Presentation on geography on the topic "Eastern Europe" (grade 10). Presentation Eastern Europe Download presentations on the topic Eastern European countries

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Features of the EGP Area 1,775 thousand km The countries of Eastern Europe are a single natural territorial massif stretching from the Baltic to the Black and Adriatic Seas. At the heart of the region and adjacent countries is an ancient Precambrian platform, overlain by a cover of sedimentary rocks, as well as an area of ​​Alpine folding. The region has access to the Baltic, Adriatic, Aegean, Black Seas, and the Gulf of Finland, which allow it to have connections with the countries of Asia, Africa, the CIS countries and Europe. However, some states are deprived of this opportunity: Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia. An important feature of all countries in the region is their transit position between the countries of Western Europe and the CIS.

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Natural resources: hard coal - in Poland (Upper Silesian basin) and in the Czech Republic (Ostrava-Karvina basin); oil and gas - in Romania; hydropower resources - in Bulgaria, Macedonia; iron ore - in Romania, Slovakia, as well as in the countries of the former Yugoslavia; copper - in Poland, Romania, Bulgaria; bauxite - in Hungary; chromites - in Albania; oil shale - in Estonia; sulfur and potassium salts - in Poland and Romania.

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Fertile soils: located on the plains of Eastern Europe, primarily in the Middle Danube Lowland. In combination with favorable agro-climatic resources, they are a good basis for the development of agriculture (with the exception of the Baltic countries. Water resources: represented by large river systems: Danube, Vistula, Oder, etc. Resource provision for total river flow per capita - from 2.5 to 50 thousand cubic meters per year - average in size; agroclimatic resources: favorable for growing grains, sunflowers, sugar beets, potatoes; the region is well provided with heat and moisture, except for its northern part;

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The provision of forest resources as a whole is insufficient for the development of forestry on 30 to 40% of the territory; the bulk of them are secondary mixed-deciduous forests. Only in the Baltic countries are coniferous forests of industrial importance. Natural and recreational resources are widely represented by resorts: Karlovy Vary (Czech Republic), Zakopane (Poland), Golden Sands (Bulgaria), Balaton (Hungary), resorts on the Adriatic, Tatra Mountains in the Czech Republic.

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Population Number - 130 million people; Poland has the largest population (38.4 million people), Estonia has the smallest (1.5 million people). The average population density is from 10 to 100 people per square meter. kilometer; Type of reproduction - II: birth rate, death rate, natural increase are low. Hungary and Bulgaria are experiencing population decline (the largest in Albania); Predominance of female population; (except Albania) The region is characterized by a general aging population; The region is still a hotbed of labor migration to Western European countries; Eastern Europe has a semi-skilled labor force.

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National composition: the Slavic language group predominates (Poles, Czechs, Bulgarians, Slovaks, Serbs, Slovenes, etc.); Romanesque (Romanians); Baltic (Lithuanians, Latvians). Interethnic problems in the countries of the former Yugoslavia (Serbia, Bosnia, etc.), in the Baltic states (infringement of the rights of the Russian-speaking population), in Bulgaria (due to the situation of the Turkish minority), in Romania (due to the situation of the Hungarian minority). The most homogeneous countries in national composition are Poland, Hungary, Albania, and Lithuania. Religions: Orthodoxy (Serbia, Macedonia, Montenegro, Romania, Bulgaria), Catholicism, Lutheranism, in the south (small in number) - Islam (Albania);

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Urbanization Level of urbanization: about 60 - 70% of the population lives in cities, the largest: Bucharest, Warsaw, Budapest; The region is still a hotbed of labor migration to Western European countries;

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Industry Energy Due to a shortage of oil reserves, this area is focused on coal, most of the electricity is generated by thermal power plants (more than 60%), but hydroelectric power plants and nuclear power plants also play an important role. Hydro resources are also of great importance (Bulgaria, Romania, Poland); One of the largest nuclear power plants was built in the region - Kozloduy in Bulgaria. Metallurgy Focuses on both its own raw materials and imported ones: non-ferrous - in Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria; black - in Poland, Czech Republic;

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Eastern Europe

Presentation prepared by a geography teacher

Municipal educational institution secondary school No. 5, Vsevolozhsk Pavlova Tatyana Alexandrovna

• Eastern Europe as a historical and geographical region includes: Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, countries formed as a result of the collapse of the former Yugoslavia (Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia), Albania, Latvia, Lithuania , Estonia
• These states occupy a single territory, stretching in a fairly wide strip from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Mediterranean and Black Seas in the south and southeast for about 1,500 km. All countries except the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary have access to the sea.

Population

• The region's population is about 130 million people, but the demographic situation, which is difficult throughout Europe, is the most alarming in Eastern Europe. Despite the active demographic policy pursued over several decades, natural population growth is very small (less than 2%) and continues to decline. Bulgaria and Hungary are even experiencing natural population decline. The main reason for this is the disruption of the age-sex structure of the population as a result of the Second World War.
• In some countries, natural increase is higher than the regional average (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia), and it is the largest in Albania - 20%.
• The largest country in the region is Poland (about 40 million people), the smallest is Estonia (about 1.5 million people)

• The territories of these countries are densely populated. More than half of the population lives in cities. The largest of them are the capitals of states.
• Each city has its own characteristics, its own “face”. The Czechs, for example, call their capital Zlata Prague as a sign of love and admiration for its beauty. This is one of the most beautiful cities in Europe. Ancient palaces and towers, numerous ancient monuments, bridges over the Vltava River create the unique appearance of the city.

Natural resources

• The climate is temperate maritime, moderate continental, in the south it turns into subtropical Mediterranean.
• Natural zones are diverse, large areas are occupied by mixed and broad-leaved forests.

Energy

• Due to a shortage of oil reserves, this region is focused on coal, most of the electricity is generated by thermal power plants (more than 60%), but hydroelectric power plants and nuclear power plants also play an important role. One of the largest nuclear power plants was built in the region - Kozloduy in Bulgaria.

Metallurgy

• In the post-war period, the industry actively grew and developed in all countries of the region, with non-ferrous metallurgy relying mainly on its own raw materials, and ferrous metallurgy on imported ones.

• The southern metallurgical base of Poland was formed on the basis of the Upper Silesian coal basin. It includes about two dozen factories, including two very large plants - Huta-Krakow and Katowice.

Mechanical engineering

• The industry is also represented in all countries, but is most developed in the Czech Republic (primarily machine tool manufacturing, production of household appliances and computer equipment); Poland and Romania are distinguished by the production of metal-intensive machines and structures, Hungary, Bulgaria, Latvia - by the electrical industry; In addition, shipbuilding is developed in Poland and Estonia.

Chemical industry

• The chemical industry of the region lags far behind that of Western Europe due to the lack of raw materials for the most advanced branches of chemistry - oil. But we can still note the pharmaceuticals of Poland and Hungary, the glass industry of the Czech Republic.

Agriculture

• The economic structure of the region is heterogeneous: in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland, and the Baltic countries, the share of livestock farming exceeds the share of crop farming; in the rest, the ratio is still the opposite.

• Due to the diversity of soil and climatic conditions, several zones of crop production can be distinguished: wheat is grown everywhere, but in the north (Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) rye and potatoes play an important role, in the central part of the subregion vegetable growing and horticulture are cultivated, and the “southern” countries specialize on subtropical crops.
• The main crops grown in the region are wheat, corn, vegetables, and fruits.

• The main wheat and corn regions of Eastern Europe were formed within the Middle and Lower Danube lowlands and the Danube hilly plain (Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria).
• Hungary has achieved the greatest success in grain growing.

Animal husbandry.

• The northern and central countries of the region specialize in dairy and meat and dairy cattle breeding and pig breeding, while the southern countries specialize in mountain pasture meat and wool cattle breeding

The countries of Eastern Europe can be conditionally divided into 3 groups according to the commonality of their EGP, resources, and level of development.

• Northern group: Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia. These countries are still characterized by a low degree of integration, but there are common tasks in the development of the maritime economy.
• Central group: Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary. The economy of the first two countries is of a clearly industrial nature. The Czech Republic ranks first in the region in terms of industrial output per capita.
• Southern group: Romania, Bulgaria, countries of the former Yugoslavia, Albania. In the past, these were the most backward countries, and now, despite major changes in their economy, the countries of this group lag behind the countries of the 1st and 2nd groups in most indicators.

Transport

• In Eastern Europe, which lies at the crossroads of routes that have long connected the eastern and western parts of Eurasia, the transport system has been developing over many centuries. Nowadays, railway transport is the leader in terms of transportation volume, but road and sea transport are also intensively developing. The presence of major ports contributes to the development of foreign economic relations, shipbuilding, ship repair, and fishing.

• The azure sea, picturesque mountains, mineral springs, warm climate, historical monuments attract many tourists here. Tourism and resort business bring big income

Eastern Europe Presentation prepared by geography teacher of Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 5 in Vsevolozhsk Pavlova Tatyana Aleksandrovna

• Eastern Europe as a historical and geographical region includes: Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, countries formed as a result of the collapse of the former Yugoslavia (Slovenia, Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia, Herzegovina, Montenegro, Macedonia), Albania, Latvia, Lithuania , Estonia
• These states occupy a single territory, stretching in a fairly wide strip from the Baltic Sea in the north to the Mediterranean and Black Seas in the south and southeast for about 1,500 km. All countries except the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary have access to the sea.

Population

• The region's population is about 130 million people, but the demographic situation, which is difficult throughout Europe, is the most alarming in Eastern Europe. Despite the active demographic policy pursued over several decades, natural population growth is very small (less than 2%) and continues to decline. Bulgaria and Hungary are even experiencing natural population decline. The main reason for this is the disruption of the age-sex structure of the population as a result of the Second World War.
• In some countries, natural increase is higher than the regional average (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia), and it is the largest in Albania - 20%.
• The largest country in the region is Poland (about 40 million people), the smallest is Estonia (about 1.5 million people)

• The population of Eastern Europe has a complex ethnic composition, but one can note the predominance of Slavic peoples. Of the other peoples, the most numerous are Romanians, Albanians, Hungarians, and Lithuanians. Poland, Hungary, and Albania have the most homogeneous national composition. Lithuania.

• The Czech Republic leads in terms of urbanization level – 75%. There are quite a lot of urban agglomerations in the region, the largest of which are Upper Silesia (in Poland) and Budapest (in Hungary).

• The territories of these countries are densely populated. More than half of the population lives in cities. The largest of them are the capitals of states.
• Each city has its own characteristics, its own “face”. The Czechs, for example, call their capital Zlata Prague as a sign of love and admiration for its beauty. This is one of the most beautiful cities in Europe. Ancient palaces and towers, numerous ancient monuments, bridges over the Vltava River create the unique appearance of the city.

• Residents of the western part of the region profess Catholicism, while the eastern and southeastern ones profess Orthodoxy.

Natural resources

• The climate is temperate maritime, moderate continental, in the south it turns into subtropical Mediterranean.
• Natural zones are diverse, large areas are occupied by mixed and broad-leaved forests.

• Natural resource reserves include: coal (Poland, Czech Republic), oil and natural gas (Romania), iron ores (Romania, Slovakia), bauxite (Hungary).

• In general, it must be said that the region is experiencing a shortage of resources, and in addition, it is a striking example of the “incompleteness” of a set of minerals. Thus, Poland has large reserves of coal, copper ores, and sulfur, but almost no oil, gas, or iron ore. In Bulgaria, on the contrary, there is no coal, although there are significant reserves of copper ores and polymetals.

Energy

• Due to a shortage of oil reserves, this region is focused on coal, most of the electricity is generated by thermal power plants (more than 60%), but hydroelectric power plants and nuclear power plants also play an important role. One of the largest nuclear power plants was built in the region - Kozloduy in Bulgaria.

Metallurgy

• In the post-war period, the industry actively grew and developed in all countries of the region, with non-ferrous metallurgy relying mainly on its own raw materials, and ferrous metallurgy on imported ones.

• The southern metallurgical base of Poland was formed on the basis of the Upper Silesian coal basin. It includes about two dozen factories, including two very large plants - Huta-Krakow and Katowice.

Mechanical engineering

• The industry is also represented in all countries, but is most developed in the Czech Republic (primarily machine tool manufacturing, production of household appliances and computer equipment); Poland and Romania are distinguished by the production of metal-intensive machines and structures, Hungary, Bulgaria, Latvia - by the electrical industry; In addition, shipbuilding is developed in Poland and Estonia.

Chemical industry

• The chemical industry of the region lags far behind that of Western Europe due to the lack of raw materials for the most advanced branches of chemistry - oil. But we can still note the pharmaceuticals of Poland and Hungary, the glass industry of the Czech Republic.

Agriculture

• The economic structure of the region is heterogeneous: in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland, and the Baltic countries, the share of livestock farming exceeds the share of crop farming; in the rest, the ratio is still the opposite.

• Due to the diversity of soil and climatic conditions, several zones of crop production can be distinguished: wheat is grown everywhere, but in the north (Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) rye and potatoes play an important role, in the central part of the subregion vegetable growing and horticulture are cultivated, and the “southern” countries specialize on subtropical crops.
• The main crops grown in the region are wheat, corn, vegetables, and fruits.

• The main wheat and corn regions of Eastern Europe were formed within the Middle and Lower Danube lowlands and the Danube hilly plain (Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria).
• Hungary has achieved the greatest success in grain growing.

• There are many apple, plum and peach orchards and vineyards in Romania, Bulgaria and Hungary. Various vegetables are grown everywhere - tomatoes, cucumbers, sweet peppers. In these countries, almost no dish is complete without vegetables. Fruits and vegetables are processed in many factories.

• Vegetables, fruits, and grapes are cultivated almost everywhere in the subregion, but there are areas where they primarily determine the specialization of agriculture. These countries and regions also have their own specialization in terms of product range. For example, Hungary is famous for its winter varieties of apples, grapes, and onions; Bulgaria – oilseeds; Czech Republic - hops, etc.

Animal husbandry.

• The northern and central countries of the region specialize in dairy and meat and dairy cattle breeding and pig breeding, while the southern countries specialize in mountain pasture meat and wool cattle breeding

The countries of Eastern Europe can be conditionally divided into 3 groups according to the commonality of their EGP, resources, and level of development.

• Northern group: Poland, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia. These countries are still characterized by a low degree of integration, but there are common tasks in the development of the maritime economy.
• Central group: Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary. The economy of the first two countries is of a clearly industrial nature. The Czech Republic ranks first in the region in terms of industrial output per capita.
• Southern group: Romania, Bulgaria, countries of the former Yugoslavia, Albania. In the past, these were the most backward countries, and now, despite major changes in their economy, the countries of this group lag behind the countries of the 1st and 2nd groups in most indicators.

Transport

• In Eastern Europe, which lies at the crossroads of routes that have long connected the eastern and western parts of Eurasia, the transport system has been developing over many centuries. Nowadays, railway transport is the leader in terms of transportation volume, but road and sea transport are also intensively developing. The presence of major ports contributes to the development of foreign economic relations, shipbuilding, ship repair, and fishing.

Tourism

• The azure sea, picturesque mountains, mineral springs, warm climate, historical monuments attract many tourists here. Tourism and resort business bring big income

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Eastern Europe Work completed by: Sergey Pakhomov, Artyom Kongurov, Dima Pivovarov

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The countries of Eastern Europe represent a single natural territorial massif stretching from the Baltic to the Black and Adriatic Seas. The region and adjacent countries are based on an ancient Precambrian platform, covered by a cover of sedimentary rocks, as well as an area of ​​Alpine folding.

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An important feature of all countries in the region is their transit position between the countries of Western Europe and the CIS. The countries of Eastern Europe differ from each other in geographical location, configuration, size of territory, and wealth of natural resources.

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Natural resource reserves include: coal (Poland, Czech Republic), oil and natural gas (Romania), iron ores (countries of the former Yugoslavia, Romania, Slovakia), bauxite (Hungary), chromite (Albania).

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In general, it must be said that the region is experiencing a shortage of resources, and in addition, it is a striking example of the “incompleteness” of a set of minerals. Thus, Poland has large reserves of coal, copper ores, and sulfur, but almost no oil, gas, or iron ore. In Bulgaria, on the contrary, there is no coal, although there are significant reserves of lignite, copper ores, and polymetals.

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Due to a shortage of oil reserves, this region is focused on coal, most of the electricity is generated by thermal power plants (more than 60%), but hydroelectric power plants and nuclear power plants also play an important role. One of the largest nuclear power plants was built in the region - Kozloduy in Bulgaria.

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The region's population is about 130 million people, but the demographic situation, which is difficult throughout Europe, is the most alarming in Eastern Europe. Despite the active demographic policy pursued over several decades, natural population growth is very small (less than 2%) and continues to decline.

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Bulgaria and Hungary are even experiencing natural population decline. The main reason for this is the disruption of the age-sex structure of the population as a result of the Second World War. In some countries, natural increase is higher than the regional average (Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia), and it is the largest in Albania - 20%.

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The largest country in the region is Poland (about 40 million people), the smallest is Estonia (about 1.5 million people). The population of Eastern Europe has a complex ethnic composition, but one can note the predominance of Slavic peoples. Of the other peoples, the most numerous are Romanians, Albanians, Hungarians, and Lithuanians.

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Poland, Hungary, and Albania have the most homogeneous national composition. Lithuania. Eastern Europe has always been an arena of national and ethnic conflicts. After the collapse of the socialist system, the situation became more complicated, especially on the territory of the most multinational country in the region - Yugoslavia, where the conflict escalated into an interethnic war.

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The countries of Eastern Europe today are not characterized by a pronounced socio-economic unity. But in general we can say that _. in the 2nd half of the 20th century. Great changes have occurred in the economies of Eastern European countries.

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Firstly, industries developed at a faster pace - by the 80s, Europe had become one of the most industrial regions of the world, and secondly, previously very backward regions also began to develop industrially (For example, Slovakia in the former Czechoslovakia, Moldova in Romania, northeast Poland).

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Such results became possible thanks to the implementation of regional policy. Agriculture of the region mainly meets the food needs of the population. Under the influence of scientific and technological revolution, significant changes occurred in the structure of the economy of the countries of Eastern Europe: the agro-industrial complex emerged, and specialization of agricultural production took place. It was most clearly manifested in grain farming and in the production of vegetables, fruits, and grapes. The economic structure of the region is heterogeneous: in the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Poland, and the Baltic countries, the share of livestock farming exceeds the share of crop production; in the rest, the ratio is still the opposite. Due to the diversity of soil and climatic conditions, several zones of crop production can be distinguished: wheat is grown everywhere, but in the north (Poland, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania) rye and potatoes play an important role, vegetable growing and horticulture are cultivated in the central part of the subregion, and the “southern” countries specialize in subtropical crops.

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The main crops grown in the region are wheat, corn, vegetables, and fruits. The main wheat and corn regions of Eastern Europe were formed within the Middle and Lower Danube lowlands and the Danube hilly plain (Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria). Hungary has achieved the greatest success in grain growing. Vegetables, fruits, and grapes are cultivated almost everywhere in the subregion, but there are areas where they primarily determine the specialization of agriculture. These countries and regions also have their own specialization in terms of product range. For example, Hungary is famous for its winter varieties of apples, grapes, and onions; Bulgaria - oilseeds; Czech Republic - hops, etc. Animal husbandry. The northern and central countries of the region specialize in dairy and meat and dairy cattle breeding and pig breeding, while the southern countries specialize in mountain pasture meat and wool animal husbandry.

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Description of the presentation by individual slides:

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EASTERN EUROPE Presentation was made by geography teacher GBOU Lyceum No. 1561 YURY ORGANOV

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EASTERN EUROPE Eastern Europe - in the narrowest sense of the word - is geographically central and northeastern Europe, inhabited predominantly by Slavic peoples, constituting 2/3 of the territory of this subcontinent of Eurasia. The term is very context-sensitive and even variable; as noted in a United Nations document, there are "almost as many definitions of Eastern Europe as fields of science" and "each assessment of spatial identities is essentially a social and cultural construction." According to the UN definition, Eastern Europe includes: Belarus, Bulgaria, Hungary, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine and the Czech Republic.

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STATES AND THEIR CAPITALS STATE CAPITAL BULGARIA HUNGARY POLAND ROMANIA SLOVAKIA CZECH REPUBLIC MOLDAVIA UKRAINE BELARUS

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STATES AND THEIR CAPITALS STATE CAPITAL BULGARIA SOFIA HUNGARY BUDAPEST POLAND WARSAW ROMANIA BUCHAREST SLOVAKIA BRATISLAVA CZECH REPUBLIC PRAGUE MOLDAVIA CHISINAU UKRAINE KIEV BELARUS MINSK

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BULGARIA The national flag of the Republic of Bulgaria consists of three horizontal stripes of equal size: white on top, green in the middle, red below. The first of them represents freedom and peace, the second - forests and agriculture, the third - the blood shed in the struggle for state independence. The coat of arms of Bulgaria is a dark red shield topped with the historical crown of Bulgaria. The shield depicts a crowned golden lion standing on its hind legs. The shield is held by two golden crowned lions. Under the shield are oak branches and a ribbon with the motto “Unity is right silat” (Unity gives strength).

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BULGARIA Bulgaria's full official form is the Republic of Bulgaria - a state in Eastern Europe, in the eastern part of the Balkan Peninsula, occupies 22% of its area. The country was named after the ethnonym of the people - Bulgarians. Population - 7,364,570 people; territory - 110,993 km². In the European Union it ranks: 11th in terms of territory, 16th in terms of population. The capital is Sofia. The official language is Bulgarian. A significant part of the population (about 78%) professes Orthodoxy

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BULGARIA An industrial country with developed agriculture. One of the main sectors of the economy is also tourism and the service sector. The volume of GDP per capita is $ 13,562. Members of many international organizations: the UN since 1955, the OSCE since 1975, the BSEC since 1992, the Council of Europe, the WTO since 1996, NATO since 2004, the EU since 2007.

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BULGARIA Advantages: coal and gas reserves. Productive agriculture, especially winemaking and tobacco production. Close ties with the EU. Weaknesses: infrastructure and equipment are outdated; high debt in all sectors. Privatization and structural reforms that lasted until 1998. The reforms led to stabilization in the economy, the rise of industry and an increased influx of foreign investment into the country. The European Commission recognized Bulgaria as a market economy in 2002, thereby recognizing the government's success in carrying out market reforms

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HUNGARY The national flag of the Republic of Hungary consists of red, white and green horizontal stripes. The red color symbolizes the blood of Hungarian patriots shed in the struggle for Hungarian independence. White color is a symbol of moral purity and nobility of the ideals of the Hungarian people. Green color is a symbol of hope for a better future for the country. The coat of arms of Hungary is a heraldic shield divided vertically in two. Heraldically, the right side of the shield is divided into eight horizontal alternating red and silver stripes. On the left side of the shield in a red field is a silver six-pointed cross, standing on a green hill crowned with a golden crown, the middle of the three. The shield is topped with the crown of St. Stephen.

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HUNGARY Hungary official form - Hungary is a state in Eastern Europe. Population - more than 10 million people; territory - 93,030 km². It ranks 89th in the world in terms of population and 108th in terms of territory. The capital is Budapest. The official language is Hungarian. Unitary state, parliamentary republic. It is divided into 20 administrative-territorial units, 19 of which are medya and 1 is a city of republican subordination, equal in status to medya. A landlocked continental state. It has land borders with Ukraine, Romania, Slovakia, Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia and Austria.

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HUNGARY The majority of believers (about 55% of the population) profess Catholicism. An industrial country with a dynamically developing economy. GDP per capita is 19,647 US dollars. The country has been a member of the UN since 1955, joined the GATT in 1973, joined the IMF and the IBRD in 1982, the Council of Europe in 1991 since 1999, a member of NATO since 2004 - the EU. From 1 January 2011, Hungary held the Presidency of the European Union for six months.

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HUNGARY Advantages: Having strengthened by 1998, Hungary opened up to foreign direct investment. Effective tax system. Reduced bureaucratization. Since the late 90s. stable growth based on exports. Developed industrial production, especially in new modernized firms. Fully convertible currency since mid-2001. Declining inflation. Weaknesses: Insufficient energy production. Internal development gap, eastern rural areas do not receive sufficient funding. Large difference in incomes of the population. Insufficient controls on money laundering. Hungary mainly exports engineering products and other industrial goods. The main foreign trade partner is Germany.

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POLAND The coat of arms of Poland is the official state symbol of the Republic of Poland. The image represents a white eagle with golden talons and beak, wearing a golden crown, on a red background. The national flag of Poland consists of two equal horizontal stripes, the top stripe is white and the bottom stripe is red.

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POLAND Poland official name is the Republic of Poland - a state in Eastern Europe. Population - more than 38.5 million people; territory - 312,679 km². It ranks 34th in the world in terms of population and 69th in terms of territory. The capital is Warsaw. The official language is Polish. The majority of believers (about 87% of the population) profess Catholicism. Unitary state, parliamentary republic. An industrial country with a dynamically developing economy. GDP per capita is $22,162.

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POLAND Poland is a former socialist country, so its economy was seriously affected by the political changes that occurred in the early 90s. So, at this time a wave of privatization began, during which the bulk of state property passed into private hands. A developed market economy promotes competition. The Polish economy also has its weaknesses. First of all, this is relatively high, by EU standards, unemployment (18% in 2004, but only 6.5% in 2008). Agriculture suffers from a lack of investment, an abundance of small farms and redundant staff.

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POLAND Mining of hard coal, brown coal and natural gas; sulfur, nitrate, table, potassium and rock salt and asbestos; iron ore, silver, nickel, gold, cobalt, copper, zinc, shale gas; logging, fishing, antler reindeer herding. Poland has a highly developed agriculture. Agriculture is dominated by crop production. The main grain crops are rye, wheat, barley, oats. Poland is a major producer of sugar beets, potatoes, and cabbage. The export of apples, strawberries, raspberries, currants, garlic, and onions is important. The leading branch of livestock farming is pig farming; dairy and beef cattle breeding, poultry farming; beekeeping. Marine fishing and reindeer husbandry.

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POLAND Leading branches of the manufacturing industry: mechanical engineering (production of fishing vessels, freight and passenger cars, road and construction machinery, machine tools, engines, electronics, industrial equipment, etc.), ferrous and non-ferrous (large-scale zinc production), metallurgy, chemical (sulfuric acid, fertilizers , pharmaceutical, perfumery and cosmetic products, photographic products), textile (cotton, linen, wool), clothing, cement, porcelain and earthenware production, sporting goods production (kayak, yachts, tents, etc.). furniture manufacture

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ROMANIA The flag of Romania is a red-yellow-blue tricolor - 3 vertical lines of equal width. It was adopted in 1848 during the revolution in Wallachia. The flag resembles some other European flags. The coat of arms of Romania is a golden eagle holding a cross in its beak and a scepter and sword in its paws. The shield, located on the eagle, is divided into five fields, each of which has a symbol of the historical region of Romania. Golden eagle - symbol of Wallachia Bison head - Moldavia Dolphins - Dobrudja Black eagle, seven castles, sun and moon - Transylvania Lion and bridge - Oltenia and Banata

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ROMANIA Romania is a country in Eastern Europe. Population - more than 19 million people; territory - 238,391 km². It ranks 52nd in the world in terms of population and 78th in terms of territory. The capital is Bucharest. The official language is Romanian. The majority of believers (about 87% of the population) profess Orthodoxy. It has borders with Ukraine, Moldova, Hungary, Serbia and Bulgaria. Unitary state, parliamentary republic. An industrial country with a dynamically developing economy. GDP per capita is 13,840 US dollars.

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ROMANIA Advantages: oil reserves, potential for tourism, declining inflation. Since 2000, there has been a steady recovery driven by rising exports. Weaknesses: strong corruption, high inflation (in 2008 - 8.1%). The protracted transition from a planned to a market economy. Slowly moving market reform. Small volume of foreign investment. One of the largest sectors of the economy is oil production, but oil reserves are insignificant and its production is constantly decreasing. One of the largest manufacturers of oil and gas equipment (80% of the production of all oil and gas equipment) is the Upetrom - 1 May plant in (Ploesti). Since the mid-2000s, Romania's oil consumption has been approximately twice its own production, and this ratio also applies to oil imports and exports.

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ROMANIA Romania has natural gas reserves and production, but in recent years the country has been forced to import gas to meet its needs. The leading branch of agriculture is crop production and grain farming. Viticulture is developed. In livestock farming - breeding sheep and cattle. The main items of Romanian export are products of mechanical engineering and the metallurgical industry. Imports are dominated by mechanical engineering products, raw materials, including oil and gas, textiles and textile products. The distribution of labor is about 30% in agriculture, 23% in industry, 47% in the service sector. The main foreign trade partners are Germany, Italy, France.

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SLOVAKIA The flag of Slovakia is based on the red and white of the ancient Slovak flag, as well as the white, blue and red Slavic tricolor. To the left of the center is the coat of arms of Slovakia. The coat of arms of Slovakia consists of a double silver cross on a red early Gothic shield, which stands on a symbolic image of three blue mountains. The double cross symbolizes the Christian cross, which was used starting in the 9th century in Byzantium and was brought to Slovakia by Cyril and Methodius.

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SLOVAKIA Slovakia, the official name is the Slovak Republic, is a state in Eastern Europe. Population - more than 5.4 million people; territory - 48,845 km². It ranks 112th in the world in terms of population and 127th in terms of territory. The capital is Bratislava. The official language is Slovak. The majority of believers (about 70% of the population) profess Catholicism. It has a land border with Ukraine, Poland, the Czech Republic, Austria and Hungary. Unitary state, parliamentary republic. GDP per capita is 23,384 US dollars.

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SLOVAKIA Slovakia is a developed industrial-agrarian country. Relatively developed diversified agriculture is based on modern material and technical base and infrastructure. Advantages: increased production, especially in the Bratislava area. Increased foreign investment, some success of the privatization program. Exporting to EU countries is profitable. EU membership should contribute to further stabilization. Prospects for tourism, especially for ski resorts in the Tatras. Low inflation (1.6%), poverty (7.2%) and public debt (52% of GDP) compared to the rest of Europe. Developed pharmaceuticals and drug production. Slovakia was able to reorient itself to the Western market in a very short time (2002-2005). Full market economy.

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SLOVAKIA Weaknesses: high unemployment - 12.3% in 2010. Due to its dependence on foreign trade, Slovakia is vulnerable to the global recession, but was less affected than Hungary. Heavy industry is a very unproductive and uncompetitive mechanism. The east of the country is poor (Kosice and Presov regions). Unemployment growth (in 2004 - 19%). Slovakia has overcome much of the difficult transition from a centrally planned economy to a modern market economy. As a result, the standard of living of the population increased and Slovakia was admitted to the EU. Privatization has largely been completed, the banking sector is almost entirely in foreign hands, and foreign investment is growing. The Slovak economy has exceeded expectations of the early 2000s, with the exception of a decline in exports.

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CZECH REPUBLIC The flag of the Czech Republic is the official state symbol of the Czech Republic. It is a rectangular panel consisting of two equal horizontal stripes: white and red, with the addition of a blue isosceles triangle at the base. The coat of arms of the Czech Republic is a combination of the coats of arms of the countries of the Czech Crown in the Middle Ages. The emblem of Bohemia is a white lion with two tails. The red and white eagle on a blue field belongs to Moravia. The black eagle on a golden background represents Silesia.

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CZECH REPUBLIC The Czech Republic, the official name of the Czech Republic, is a state in Eastern Europe. It borders with Poland (border length 658 km) in the north, Germany in the northwest and west (border length 646 km), Austria in the south (border length 362 km) and Slovakia in the east (border length 214 km). The total length of the border is 1880 km. The capital, Prague, has been a member of NATO since March 12, 1999, and a member of the European Union since May 1, 2004. Population - about 10.5 million people. The largest number of believers are Catholics (26.8% of the population), the next largest group is Protestants (2.5%).

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CZECH REPUBLIC The Czech Republic is an industrial country. The main industries are fuel and energy, metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemical, light and food. Among all post-communist states, the Czech Republic has one of the most stable and successful economic systems. Its basis is industry (mechanical engineering, electrical engineering and electronics, chemistry, food industry, ferrous metallurgy) and the service sector. The share of agriculture, forestry, and mining is insignificant and continues to decline.

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CZECH REPUBLIC The crisis was overcome by increasing exports to market economy countries, primarily the European Union (and within its framework, Germany), attracting foreign investment and increasing domestic consumption. After joining the European Union in May 2004, the Czech Republic's economic growth accelerated noticeably. In terms of foreign trade per capita, the country is one of the leaders, ahead of countries such as Japan, Great Britain, France or Italy. The global financial crisis had a strong negative impact on the development of the Czech economy in 2009. In the first half of 2010, the country's economy began to gradually emerge from the crisis.

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MOLDAVIA The flag of Moldova is a tricolor with equal stripes arranged vertically, in the following order starting from the flagpole: blue, yellow, red. In the center, on the yellow stripe, is the State Emblem of the Republic of Moldova. The coat of arms of Moldova is a crossed shield, in the upper part of which there is a red field, in the lower part there is a blue field. In the center of the shield is the head of a bison, between the horns of which there is an eight-pointed star, to the right of the head is a five-petalled rose, to the left is a crescent, facing and slightly inclined to the left. All elements on the shield are golden (yellow). The shield is placed on the chest of an eagle holding a golden cross in its beak (crusader eagle), in its claws: on the right - a green olive branch, on the left - a golden scepter.

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MOLDAVIA The climate of Moldova is favorable for agriculture. The country has no mineral deposits, and therefore the country's economy is based on agriculture. Almost all energy resources are imported. According to some estimates, up to 25% of Moldova's workforce works abroad. According to the European Commission's Directorate General for Trade, Moldova's export volume amounted to 1.6 billion euros in 2012. The main export items are food products and textiles. Main importers: European Union (54.6%), Ukraine (19.4%), Russia (8.1%), Belarus (5.4%), Turkey (4.8%)

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MOLDAVIA The main import items are mineral raw materials and fuel, machinery and equipment, chemicals, textiles. The main exporters are the European Union (53.5)%, Russia (21%), Ukraine (6%), Turkey (6%). There are 174 wineries in Moldova. In 2005, it was recognized by the World Bank as the poorest country in Europe. Moldova is a country with a relatively underdeveloped tourism industry, despite the existence of historical and modern tourist attractions on its territory. The most visited place by tourists in Moldova is its capital, Chisinau.

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UKRAINE The national flag of Ukraine is its official state symbol. It is a rectangular panel of two equal horizontal stripes: the upper one is blue and the lower one is yellow. The State Emblem of Ukraine consists of the Small and Large Coats of Arms. Currently, only the Small Coat of Arms is used. The large coat of arms of Ukraine exists in the form of a bill. The central heraldic figure of both coats of arms is the “trident” of the Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince Vladimir, ruler and baptist of Rus'. In addition, according to the Constitution of Ukraine, an element of the Great Coat of Arms should also be a Cossack with a musket, a symbol of the Zaporozhye Army.

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UKRAINE As of 2014, Ukraine ranked 96th in the global ease of doing business rankings. The economy, given its market nature, is characterized by an active role of the state: it owns approximately 140 large enterprises in various sectors of the national economy, and also controls prices for a number of goods, including basic food products and fuels and lubricants. In the volume of GDP, the share of industrial production in 2011 is 34.4%, the service sector - 56.2%, and agriculture - 9.4%. At the same time, 18.5% are employed in industry, 15.8% in agriculture, and 65.7% of the working population in the service sector. The total working-age population is 22.09 million people (30th place in the world), unemployment rate is 7% (81st place in the world)

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UKRAINE Main production centers: Cement: Balakleya, Amvrosievka, Zdolbunov, Bakhchisarai, Nikolaev. Production of reinforced concrete: Kharkov, Dnepropetrovsk, Zaporozhye, Krivoy Rog, Chernigov, Kiev, Donetsk, Sokiryany, Kakhovka Production of wall materials: Sumy, Kiev, Khmelnitsky, Chernivtsi, Chernigov Glass industry: Kiev, Stryi, Konstantinovka, Lvov, Berezhany, Bucha Porcelain earthenware industry: Budy, Korosten, Baranovka, Sumy

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UKRAINE The food industry employs 12.8% of the country's working population. The range of manufactured products includes more than 3,000 items. The forest resources of Ukraine are very limited, the forest cover of the territory is 14.3%. The main forests are concentrated in the Carpathians, Polesie and the Crimean mountains. Valuable tree species are common - beech, oak, spruce, pine, ash. The logging industry was formed in the Carpathians and Polesie (90% of all logging). Forests have been depleted by merciless exploitation. Large centers: Lviv, Chernivtsi, Ivano-Frankivsk, Lutsk, Zhitomir, Chernigov, Rakhiv, Yasinya, Khust, Uzhgorod, Mukachevo, Kostopol, Shostka.

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BELARUS The national flag of the Republic of Belarus is a rectangular panel consisting of two horizontally placed colored stripes: the upper one is red and the lower one is green. The Belarusian national ornament of red color is placed vertically at the shaft on a white field. The state emblem of the Republic of Belarus is a green outline of the country superimposed on the golden rays of the sun rising over the globe. A five-pointed red star is placed above the outline. The coat of arms is framed by a wreath of golden rye ears intertwined with clover flowers on the right and flax on the left. The ears are entwined with a red and green ribbon, on which at the bottom there is an inscription in gold: “Republic of Belarus”.

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BELARUS Belarus official name is the Republic of Belarus, official abbreviated name Belarus is a state in Eastern Europe. It borders with Russia in the east, Ukraine in the south, Poland in the west, Lithuania and Latvia in the northwest. Population - 9.4751 million people. Country area - 207,599 km². Capital - Minsk State languages ​​- Belarusian and Russian. It is a founding member of the UN, CIS, CSTO, EurAsEC, Union State, EAEU, as well as a member of other international associations. GDP per capita US$17,700.

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BELARUS The economy in Belarus is built on the principles of a socially-oriented, market model. The structure of the Belarusian economy is characterized by the dominance of state ownership in the production, energy, transport, mining, construction, agricultural and banking sectors, and a small share of the private sector. The country has developed energy, mechanical engineering, agriculture, chemical and forestry industries, construction, production of building materials and mining industries. The main export items are petroleum products, potash fertilizers, engineering products, chemical and food industries.

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