daughter of a good friend, became longer and warmer...
Anton Ivanovich “met” his future wife when she was still basking in the cradle - 26 years before the wedding. On the eve of little Ksyusha’s christening, Second Lieutenant Denikin and his friend Vasily Chizh were hunting. Anton Ivanovich, with a well-aimed shot, saved the life of Chizhu, who was attacked by an angry boar.
Naturally, Vasily invited the savior to the christening, where Denikin saw his betrothed for the first time and even rocked her in his arms. While he was nursing the baby, she wet his uniform. “Well, Anton, you should go to Ksyukha’s wedding! - The girl's father burst out laughing. “That’s what people say!” Both could not even think that at this wedding he would be the groom.
Denikin became a frequent guest in the house. He became attached to Ksyusha, who grew up before his eyes. Shortly before the First World War, Ksenia graduated from the Institute of Noble Maidens in Warsaw, then studied in Petrograd on the courses of professor-historian Platonov. Having come to her age, Anton Ivanovich saw how beautiful and smart she had become. He began to carefully look after her, and the girl soon realized that she loved this faithful, reliable and understanding man...
The revolution of 1917 swept away all class and social conventions. In civilian clothes, having changed his appearance, General Denikin fled to Novocherkassk, where generals Kornilov, Kaledin and Alekseev began the formation of the 2nd Volunteer Army. Ksenia Vasilievna arrived in the capital of the Don Army earlier and was waiting for him there. In December 1917, it was not wedding time at all, but the lovers realized that they could not delay any longer. We got married in a dark, cold church, to the accompaniment of cannonade...
Ataman Kaledin invited the newlyweds and several guests to drink a glass of champagne at the Ataman Palace. The groom waved him off: what kind of banquet if the Reds are 10 miles from the city? So they lived with Ksenia Vasilievna with an uncelebrated wedding.
In March 1920, the Denikins took their tiny daughter Marina and two children of the fallen general from Russia. In exile, Anton Ivanovich looked after them as best he could. Together with his faithful wife, he raised his daughter, wrote books of memoirs - lived a peaceful life, which he had so lacked before. First in France, then in the USA...
A month before his departure, in February 1920, when the White Army was retreating to the Black Sea, he was visited by an old colleague, at that time General of the Polish Army Kerzhich.
He conveyed the proposal of the Polish government: Denikin should go into service under his mother’s name in the Polish army and, as part of it, beat the Bolsheviks. Of course, with a general's salary and honor. And they also asked to recognize the sovereignty of Poland as a former part of the Russian Empire. But “General of the Polish Army Wrzesinski” did not happen in history. “I don’t trade in Russia,” he answered his friend from his youth. “And with my oath to Russia as well.”
