T 80ud birch in the Ukrainian army. For jet "eighties" of the Russian army

Health 19.07.2019

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MAIN TANK T-80UD (OBJECT 478B BIRCH)

Work on the tank "object 478" in the KMDB im. A.A. Morozov began in the mid-1970s with the aim of increasing combat and specifications tank T-80 and installation of a diesel engine on it. It was supposed to install a new turret, tested on the tank ob.476. Two main versions of the tank were designed - object 478, which differed in the installation of various types of diesel engines. As a result of long work on the machine, the main tank T-80UD (object 478B) was created and in 1987 was put into service.

The project for the improvement of the tank "object 478" was carried out by the KMDB im. A.A. Morozov in 1976, he received the designation - "object 478M". The tank was supposed to use the active protection complex "Shater", which defends the sector at a rate of 200 degrees, the number of cluster shots - 20 pieces, the probability of hitting shells - 0.7-0.8.

Work on the tank "object 478B" "Birch" was started by the KMDB them. A.A. Morozova (General Designer I.L. Protopopov) in the mid-1970s (object 478) and ended in 1987 with the adoption of the T-80UD tank. As a result, during the creation of the tank, the Reflex guided weapon system, the 1A45 fire control system, etc. were placed on the tank. The series began in 1987. Sometimes referred to as T-80UD (unofficial name). In 1988, the tank was upgraded.

In accordance with the Decision of the Council of Ministers Commission on Military-Industrial Issues of January 21, 1977, the development of a more powerful 6TD-2 diesel engine with an HP 1200 capacity began for modernized tanks. Since 1983, tests of the engine on experimental tanks began, in 1992 its mass production began.

In 1988, the T-80U tank with a 6TD diesel engine was upgraded. Built-in dynamic protection was installed on it, weapons systems were finalized. In the early 1990s, the tank was preparing to be adopted by the Soviet Army under the symbol T-84. Subsequently, the designation T-84 received the next version of the Ukrainian modernization of the T-80UD tank.

During serial production for the Armed Forces Soviet Union 800 T-80UD tanks were produced. After the collapse of the USSR, about 50 tanks were produced.
MBT T-80UD was demonstrated and tested in Pakistan in 1993 and 1995 as part of a tender for the supply of a new MBT for this country.

In 1996, Pakistan signed a contract with Ukraine for the supply of 320 T-80UD. The first batch (15 cars) was delivered at the beginning of 1997, and in 1999 the contract was successfully completed.

Since October 1996, Ukraine began deliveries of T-80UD tanks (object 478BE, a tank variant with new structural elements from the T-84 tank, including a new design welded turret) to Pakistan, the total contract includes 320 vehicles. Until June 1997, 50 tanks were delivered, they were sorted out and modernized old ones, and the rest were made again. Tanks that have undergone modernization with a cast turret received the index "478BE", and those newly made with a welded-rolled turret - "478BE-1".

Many systems and components of the T-84 were introduced into the vehicles of the last batches, including a new welded-rolled turret, etc.

The main armament of these tanks is the 125-mm KBA3 smoothbore gun (the 2A46M1 gun was installed in the USSR and Russia), loaded using a conveyor-type automatic loader. The gun is equipped with a propellant gas ejector and a thermal jacket. The gun barrel is quick-detachable and can be replaced in the field without dismantling the gun from the tank.

Ammunition for the gun is 45 separate loading shots (projectile and charge), of which 28 are placed in the automatic loader conveyor, and the rest are in the control compartment and in the fighting compartment. Used ammunition: armor-piercing sub-caliber, cumulative, high-explosive fragmentation and rockets guided by laser beam.

A feature of the tank is the presence of guided weapons, which allows you to fire from a cannon with laser-guided guided missiles at ranges up to 5000 m. The missile consists of two parts. The first part includes a throwing device and a hardware compartment with a steering device. The second part consists of a sustainer engine and a tandem warhead. Both parts are stored in the autoloader conveyor in the same way as conventional ammunition. The docking of the two parts of the rocket occurs in the bore when fired.

The T-80UD is equipped with a modern fire control system that ensures that the gunner and commander can fire at fixed and moving targets from a standstill and on the move with a high probability of hitting the first shot.

The fire control complex consists of a 1G46 gunner's day sight, a TO1-KO1E gunner's night complex, a PNK-4S sighting and observation system for the commander, a PZU-7 anti-aircraft sight, a 1ETs29 anti-aircraft gun control system, a 1V528-1 ballistic computer with input sensors, and an armament stabilizer. 2E42 and other devices.

The gunner's day sight 1G46 has a line of sight stabilized in two planes, a built-in laser rangefinder and a guided missile control channel.
With the standard configuration of the tank, the gunner has a TO1-KO1E night sighting system with a TPN-4E sight (with an electron-optical converter), however, it is possible to install a Buran-Katrin-E thermal imaging sight.
The sighting and observation system of the PNK-4S commander consists of a combined day-night sight of the commander TKN-4S and a gun position sensor.

The commander's combined sight TKN-4S is stabilized in the vertical plane and has three channels: a daytime single channel, a daytime multiple channel with a magnification of 8x and a night channel with a magnification of 5.4x. The commander can switch from the day channel to the night one (with an image intensifier tube) and vice versa using the lever.

The anti-aircraft sight allows the commander to fire at air targets from an anti-aircraft machine gun mount while being protected by the turret armor.

The ballistic calculator 1B528-1 for calculating ballistic corrections automatically takes into account the signals coming from the following sensors: tank speed, target angular velocity, gun trunnion axis roll angle, wind speed transverse component, target range, heading angle. Additionally, the following parameters are entered for manual calculation: ambient air temperature, charge temperature, barrel bore wear, ambient air pressure, etc. The calculator also calculates the moment of explosion high-explosive projectile over the target.

The fire control complex provides for the so-called "shot resolution zone", i.e. after pressing the firing button, a shot will occur only if the mismatch between the line of sight and the axis of the bore does not exceed the specified value. The size of the "shot resolution zone" is adjusted when setting up the fire control complex in the tank.

The T-80UD tank can hide its location on the battlefield by setting up a smoke or aerosol screen. On the sides of the tower there are four launchers smoke grenades that are electrically activated.
The T-80UD can also install a smoke screen by injecting diesel fuel into the engine exhaust system (i.e. using the so-called thermal smoke equipment).

In order to reduce the thermal visibility of the tank on the battlefield, the roof of the T-80UD engine compartment is equipped with a special thermal protection.
The main battle tank T-80UD is equipped with a 6-cylinder diesel engine 6TD-1 with a capacity of 1000 hp.

The engine air intake ensures that air enters the engine from the least dusty point of the tank. In addition, the air intake device allows the tank to overcome water obstacles up to 1.8 m deep without preparation.
The air cleaning system consists of two main components: centrifugal pre-filters and an air cleaner cassette. The system allows the tank to be operated in hot and dusty conditions in the amount of 1000 km without the need to change filters, as well as in conditions of radioactive contamination.

Suspension - torsion bar. On each side of the hull there are six double rubberized road wheels. The steering wheel is located in the bow of the hull, the drive wheel is in the stern. Support rollers are also available.
The upper part of the suspension is protected by side screens, which are armored in the bow of the hull (with the installation of built-in dynamic protection).
A rubber screen is fixed at the bottom of the nose of the hull to keep the spread of dust.

Standard equipment of the main battle tank The T-80UD also includes a collective protection system, underwater driving equipment, an explosion and fire suppression system, radiation protection (lining) and self-digging equipment (located on the lower inclined sheet of the aft hull).

The collective protection system provides protection for the crew and internal equipment of the tank from the effects of nuclear explosions, radioactive dust, toxic and bacteriological substances.

Underwater driving equipment allows the tank to overcome water obstacles up to 5 m deep (the T-80UD tank overcomes water obstacles up to 1.8 m deep without preparation).

The fire extinguishing system ensures the detection and extinguishing of internal fires both in the habitable compartment and in the engine compartment.
Radiation protection is made in the form of lining on the inner and outer surfaces of the tank.

Self-digging equipment allows you to dig a tank caponier within 15-40 minutes, depending on the type of soil.

The T-80UD main battle tank can be equipped with various types of mine sweeps (connected to the nose of the hull), including a KMT-6 knife-type mine sweep and a KMT-7 roller-type mine sweep. Two barrels with an additional supply of fuel, as well as a log for self-pulling the tank, can be mounted at the stern of the hull.

Today it is no secret that in the USSR after the Second World War there were excess capacities for the creation and production of tanks. This gave rise to a fierce competition between the three design bureaus - developers - in Kharkov, Nizhny Tagil and Leningrad - for the right to supply their products for service.

This struggle intensified especially in the 1970s and 1980s, and the experience gained then came in handy when, as a result of several tender tests, a contract was signed for the supply of a large batch of T-80UD tanks to Pakistan since 1997. By this time, all its components were mastered in production, with the exception of the tank gun.

However, the requirement of the customer - the independence of supplies from third countries and the statements of individual politicians forced to speed up the organization of the production of barrels at the Sumy NPO named after. Frunze, and the breech - at the Plant. Malyshev. As a result, in 1998, the development of the gun and the organization of its production were completed.

At present, the T-80UD tanks have improved armor protection, an improved fire control system. The tank can be operated at temperatures from -40 to +55 degrees C.

On the basis of the T-80UD tank created:
command tank T-80UDK;
experimental object 478D with a night observation device TPN-4 "Buran-E" and a firing system for high-explosive fragmentation projectiles "Aynet" that detonate them at a given point; experimental objects 478BK with a welded turret, three machines were manufactured;
experienced tanks- objects 478DU and 478DU2 with various types chassis (with steel and rubber-coated rollers).

Currently, the T-80UD is in service with Ukraine, Russia and Pakistan.
After the collapse of the USSR, work on the further improvement of technology based on the "478D" was already indicated with the prefix "U". "Object 478DU" (T-84) is similar to the "478D" tank, but has a T-64 chassis. Passed tests, one copy was made.

In the "object 478DU2" in comparison with the "478D" there was no auxiliary power plant and a new welded-rolled tower was installed. The tower has a new built-in dynamic protection (VDZ), the installation of smoke grenades has been changed. Manufactured prototype passed the test. Not serially produced.

"Object 478DU4" differed from "DU2" by installing a new auxiliary power unit on the left fender. On the body - a new dynamic protection.

"Object 478DU5" participated in the first stages of testing in the Turkish tender. Unlike "DU4" there is air conditioning at the rear of the tower. Ankara's demands turned out to be very tough, especially in terms of weapons. It required the installation of a 120-mm gun for NATO standard shells.

In a short time, the “object 478N” was developed, which received its own name “Yatagan”, with the required artillery mount and a new belt automatic loader for 22 shots, located in the "tail" behind the stern of the tower. The rest of the shells were placed in a mechanized stowage in the hull. One prototype was built, which passed the second stage of the tender in Turkey. According to the results of the competition, the documentation for the tank was finalized and prepared for serial production under the index "478N1".
Specially for the tender in Malaysia, an “object 478DU8” was made taking into account the specifics of the region - the caterpillar was expanded to 600 millimeters.

"Object 478DU9" (tank "Oplot") was tested and was adopted by the army of Ukraine, a series of ten vehicles was manufactured in 2001. A new commander's sight with a laser rangefinder and the Aynet system are used.

The Oplot main battle tank was developed on the basis of the T-80UD, but differs from it in a number of improvements, namely:
- new welded rolled turret
- built-in dynamic protection of a new generation, providing increased security in the front sector from both cumulative and armor-piercing projectiles
- thermal sight
- engine 6TD-2 with a power of 1200 hp instead of the 1000-horsepower engine installed on the T-80UD
- transition to digital technology in relation to the components of the fire control complex and related systems
- a complex of optoelectronic countermeasures
- auxiliary power unit
- system for accounting for the bending of the bore
- navigation support system
- wider side screens providing additional protection of the hull sides and undercarriage components from anti-tank weapons short range actions taken by enemy infantry.

By order of the US Army, three 478BEM-1 tanks were manufactured for four vehicles with the installation of the Drozd-1 active protection complex (KAZ) and an auxiliary power plant(APU) on the left fender and one tank "478BEM-2" with air conditioning on the rear of the tower and the APU on the left fender.
On May 28, 2009, the tank "Oplot-M" - "object 478DU10" was adopted by the army of Ukraine.

It is possible to supply the following main auxiliary vehicles that provide logistics for the T-80UD tank during its service life:
- armored recovery vehicle (based on the T-80UD chassis)
- armored bridgelayer (based on the Oplot tank chassis)
- caterpillar transporter capable of carrying 12 tons of cargo (its main components are similar to those of the T-80UD)
various mobile workshops for tank maintenance (based on off-road vehicles)

Product "478BP" - an armored recovery vehicle BREM "Athlete" is made on the basis of the chassis of the tank "Oplot", which provides the vehicle with comparable dynamic and mobile characteristics, the necessary level of protection and maneuverability. "Athlete" is designed to solve a wide range of technical support tasks for tank units during their conduct of all types of combat operations in various weather and climatic conditions: conducting technical reconnaissance on the battlefield day and night, towing faulty and damaged samples of armored vehicles to the nearest shelters and to collection points for damaged vehicles (SPPM), starting the engines of serviced vehicles by electric and pneumatic methods, assisting crews in carrying out current repairs, carrying out lifting works, pulling out stuck and sunken samples of armored vehicles with all types of jamming, forcing water barriers along the bottom, self-digging, welding and cutting, earthmoving when equipping SPPM, entrances and exits.

Product "478BM" - MTU-84 bridge layer, the documentation for which was developed, but the prototype was not built.

Condition entered service in 1985
Developer KMDB them. A.A. Morozova
Manufacturer HZTM
Production series from 1985 to 1988

Combat weight, t 46
Dry weight, t 43
Length, mm:
- with gun forward 9664
- cases 7085
Width, mm 3589
roof height
towers, mm 2285
Clearance, mm 515
Wed beats pressure on
soil, kg/cm2 0.93
Overcome obstacles:
- rise, hail 32
- roll, hail 20
- ditch, m 2.85
- wall, m 1.0
- ford, m 1.8 (with OPVT -5)

Engine type diesel 6TD
- manufacturer of software "Plant im. Malyshev"
Maximum
power, hp 1000
Fuel reserve, l 740+560
Specific power,
hp/t 21.7
Max speed,
km/h 60
Power reserve, km 560

Reservation anti-cannon,
combined with hinged dynamic protection "Contact"
Statement means
smoke curtain TDA, 8x902B

Crew, pers. 3

Armament:
- number x caliber, mm and type of gun 125 mm 2A46M1
(ammunition, pcs.) (45)
- number x caliber, mm and type of machine guns 12.7 mm NSVT
(ammunition, pcs.) (450)
- number x caliber, mm and type of machine guns 7.62 mm PKT
(ammunition, pcs.) (1250)

Rangefinder sight 1G46
Night sight:
Type active-passive TPN-4 "Buran-PA"
- developer Krasnogorsk plant them. S.A. Zvereva
Manufacturer ROMZ
Target identification range, m up to 3000
Field of view angle, deg. 4 x 2.7
Magnification, fold. up to 11
Fire control complex 1А45
Control complex. armed 9K119
Navigation equipment GPK-59
Armament stabilizer 2E42
Radio R-173

T-80UD "Object 478BE"

History of creation

In the 70s, the KMDB carried out a lot of work to improve the serial T-64B tank, which included the installation of a new 6TD diesel engine with a capacity of 1000 ... 1200 hp. and improve the performance of the weapons control system.

A new fighting compartment was developed, which was then adopted without changes for installation on the T-80U tank. The T-80U tank was structurally different from the serial T-64B tank mainly in two features:

the use of track rollers with external busbars (instead of rollers with internal shock absorption);
installation of a gas turbine engine (GTE) instead of a diesel engine.

The layout of the T-80U tank is similar to that adopted on the T-64 and is based on developments in its modernization.

The gas turbine engine had a number of unresolved shortcomings that prevented it from becoming a mass engine - high fuel consumption and high cost.

Due to the fact that the cost of a gas turbine engine was 8-10 times higher than the cost of a diesel engine, and also that the gas turbine engine has 1.2-1.4 times more fuel consumption, it was considered expedient to entrust KMDB to them. A.A. Morozov to develop a version of the T-80U tank with a diesel engine. The development of the engine was provided for by the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR dated June 16, 1981 No. 701-200, obliging to develop, manufacture and test two T-80U tanks with 6TD engines with a capacity of 1000 hp.

The manufacture and assembly of tanks was carried out jointly by the V.A. Malyshev”, KMDB named after Morozov and KhKBD. Tests were carried out in 1983 at the test site 38 of the Research Institute of BTVT in the village of Kubinka in the amount of 6000 km. The test program was completed in full.

As a result of the work carried out, it was established:

in terms of tank mobility with GTD and 6TD engines with a power of 1000 hp. are equivalent;
maximum speeds tanks are the same;
overclocking characteristics do not differ;
the fuel efficiency of tanks with a piston engine is 1.6-1.7 times better. In this regard, the same power reserves are provided with smaller volumes of fuel tanks;
the braking performance of a piston engine is 1.4 times better.

The average speeds and acceleration characteristics of the compared tanks were the same, the fuel consumption in liters per 100 km was:

with gas turbine engines - 690, with 6TD-1 - 420 l/100 km, which is 1.65 times less compared to gas turbine engines;
power losses with temperature increase by 10 °C: with GTE - 10%, with 6TD-1 - 2%.

Based on the tests carried out, it was concluded that the use of the 6TD engine in tanks is justified.

Based on the work carried out, the documentation of the T-80U tank with a 6TD-1 engine with a power of 1000 hp. in December 1983, the IAC was approved. The specified tank, by the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of 09/02/85 No. 837-249, was accepted for mass production with the wording "T-80U tank with a 6TD engine" and in accordance with Order of the Ministry of Defense No. 510 of 09/19/85. in parallel with the T-64B was mass-produced by the plant. Malyshev.

Government Decree No. 837-249 “On measures to organize mass production of 6TD tank multi-fuel diesel engines and T-80U tanks with this engine” stated:

accept the proposal of the Ministry of Defense to organize in the production association “Plant named after V.A. Malyshev" serial production of a tank with a 6TD engine instead of a gas turbine engine;
release the Ministry of Defense Industry from the organization of mass production of gas turbine engines. Transfer the existing equipment to the Ministry of Aviation Industry and the Ministry of Defense;
oblige the Ministry of Defense Industry to present in the IV quarter. 1985 for approval of the design documentation for the T-80UD tank with the 6TD-1 engine;
to complete in 1986 work on the creation of the 6TD-2 engine with a power of 1200 hp. and installing it in the tank; submit proposals for the start of serial production of tanks in 1987.

The engine-transmission compartment of the Object-476, developed back in 1979, was fully adopted for all tanks in which a power plant with a 6TD engine was installed (Object-476, T-64BM, T-64B1M, T-64AM), in including for the version of the tank "T-80U with a 6TD engine" (the factory index of the object is 478B).

Tank 478B is an "Object-476", in which, instead of road wheels with internal shock absorption, road wheels with external tires are installed.

As noted in his book "Motors and Fates" chief designer HKBD N.K. Ryazantsev, the deployment of production in Kharkov of the gas turbine engine failed due to the thoughtlessness of the actions of a number of people who held the first posts in the state. The money spent on the construction of the plant, the purchase of machine tools, including Western countries were partially lost. Most importantly, time was wasted.

Thus ended the gas turbine epic, which took 8 years. After the death of D.F. Ustinov, the conviction of many people who were previously supporters of the GTD, although by this time they held high positions, also changed.

The successful development of production and the results of the control experimental military operation of a battalion of T-80UD tanks with a 6TD-1 engine in the Kantamirov division served as the basis for stopping the production of T-64 tanks at the plant.

Before the transition of the association “Plant named after V.A. Malyshev" for the production of a new tank and in order to get acquainted with the progress of mass production and promising work on January 27, 1988, the association, KKBD and KMDB were visited by the Minister of Defense D.T. Yazov.

The Minister of Defense in his opening remarks noted that he would like to know when and how many tanks the Soviet Army will receive?

The plant has completely switched to the production of T-80UD tanks. The production of 6TD-1 engines increased. In 1986, 62 engines were manufactured, in 1987 - 99, in 1988 - 183. In total, for the period 1986-1990. produced 776 engines. The best units of the Soviet Army, in particular, the Kantemirovskaya division, were equipped with new tanks. In total, about 700 T-80UD tanks were produced.

According to the leadership of the GBTU and the Ministry of Defense Industry, the T-80UD was supposed to become the single main Soviet tank.

“... We have developed a single T-80UD tank with a 1250 hp diesel engine. (in the backlog was 1500 hp) and with more powerful weapons. I reported three times at a special meeting at the Central Committee of the CPSU in the presence of Minister of Defense Marshal of the Soviet Union S.F. Sokolov and Deputy Minister of Defense for Armaments General of the Army V.M. Shabanov, the procedure for re-equipping factories with the T-80UD tank. It was envisaged to stop plants one by one for two or three goals to prepare them for serial production single tank T-80UD, the creator of which was the general designer, Major General N.A. Shomin at the Malyshev plant. The Central Committee of the CPSU supported my initiative, and the State Planning Commission, together with the Ministry of Defense Industry and the State Technical University, prepared a plan for the reconstruction of factories in 2000 ... "

Head of GBTU (1980-1987), Colonel General Y. POTAPOV.

But in 1991, the USSR collapsed, Ukraine became an independent state, and was left alone with the production of T-80UD tanks, as well as a new generation tank with fundamentally new layout and design solutions created in the KMDB.

Export

The first display of two Ukrainian T-80UD tanks in Pakistan took place from August 2 to September 15, 1993 in the hot conditions of the Thar desert. 12 KMDB employees and 1 KKBD employee headed by General Designer M.D. were sent to participate in the tests. Borisyuk. The test program was designed for three months, and ended in one and a half. The tanks ran two thousand kilometers each. The test results surprised the Pakistani side with the reliability of the equipment and the promptness of the tests.

Despite the positive results of testing equipment in the conditions of the customer, the Pakistani side was in no hurry to make a final decision due to the lack of unity among high-ranking military leaders on the issue of choosing the type of tank. There was a long and painstaking work to prove the advantages of the Ukrainian tank.

As a result of the agreement, in the summer of 1995, the Ukrainian delegation left for Pakistan again. The joint delegation was headed by General Designer M.D. Borisyuk and General B.C. Medvid.

Video

T-80UD tests in Pakistan

T-80UD Pakistan contract

Tests of two tanks were carried out in the period from July 14 to September 15, 1995 in the amount of three thousand kilometers. This run, which showed that Ukrainian tanks are able to work in the desert in the hottest conditions. The declared technical parameters of the combat vehicle were actually confirmed. Some skepticism of Pakistani tankers should be noted. They did not believe that Ukrainian tanks with our own power plant would be able to work in the harshest conditions of the desert. For this they had reasons: Pakistani tanks Chinese development with English and Chinese engines did not withstand such tests.

Repeated successful tests were the basis for continuing negotiations with the Pakistani side to conclude a contract.

In order to get acquainted with the production of tanks at the plant in December 1995, a representative Pakistani delegation arrived in Kharkov.

The issues of training Pakistanis in operation and repair were discussed. It was these questions that were the subject of subsequent discussion in 1996 in Pakistan. M.D. was an invariable participant in these negotiations. Borisyuk. The negotiations were very difficult. Their last stage lasted from May 15 to June 30. Finally, the historic signing of the contract took place on June 30, 1996.

The first batch of cars went to Pakistan in February 1997; the last one was in November 1999. As of 01/01/2005, the tanks have been in operation for 5 to 8 years. Naturally, they have different levels of operating time: from 150 to 450 hours. All tanks and engines are in working order.

Firepower

The T-80UD is armed with a 125 mm 2A46M-1 smoothbore gun. Rate of fire up to 8 rounds per minute on the move. There are 28 shots in the loading mechanism conveyor, the total ammunition load is 45 shots. The main anti-tank weapons of the T-80U are 3BM-42 armor-piercing sub-caliber projectiles with a tungsten alloy core and ZBM32 rounds with a depleted uranium core. A special place is occupied by the Reflex guided weapon system with laser beam control with 9M119 and 9M119M missiles, which ensure the destruction of tanks and other targets at a distance of up to 5000 m.

The Reflex complex can be used against low-flying targets - helicopters. The 9MI19 missile, guided by a laser beam, provides a range of hitting a tank-type target when firing at ranges of 5000 m with a probability of 0.8 and at a range of 4000 with a probability of 0.9

The tank is equipped with a 1A45 fire control system, which includes:

day sight fire control system including:

gunner's day sight 1G46 with independent stabilization of the field of view in two planes and a laser rangefinder;
armament stabilizer, consisting of an electro-hydraulic drive VN (vertical guidance), an electromechanical drive GN (horizontal guidance), a stabilizer control unit and sensors;
ballistic computer 1B528-1 for calculating ballistic corrections automatically takes into account the signals coming from the following sensors: tank speed, target angular velocity, gun trunnion axis roll angle, wind speed transverse component, target range, heading angle. Additionally, the following parameters are entered for manual calculation: ambient air temperature, charge temperature, barrel bore wear, ambient air pressure, etc. The calculator also calculates the moment of detonation of a high-explosive fragmentation projectile above the target.
a set of sensors for firing conditions, consisting of sensors: transverse wind, roll, tank speed, heading angle (cosine potentiometer);
gunner's night sight TPN-4E with dependent stabilization of the field of view in two planes (the device is connected to the gun by a parallelogram; The sight is equipped with a mechanism for manual range measurement with "base on target" and manual range entry on ballistic scales in the field of view. Shooting is carried out only when the ballistic computer is turned off;
commander's day-night sight TKN-4S with independent stabilization of the field of view by VN and dependent stabilization of the field of view by GN (stabilization of the field of view is provided by turret stabilization). TKN-4S is equipped with a mechanism for manual range measurement with a "base on the target", manual range entry on ballistic scales in the field of view, through which the ballistic computer is automatically turned off (DOUBLE mode);

anti-aircraft sight PZU-7.

Day and night sights are located at the gunner's place, and day-night sights at the commander's place.

The 1G46 Irtysh daytime optical sight with a built-in laser rangefinder allows the gunner to detect small targets. Regardless of the gun, the sight is stabilized in two planes. His pancreatic system changes the magnification of the optical channel within x3.6…12.0.

At night, the gunner searches and aims using the TPN-4E active-passive sight, which also has a stabilized field of view. Target recognition range at night - 1200 m.

The gunner commander conducts surveillance and gives target designation to the gunner using the PNK-4S sighting and observation day-night complex, stabilized in the vertical plane.

Anti-aircraft machine gun located on the commander's hatch, has remote control and is intended for firing at air and ground targets with closed tank hatches from the commander's seat. The vertical pointing angle ranges from -5° to +70°, horizontally - in the range of +/-75° heading, or 360° with the tank turret. Vertically, in the range of angles from -3° to +20°, the machine gun is stabilized.

Instead of the Buran sight with an image intensifier tube, it is possible to install the Buran-Katrin complex, work is provided using a ballistic computer and a laser rangefinder, the 1G46M gunner's sight has been modernized, and built-in control of the main parameters is provided. Provided automatic compensation for the withdrawal of the line of sight.

Protection

The armor protection of the T-80UD, which includes modern multilayer armor and a set of built-in dynamic protection installed on the turret and hull, provides the tank with a high level of survivability on the battlefield. The T-80UD tank can hide its location on the battlefield by setting up a smoke or aerosol screen. On the sides of the tower there are four smoke grenade launchers, which are electrically activated.

The T-80UD can also install a smokescreen by injecting diesel fuel into the engine exhaust system (i.e. using the so-called thermal smoke equipment).

In order to reduce the thermal visibility of the tank on the battlefield, the roof of the T-80UD engine compartment is equipped with a special thermal protection.

The first series of the tank were equipped with a hinged set of dynamic protection "Contact-1". Later, the Kontakt-5 universal dynamic protection complex was installed on the tank. This type of DZ works both against cumulative weapons (KS) and against armor-piercing sub-caliber projectiles (BPS).

The built-in dynamic protection covers more than 60% of the surface in the heading angles of fire of ±20° (on the hull) and ±35° (on the turret). The combination of advanced multi-layered combined armor and VDZ reduces the threat of tank damage by the most massive cumulative and kinetic weapons.

Turret of the 478B tank with a cast base and a diagram of the installation of a built-in remote sensing on the upper part of the frontal assembly of the hull.

Combined multilayer armor of the upper frontal part of the hull and combined filler in the turret: 1. Honeycomb casting.2. Metal-ceramic package.

After the collapse of the USSR, Ukraine mastered the production of a new tower design with a rolled base. The tower is made of armored steel of increased hardness obtained by electroslag remelting (ESR). Steel with ESR provides an increase in durability in equal structures by 10-15% compared to rolled steel of medium hardness. Thus, a tower with a rolled base (ESR) has significant advantages in terms of armor resistance in comparison with a tower with a cast base.

The merit in mastering the production of a new design turret largely belongs to one of the oldest manufacturers of armored steel, armored hulls and tank turrets - Azovmash Production Association. Large-tonnage horizontal ingots for obtaining heterogeneous armor, blanks of large heterogeneous dies, cast ESL complex-shaped blanks for tank sides, blanks for tank turrets were obtained according to technological schemes that had no analogues in the practice of world engineering. Work in the field of creating new armor materials based on electroslag made it possible to work out design and technological solutions that became the basis for the production of T-80UD tanks with a welded-rolled turret.

The tower is made of armored steel of increased hardness obtained by electroslag remelting (ESR). Steel with ESR provides a 10-15 percent increase in durability in equal structures compared to rolled steel of medium hardness.

The subsequent increase in the protection of tanks, according to experts, is associated with the use of a modular design of the armor protection of the hull and turret of the tank. The modular design of the armor makes it possible to increase the anti-ballistic resistance without changing the thickness and mass of the armor, and provides the possibility of improving the armor over time. life cycle tank and the ability to replace old modules with new ones made from armor created with the latest technological advances. Protective modules can be quickly replaced in case of damage. Moreover, these works can be performed in the field. In addition, it is possible to manufacture protective modules in mass production, which significantly reduces their cost.

The tower consists of two removable protective modules mounted on a welded base. Each protective module is securely attached to the main armor of the turret.

On the outer surface of the forehead of the tower within the heading angle + 35 installed blocks of dynamic protection.The roof of the tower is made of one-piece stamped, which increased its rigidity, ensured manufacturability and stable quality in mass production.

An important advantage of the T-80UD was its perfect system of protection against weapons of mass destruction, surpassing such protection of the best foreign NATO tanks. The tank is equipped with a lining and a lining of hydrogen-containing polymers with additives of lead, lithium and boron, local protection screens made of heavy metals and an automatic sealing system for habitable compartments and air purification.

The use of a self-digging system with a bulldozer blade 2140 mm wide and a system for setting smoke screens using the Tucha system, which includes eight 902B grenade launchers, contributes to an increase in survival. The tank can also be equipped with a mounted KMT-6 track trawl, which excludes the undermining of mines by the bottom and caterpillars.

Comparison Characteristics
Type of	Producing country	B.weight, t.	Armor penetration (mm./60 0)		Protection equiv. + 35° (mm)
Type of	Producing country	B.weight, t.	BTS	TOUR	from BPS	from KS
T-80UD	USSR		250…300
T-80UD (1989)	USSR		250…300			1000

Video

Mobility characteristics

The 6TD engine is the best option for the T-80U tank.

This engine is a colossal national achievement.

Time will pass and we will be proud of him

Director of VNIITM P.P. Isakov

The ideology of the 6TD-1 engine was first outlined in a technical project developed in November 1974 and agreed with the plant director O. V. Soich and deputy chief designer of the KMDB N. A. Shomin. In accordance with the order of the Minister of Defense Industry No. 533 of December 18, 1974, work was underway at the KMDB to install the 6TD-1 engine in the T-64 tank. To this end, the first two 1000 hp engines. No. 24 and No. 26 were transferred to the KMDB in December 1975.

The assembly of the first two modernized tanks was planned for February 1976 - by the opening of the XXV Congress of the CPSU. In total, about 50 products with a capacity of 1000 hp were manufactured, of which 30 were used for bench testing, 20 for testing in a tank.

The total operating time of these engines was about 16 thousand hours at the stands, the mileage in tanks was 162 thousand km. This is a huge amount of work, which was carried out by a team of 1200 people.

In order to check the reliability of the engine, tank tests were carried out in various climatic zones countries:

in conditions of high dustiness and high temperatures environment(TurkVO in 1978, 1979, 1982);
in conditions low temperatures environment (ZabVO in 1977);
in mountainous conditions (ZakVO, SKVO in 1978, 1982);
in conditions middle lane(1978, 1979, 1982, 1984).

In 1982, three modernized T-64A tanks with the 6TD-1 engine were manufactured according to the approved documentation. In connection with the increase in engine power, significant changes have been introduced to the design of the tank:

reinforced onboard gearboxes;
increased efficiency of the air cleaner system;
the dynamic stroke of the roller has been increased by 30 mm.

Tests of these tanks were carried out for the first time together with serial tanks T-64A, T-72, T-80B. They took place in the period May - October 1982 in three districts Central Asia. The mileage of the upgraded T-64A tanks was:

in the desert at air temperatures up to 37 ° C and high dust content of the air - 3000 km;
in conditions of high mountains at an altitude of 1800-2200 m above sea level (Rybachye village, Kyrgyzstan) -1000 km;
in the Kara-Kum desert, air temperature up to 44 ° C, very high dust content of the air (Kilyata, Turkmenistan) - 5500 km.

In these three areas, the engine operating time was 400-420 hours. In this regard, it was decided to continue testing the tanks until the engine operating time was 500 hours. The tests continued from November 10 to November 29, 1982 at the KMDB test site. And the problem was solved: the engines worked for 500 hours each, the mileage of the tanks was 12,000 km.

Installation of a new 6TD-1 engine with a capacity of 1000 hp. into the modernized T-64A tank with the introduction of measures for on-board gearboxes, systems and increased dynamic travel made it possible to:

increase the average speed of the tank by 19-35%;
reduce the acceleration time to 50 km / h by almost 2 times;
increase the value of the overcome angle by 3-5 degrees;
increase power reserve by 6-32%.

At the same time, it is important to note that the 6TD-1 engines worked in modernized tanks for 500 hours in various climatic zones without comment, confirming a high level of reliability.

Based on the positive tests of the 6TD-1 engine on stands and in tanks, by order of the Minister of Defense of the USSR dated 12/21/83 No. 0262, the modernized T-64B1M tank with the 6TD-1 engine was adopted by the Soviet Army.

For the first time in world practice, engines with a liter power level of 61.3 and 73.6 hp/l have been mastered. This is the main and fundamental direction of work of the Ukrainian tank engine building.

In terms of specific indicators and layout characteristics, the MTO of the tanks named above has no analogues in the world tank building (the specific power of the MTO is 387 hp / m 3 versus 333 and 258 hp / m 3, respectively, for the Leopard-2 and “ Abrams").

Some memories of the participant about the experimental military operation of tanks 478B

General provisions

Name of experimental military operation of tanks (OVE): "Experimental military operation of a battalion of T-80UD tanks in the Moscow Military District"

Start: May 1987;

End: November 1988

Venue of EIA:

G. Naro-Fominsk;

Training Center MVO (Gorokhovets UTs).

Attracted forces and means:

tank battalion motorized rifle regiment of the Kantemirovskaya division (45 T-80UD tanks);

Automotive and special equipment included in the staff of the battalion.

Purposes of the EIA

The objectives of the EIA:

Identification of design and manufacturing flaws in the sample;

Determination of sample development indicators personnel and development of methodologies for crews;

Determining the timing and ways to refine the sample.

Volume of EIA

Consumption of motor resources.

The consumption of motor resources for the product was within 5100 ... 5500 kilometers. For reference: the vehicles of the training and combat group could roll no more than 550 km in a year, the combat group - no more than 250 km.

Shot of weapons.

During the first period (May-November 1987), 12 firings were carried out with a standard projectile during the day and 10 firings at night. Both gunners and commanders fired (in Double mode). During the second period (December 1987-May 1988) 10 shootings were carried out during the day and 8 at night.

Thus, each firing crew member fired 120 shots with a regular projectile in a year. For reference: in the line units, subject to 100% implementation of the Combat Training Program (from fire to live firing of a platoon, company, tactical exercises with live firing of a battalion and regiment (divisional - once every two years)), 21 artillery rounds were fired per soldier. For each tank, 5-6 launches of guided missiles were carried out.

Some personal impressions

Regarding the shortcomings of the sample.

Armament.

Since the fighting compartment of the T-80UD tank practically did not differ from the BO of the T-64B tank, there were no significant armament failures. Cases of failure of the KUV, MZ and the Double regime took place, but, as they say, within the normal range. In addition, at first, all disruptions in firing were due to the fault of the crews.

Power point.

During the year, 8 engines were replaced. Four - due to the fault of operation (one overheating, three - operation, let's say, "without oil"). The remaining four are the same defect: violation of the tightness of pipelines high pressure on the 4th cylinder. In all cases, the same tube failed (and there are four in total for each cylinder).

Operating time of engines 650…700 hours.

Transmission

Replaced pieces 4 BKP. To be honest, I don't remember the reasons.

Chassis

As usual. There were cases of partial delamination of OK bandages (no more than permissible), loss of ridges of the GL, leakage of the HA. In short - as in the usual educational part.

In terms of the operation of the weapons of the sample.

The preparation of weapons for firing was carried out in accordance with the requirements of TO and E. THERE IS NO TIME A verification of the alignment of weapons by firing was carried out. Is this "method" familiar? in parallel with us in Gorokhovets there were other divisions of the division on the T-64B. Here they are, each time, after completing the alignment, they checked it with shooting and then ... "corrected the alignment with the aiming mark." From the point of view of expediency, this is the introduction of the figuratively called “correction of the day” (or even several hours). "Topo - meteo" will change - and goodbye, weapons! Moreover, they went to night shooting with “daytime” sighting. And, as a result: our battalion in two months gave the probability of hitting the target at the level of 0.7 ... 0.8, and they - 0.6 ... 0.7. Having understood the significance of the correct setting of the SLA, the battalion commander categorically refused any sightings. And at first, like all "military", well, VERY STRONGLY did not trust.

I had to "snuggle up" a little at first with the alignment of the commander's instrument. And that was only because I had to do everything myself with an instrument partner. In the future, as the skills of the crews "matured", this question also disappeared.

I remember the incident at night shooting. By the way, the target field was covered according to three options and the crews did not know which one would fall on their soul. So, having worked with a machine gun, the gunner is looking for a cannon target.

Tower! I am armor-2! I don't see the target! (targets were set at the maximum range of the night sight. In active mode, the gunner had to see up to 1800 m.)

Motherfucker!!! Over there, to the left of the hillock !!! Right tower!!! See? (his tank commander got into communication, observing the target through the commander’s device with the possibility of D<= 1200 м.)

And he hit the target! From you and the "poor search characteristics" of "Agatha"! But, of course, this was also a one-time effect, which manifested itself during a sufficiently moonlit night, the “target-field” contrast, etc. But it’s nice!

Brief summary, made "for myself":

The cars came to the OVE quite prepared. I mean, not very "raw". And without selection, but "from the assembly line."
With crews from KMDB and PO them. Malyshev, initial training was carried out on the features of the design and operation of the T-80UD tank (I remind you that the crews were trained according to the T-64B)
Based on the results of the EIA, both the design documentation and the production technology were improved in the design bureau and in production. A number of shortcomings were eliminated directly during the OVE.
By the beginning of the 2nd period, the personnel had mastered the equipment, the rules for its operation and current repairs EXCELLENT (I'm not afraid of this word).
Special opinion about the battalion commander and his officers. Since the battalion was "thrown out" in Gorokhovets with all the necessary structure for an independent existence, they were under a very heavy load. At least until they get into the rhythm. They prepared food themselves (PAK-200), they were not involved in outfits outside the battalion. Engaged ONLY in the implementation of the EVE program. For which my special BIG THANKS to them!

Tactical and technical characteristics
Parameter	Unit of measurement	T-80UD
Full mass
Crew	people
Specific power	hp/t	21,7
Engine 6TD-1 (6TD-1I)	HP	1000

Ground pressure	kgf / cm 2	0,91
Temperature mode of operation	°C	40…+55
Tank length
with gun forward	mm	9720
corps	mm	7045
Tank width
along the caterpillar	mm	3384
removable protective screens	mm	3595
tower roof height	mm	2160
bearing surface length	mm	4290
ground clearance	mm
track width	mm	2800
Travel speed
Average on a dry dirt road	km/h
Maximum on paved road	km/h
In reverse gear, maximum	km/h
Fuel consumption per 100 km
On a dry dirt road	l, up to	325…370
On paved road	l, up to
on the main fuel tanks (on a paved road)	km	350 (400)
with additional barrels (on paved road)	km	450 (580)
Tank capacity		1270 + 400
Ammunition
Shots to the cannon	PCS
(of which in the conveyor of the loading mechanism)	PCS
Cartridges:
to machine gun (7.62 mm)	PCS	1250
to machine gun (12.7 mm)	PCS
Aerosol grenades	PCS

The material is based on the book “Motors and Fates. About time and about myself. N.K. Ryazantsev. 1991

MAIN TANK T-80UD (OBJECT 478B BIRCH)

Work on the tank "object 478" in the KMDB im. A.A. Morozov began in the mid-1970s with the aim of improving the combat and technical characteristics of the T-80 tank and installing a diesel engine on it. It was supposed to install a new turret, tested on the tank ob.476. Two main versions of the tank were designed - object 478, which differed in the installation of various types of diesel engines. As a result of long work on the machine, the main tank T-80UD (object 478B) was created and in 1987 was put into service.

During serial production for the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union, 800 T-80UD tanks were produced. After the collapse of the USSR, about 50 tanks were produced.
MBT T-80UD was demonstrated and tested in Pakistan in 1993 and 1995 as part of a tender for the supply of a new MBT for this country.

In 1996, Pakistan signed a contract with Ukraine for the supply of 320 T-80UD. The first batch (15 cars) was delivered at the beginning of 1997, and in 1999 the contract was successfully completed.

Many systems and components of the T-84 were introduced into the vehicles of the last batches, including a new welded-rolled turret, etc.

The anti-aircraft sight allows the commander to fire at air targets from an anti-aircraft machine gun mount while being protected by the turret armor.

The ballistic calculator 1B528-1 for calculating ballistic corrections automatically takes into account the signals coming from the following sensors: tank speed, target angular velocity, gun trunnion axis roll angle, wind speed transverse component, target range, heading angle. Additionally, the following parameters are entered for manual calculation: ambient air temperature, charge temperature, barrel bore wear, ambient air pressure, etc. The calculator also calculates the moment of detonation of a high-explosive fragmentation projectile above the target.

The T-80UD tank can hide its location on the battlefield by setting up a smoke or aerosol screen. On the sides of the tower there are four smoke grenade launchers, which are electrically activated.
The T-80UD can also install a smoke screen by injecting diesel fuel into the engine exhaust system (i.e. using the so-called thermal smoke equipment).

The standard equipment of the T-80UD main battle tank also includes a collective protection system, underwater driving equipment, an explosion and fire suppression system, radiation protection (lined) and self-digging equipment (located on the lower inclined sheet of the aft hull).

The collective protection system provides protection for the crew and internal equipment of the tank from the effects of nuclear explosions, radioactive dust, toxic and bacteriological substances.

Underwater driving equipment allows the tank to overcome water obstacles up to 5 m deep (the T-80UD tank overcomes water obstacles up to 1.8 m deep without preparation).

Self-digging equipment allows you to dig a tank caponier within 15-40 minutes, depending on the type of soil.

At present, the T-80UD tanks have improved armor protection, an improved fire control system. The tank can be operated at temperatures from -40 to +55 degrees C.

On the basis of the T-80UD tank created:
command tank T-80UDK;
experimental object 478D with a night observation device TPN-4 "Buran-E" and a firing system for high-explosive fragmentation projectiles "Aynet" that detonate them at a given point; experimental objects 478BK with a welded turret, three machines were manufactured;
experimental tanks - objects 478DU and 478DU2 with various types of chassis (with steel and rubber-coated rollers).

In the "object 478DU2" in comparison with the "478D" there was no auxiliary power plant and a new welded-rolled tower was installed. The tower has a new built-in dynamic protection (VDZ), the installation of smoke grenades has been changed. A prototype was made and tested. Not serially produced.

"Object 478DU4" differed from "DU2" by installing a new auxiliary power unit on the left fender. On the body - a new dynamic protection.

In a short time, the “object 478N” was developed, which received its own name “Yatagan”, with the required artillery mount and a new automatic loader for 22 shots, located in the “tail” behind the stern of the tower. The rest of the shells were placed in a mechanized stowage in the hull. One prototype was built, which passed the second stage of the tender in Turkey. According to the results of the competition, the documentation for the tank was finalized and prepared for serial production under the index "478N1".
Specially for the tender in Malaysia, an “object 478DU8” was made taking into account the specifics of the region - the caterpillar was expanded to 600 millimeters.

The Oplot main battle tank was developed on the basis of the T-80UD, but differs from it in a number of improvements, namely:
- new welded rolled turret
- built-in dynamic protection of a new generation, providing increased security in the front sector from both cumulative and armor-piercing projectiles
- thermal sight
- engine 6TD-2 with a power of 1200 hp instead of the 1000-horsepower engine installed on the T-80UD
- transition to digital technology in relation to the components of the fire control complex and related systems
- a complex of optoelectronic countermeasures
- auxiliary power unit
- system for accounting for the bending of the bore
- navigation support system
- wider side screens that provide additional protection for the sides of the hull and chassis components from short-range anti-tank weapons used by enemy infantry.

By order of the US Army, three 478BEM-1 tanks were manufactured for four vehicles with the installation of the Drozd-1 active protection complex (KAZ) and an auxiliary power unit (APU) on the left fender and one 478BEM-2 tank with air conditioning at the stern of the tower and the APU on the left fender.
On May 28, 2009, the tank "Oplot-M" - "object 478DU10" was adopted by the army of Ukraine.

Product "478BP" - an armored recovery vehicle BREM "Athlete" is made on the basis of the chassis of the tank "Oplot", which provides the vehicle with comparable dynamic and mobile characteristics, the necessary level of protection and maneuverability. "Athlete" is designed to solve a wide range of tasks of technical support for tank units during their conduct of all types of combat operations in various weather and climatic conditions: conducting technical reconnaissance on the battlefield day and night, towing faulty and damaged armored vehicles to the nearest shelters and to prefabricated points for damaged vehicles (SPPM), starting the engines of serviced vehicles by electric and pneumatic methods, assisting crews in carrying out current repairs, carrying out lifting operations, pulling out stuck and sunken samples of armored vehicles in all types of jamming, forcing water barriers along the bottom, self-digging, performing welding - cutting works, earthmoving works at the equipment of SPPM, entrances and congresses.

Product "478BM" - MTU-84 bridge layer, the documentation for which was developed, but the prototype was not built.

Condition entered service in 1985
Developer KMDB them. A.A. Morozova
Manufacturer HZTM
Production series from 1985 to 1988

Engine type diesel 6TD
- manufacturer of software "Plant im. Malyshev"
Maximum
power, hp 1000
Fuel reserve, l 740+560
Specific power,
hp/t 21.7
Max speed,
km/h 60
Power reserve, km 560

Reservation anti-cannon,
combined with hinged dynamic protection "Contact"
Statement means
smoke curtain TDA, 8x902B

Crew, pers. 3

Modern battle tanks of Russia and the world photos, videos, pictures to watch online. This article gives an idea of the modern tank fleet. It is based on the classification principle used in the most authoritative reference book to date, but in a slightly modified and improved form. And if the latter in its original form can still be found in the armies of a number of countries, then others have already become a museum exhibit. And all for 10 years! To follow in the footsteps of the Jane's guide and not consider this combat vehicle (quite by the way, curious in design and fiercely discussed at the time), which formed the basis of the tank fleet of the last quarter of the 20th century, the authors considered it unfair.

Films about tanks where there is still no alternative to this type of armament of the ground forces. The tank was and probably will remain a modern weapon for a long time due to the ability to combine such seemingly contradictory qualities as high mobility, powerful weapons and reliable crew protection. These unique qualities of tanks continue to be constantly improved, and the experience and technologies accumulated over decades predetermine new frontiers of combat properties and achievements of the military-technical level. In the age-old confrontation "projectile - armor", as practice shows, protection from a projectile is being improved more and more, acquiring new qualities: activity, multi-layeredness, self-defense. At the same time, the projectile becomes more accurate and powerful.

Russian tanks are specific in that they allow you to destroy the enemy from a safe distance, have the ability to perform quick maneuvers on impassable roads, contaminated terrain, can “walk” through the territory occupied by the enemy, seize a decisive bridgehead, induce panic in the rear and suppress the enemy with fire and caterpillars . The war of 1939-1945 became the most difficult test for all mankind, since almost all countries of the world were involved in it. It was the battle of the titans - the most unique period that theorists argued about in the early 1930s and during which tanks were used in large numbers by almost all the warring parties. At this time, a "check for lice" and a deep reform of the first theories of the use of tank troops took place. And it is the Soviet tank troops that are most affected by all this.

Tanks in battle that became a symbol of the past war, the backbone of the Soviet armored forces? Who created them and under what conditions? How did the USSR, having lost most of its European territories and having difficulty recruiting tanks for the defense of Moscow, be able to launch powerful tank formations on the battlefield already in 1943? This book, which tells about the development of Soviet tanks "in the days of testing ", from 1937 to the beginning of 1943. When writing the book, materials from the archives of Russia and private collections of tank builders were used. There was a period in our history that was deposited in my memory with some depressing feeling. It began with the return of our first military advisers from Spain, and stopped only at the beginning of forty-third, - said the former general designer of self-propelled guns L. Gorlitsky, - there was some kind of pre-stormy state.

Tanks of the Second World War, it was M. Koshkin, almost underground (but, of course, with the support of "the wisest of the wise leader of all peoples"), who was able to create that tank that, a few years later, would shock German tank generals. And what’s more, he didn’t just create it, the designer managed to prove to these stupid military men that it was his T-34 that they needed, and not just another wheeled-tracked “highway”. The author is in slightly different positions that he formed after meeting with the pre-war documents of the RGVA and RGAE. Therefore, working on this segment of the history of the Soviet tank, the author will inevitably contradict something "generally accepted". This work describes the history of Soviet tank building in the most difficult years - from the beginning of a radical restructuring of all the activities of design bureaus and people's commissariats in general, during a frantic race to equip new tank formations of the Red Army, the transfer of industry to wartime rails and evacuation.

Tanks Wikipedia the author wants to express his special gratitude for the help in the selection and processing of materials to M. Kolomiyets, and also to thank A. Solyankin, I. Zheltov and M. Pavlov, the authors of the reference publication "Domestic armored vehicles. XX century. 1905 - 1941" because this book helped to understand the fate of some projects, unclear before. I would also like to recall with gratitude those conversations with Lev Izraelevich Gorlitsky, the former Chief Designer of UZTM, which helped to take a fresh look at the entire history of the Soviet tank during the Great Patriotic War of the Soviet Union. Today, for some reason, it is customary to talk about 1937-1938 in our country. only from the point of view of repressions, but few people remember that it was during this period that those tanks were born that became legends of the wartime ... "From the memoirs of L.I. Gorlinkogo.

Soviet tanks, a detailed assessment of them at that time sounded from many lips. Many old people recalled that it was from the events in Spain that it became clear to everyone that the war was getting closer to the threshold and it was Hitler who would have to fight. In 1937, mass purges and repressions began in the USSR, and against the backdrop of these difficult events, the Soviet tank began to turn from a "mechanized cavalry" (in which one of its combat qualities protruded by reducing others) into a balanced combat vehicle, which at the same time had powerful weapons, sufficient to suppress most targets, good cross-country ability and mobility with armor protection, capable of maintaining its combat effectiveness when shelling a potential enemy with the most massive anti-tank weapons.

It was recommended that large tanks be introduced into the composition in addition only special tanks - floating, chemical. The brigade now had 4 separate battalions of 54 tanks each and was reinforced by the transition from three-tank platoons to five-tank ones. In addition, D. Pavlov justified the refusal to form in 1938 to the four existing mechanized corps three more additionally, believing that these formations are immobile and difficult to control, and most importantly, they require a different organization of the rear. The tactical and technical requirements for promising tanks, as expected, have been adjusted. In particular, in a letter dated December 23 to the head of the design bureau of plant No. 185 named after. CM. Kirov, the new chief demanded to strengthen the armor of new tanks so that at a distance of 600-800 meters (effective range).

The latest tanks in the world when designing new tanks, it is necessary to provide for the possibility of increasing the level of armor protection during modernization by at least one step ... "This problem could be solved in two ways: First, by increasing the thickness of the armor plates and, secondly," by using increased armor resistance". It is easy to guess that the second way was considered more promising, since the use of specially hardened armor plates, or even two-layer armor, could, while maintaining the same thickness (and the mass of the tank as a whole), increase its durability by 1.2-1.5 It was this path (the use of specially hardened armor) that was chosen at that moment to create new types of tanks.

Tanks of the USSR at the dawn of tank production, armor was most massively used, the properties of which were identical in all directions. Such armor was called homogeneous (homogeneous), and from the very beginning of the armor business, the craftsmen strove to create just such armor, because uniformity ensured stability of characteristics and simplified processing. However, at the end of the 19th century, it was noticed that when the surface of the armor plate was saturated (to a depth of several tenths to several millimeters) with carbon and silicon, its surface strength increased sharply, while the rest of the plate remained viscous. So heterogeneous (heterogeneous) armor came into use.

In military tanks, the use of heterogeneous armor was very important, since an increase in the hardness of the entire thickness of the armor plate led to a decrease in its elasticity and (as a result) to an increase in brittleness. Thus, the most durable armor, other things being equal, turned out to be very fragile and often pricked even from bursts of high-explosive fragmentation shells. Therefore, at the dawn of armor production in the manufacture of homogeneous sheets, the task of the metallurgist was to achieve the highest possible hardness of the armor, but at the same time not to lose its elasticity. Surface-hardened by saturation with carbon and silicon armor was called cemented (cemented) and was considered at that time a panacea for many ills. But cementation is a complex, harmful process (for example, processing a hot plate with a jet of lighting gas) and relatively expensive, and therefore its development in a series required high costs and an increase in production culture.

Tank of the war years, even in operation, these hulls were less successful than homogeneous ones, since for no apparent reason cracks formed in them (mainly in loaded seams), and it was very difficult to put patches on holes in cemented slabs during repairs. But it was still expected that a tank protected by 15-20 mm cemented armor would be equivalent in terms of protection to the same, but covered with 22-30 mm sheets, without a significant increase in mass.
Also, by the mid-1930s, in tank building, they learned how to harden the surface of relatively thin armor plates by uneven hardening, known since the end of the 19th century in shipbuilding as the "Krupp method". Surface hardening led to a significant increase in the hardness of the front side of the sheet, leaving the main thickness of the armor viscous.

How tanks shoot videos up to half the thickness of the plate, which, of course, was worse than carburizing, since despite the fact that the hardness of the surface layer was higher than during carburizing, the elasticity of the hull sheets was significantly reduced. So the "Krupp method" in tank building made it possible to increase the strength of armor even somewhat more than carburizing. But the hardening technology that was used for sea armor of large thicknesses was no longer suitable for relatively thin tank armor. Before the war, this method was almost never used in our serial tank building due to technological difficulties and relatively high cost.

Combat use of tanks The most developed for tanks was the 45-mm tank gun mod 1932/34. (20K), and before the event in Spain, it was believed that its power was enough to perform most tank tasks. But the battles in Spain showed that the 45-mm gun could only satisfy the task of fighting enemy tanks, since even the shelling of manpower in the mountains and forests turned out to be ineffective, and it was only possible to disable a dug-in enemy firing point in the event of a direct hit . Shooting at shelters and bunkers was ineffective due to the small high-explosive action of a projectile weighing only about two kg.

Types of tanks photo so that even one hit of a projectile reliably disables an anti-tank gun or machine gun; and thirdly, to increase the penetrating effect of a tank gun on the armor of a potential enemy, since, using the example of French tanks (already having an armor thickness of the order of 40-42 mm), it became clear that the armor protection of foreign combat vehicles tends to be significantly increased. There was a right way to do this - increasing the caliber of tank guns and simultaneously increasing the length of their barrel, since a long gun of a larger caliber fires heavier projectiles at a higher muzzle velocity over a greater distance without correcting the pickup.

The best tanks in the world had a large caliber cannon, also had a large breech, significantly more weight and increased recoil reaction. And this required an increase in the mass of the entire tank as a whole. In addition, the placement of large shots in the closed volume of the tank led to a decrease in the ammunition load.
The situation was aggravated by the fact that at the beginning of 1938 it suddenly turned out that there was simply no one to give an order for the design of a new, more powerful tank gun. P. Syachintov and his entire design team were repressed, as well as the core of the Bolshevik Design Bureau under the leadership of G. Magdesiev. Only the group of S. Makhanov remained at liberty, who from the beginning of 1935 tried to bring his new 76.2-mm semi-automatic single gun L-10, and the team of plant No. 8 slowly brought the "forty-five".

Photos of tanks with names The number of developments is large, but in mass production in the period 1933-1937. not a single one was accepted ... "In fact, none of the five air-cooled tank diesel engines, which were worked on in 1933-1937 in the engine department of plant No. 185, was brought to the series. Moreover, despite the decisions on the highest levels of the transition in tank building exclusively to diesel engines, this process was held back by a number of factors.Of course, diesel had significant efficiency.It consumed less fuel per unit of power per hour.Diesel fuel is less prone to ignition, since the flash point of its vapors was very high.

Even the most finished of them, the MT-5 tank engine, required reorganization of engine production for serial production, which was expressed in the construction of new workshops, the supply of advanced foreign equipment (there were no machine tools of the required accuracy yet), financial investments and strengthening personnel. It was planned that in 1939 this diesel engine with a capacity of 180 hp. will go to serial tanks and artillery tractors, but due to investigative work to find out the causes of tank engine accidents, which lasted from April to November 1938, these plans were not fulfilled. The development of a slightly increased six-cylinder gasoline engine No. 745 with a power of 130-150 hp was also started.

Brands of tanks with specific indicators that suited the tank builders quite well. Tank tests were carried out according to a new methodology, specially developed at the insistence of the new head of the ABTU D. Pavlov in relation to combat service in wartime. The basis of the tests was a run of 3-4 days (at least 10-12 hours of daily non-stop traffic) with a one-day break for technical inspection and restoration work. Moreover, repairs were allowed to be carried out only by field workshops without the involvement of factory specialists. This was followed by a "platform" with obstacles, "bathing" in the water with an additional load, simulating an infantry landing, after which the tank was sent for examination.

Super tanks online after the improvement work seemed to remove all claims from the tanks. And the general course of the tests confirmed the fundamental correctness of the main design changes - an increase in displacement by 450-600 kg, the use of the GAZ-M1 engine, as well as the Komsomolets transmission and suspension. But during the tests, numerous minor defects again appeared in the tanks. The chief designer N. Astrov was suspended from work and was under arrest and investigation for several months. In addition, the tank received a new improved protection turret. The modified layout made it possible to place on the tank a larger ammunition load for a machine gun and two small fire extinguishers (before there were no fire extinguishers on small tanks of the Red Army).

US tanks as part of modernization work, on one serial model of the tank in 1938-1939. the torsion bar suspension developed by the designer of the Design Bureau of Plant No. 185 V. Kulikov was tested. It was distinguished by the design of a composite short coaxial torsion bar (long monotorsion bars could not be used coaxially). However, such a short torsion bar did not show good enough results in tests, and therefore the torsion bar suspension did not immediately pave its way in the course of further work. Obstacles to be overcome: rises not less than 40 degrees, vertical wall 0.7 m, overlapping ditch 2-2.5 m.

YouTube about tanks work on the production of prototypes of D-180 and D-200 engines for reconnaissance tanks is not being carried out, jeopardizing the production of prototypes. 10-1), as well as the amphibious tank version (factory designation 102 or 10-2), are a compromise solution, since it is not possible to fully meet the requirements of the ABTU.Variant 101 was a tank weighing 7.5 tons with a hull according to the type of hull, but with vertical side sheets of case-hardened armor 10-13 mm thick, since: "Sloping sides, causing serious weighting of the suspension and hull, require a significant (up to 300 mm) broadening of the hull, not to mention the complication of the tank.

Video reviews of tanks in which the power unit of the tank was planned to be based on the 250-horsepower MG-31F aircraft engine, which was mastered by the industry for agricultural aircraft and gyroplanes. Gasoline of the 1st grade was placed in a tank under the floor of the fighting compartment and in additional onboard gas tanks. The armament fully corresponded to the task and consisted of coaxial machine guns DK caliber 12.7 mm and DT (in the second version of the project even ShKAS appears) caliber 7.62 mm. The combat weight of a tank with a torsion bar suspension was 5.2 tons, with a spring suspension - 5.26 tons. The tests were carried out from July 9 to August 21 according to the methodology approved in 1938, with special attention paid to tanks.

T-80UD Birch- tanks of the Ukrainian soul.

The main battle tank T-80UD Bereza was developed by the Ukrainian State Enterprise "KMDB" in the early 80s and entered mass production at the state enterprise "Plant named after V.A. Malyshev" in 1985.

The best units of the Soviet Army, such as the Kantemirovskaya Panzer Division, were equipped with new tanks.

During the Soviet Union, from May 1987 to November 1988, experimental military operation of a tank battalion took place in the Gorohovets training center of the Moscow Military District motorized rifle regiment Kantemirovskaya division with a staff of 45 tanks T-80UD Bereza.

Experimental military operation of T-80UD tanks took place in order to identify design and production shortcomings of tanks; determination of indicators for the development of T-80UD tanks by personnel and the development of methods for crews; determining the timing and ways to refine the tank.

With crews from SE “KMDB” and SE “Plant named after V.A. Malysheva, initial training was carried out on the features of the design and operation of the T-80UD tank, before that the crews were trained on the T-64B tanks.

A number of shortcomings of the experimental T-80UD tanks were eliminated right during the experimental military operation. During the year of experimental military operation, 4 onboard gearboxes and 8 engines were replaced: 4 engines for the same factory defect - a crack in one of the fuel supply pipes in the sixth cylinder and 4 engines due to the fault of operation (one - overheating, three - operation "without oils"). And this is for the first half of the year. In the second half of the year of experimental military operation - not a single repair that would go beyond the concept of current repairs!

The average mileage of the tanks exceeded 5000 kilometers and was within 5200...5500 km, the operating time of the 6TD-1 engines was 650...700 hours.

For reference, the tanks of the combat training group could roll no more than 550 km in a year, and the combat group - no more than 250 km.

During the first period from May to November 1987, 12 firings were carried out with a regular projectile during the day and 10 firings at night. Both gunners-operators and commanders fired in the "Double" mode. For the second period from December 1987 to May 1988, 10 firings were carried out during the day and 8 at night.

Thus, each firing crew member fired 120 shots with a regular projectile in a year.

For reference, in the line Soviet units, subject to 100% implementation of the Combat Training Program (from fire to live firing of a platoon, company, tactical exercises with live firing of a battalion and regiment (divisional - once every two years)), only 21 artillery pieces were issued per soldier shot.

During experimental military operation, 5-6 launches of guided missiles were carried out for each T-80UD Bereza tank.

By the beginning of the 2nd period, the personnel perfectly mastered the T-80UD Bereza tanks, the rules for their operation and maintenance.

Based on the results of experimental military operation in the State Enterprise "KMDB" and in production, improvements were made to both the design documentation and the production technology of the T-80UD Bereza tanks.

The T-80UD Bereza tank is equipped with a modern fire control system that ensures that the gunner and commander fire at stationary and moving targets from a standstill and on the move with a high probability of hitting from the first shot.

In the fire control system of the T-80UD Bereza tank, the so-called “shot resolution zone” is provided, that is, after pressing the firing button, a shot will occur only if the mismatch between the line of sight and the axis of the bore does not exceed a specified value. The size of the "shot resolution zone" is adjusted when setting up the fire control complex in the tank.

In order to ensure the possibility of observing the terrain in a wide sector, the crew members have single-use observation devices.

The fire control complex consists of a 1G46M gunner’s day sight, a TO1-KO1E gunner’s night gunner’s complex, a PNK-4S commander’s sighting and observation system, a PZU-7 anti-aircraft sight, a 1ETs29 anti-aircraft gun control system, a 1V528-1 ballistic computer with input information sensors, and an armament stabilizer 2E42 and other devices.

The gunner's day sight 1G46M has a line of sight stabilized in two planes, a built-in laser rangefinder and a guided missile control channel.

With the standard configuration of the T-80UD Bereza tank, the gunner has a TO1-KO1E night sighting system with a TPN-4E sight with an electron-optical converter, but it is possible to install a Buran-Katrin-E thermal imaging sight.

The tank commander conducts observation and gives target designation to the gunner by means of the PNK-4S sighting and observation day-night complex, stabilized in the vertical plane.

The sighting and observation system of the PNK-4S commander consists of a combined day-night sight of the commander TKN-4S and a gun position sensor. The commander's combined sight TKN-4S is stabilized in the vertical plane and has three channels: a daytime single channel, a daytime multiple channel with a magnification of 8x and a night channel with a magnification of 5.4x. The commander can switch from the day channel to the night one with an image intensifier tube and vice versa using the lever.

The anti-aircraft sight PZU-7 allows the tank commander to fire at air targets from an anti-aircraft machine gun mount while being protected by the turret armor.

The 1V528-1 ballistic computer is designed to calculate ballistic corrections automatically taking into account the signals from the following sensors: tank speed, target angular velocity, gun trunnion axis roll angle, wind speed transverse component, target range, heading angle.

Additionally, the following parameters are entered for manual calculation: ambient air temperature, charge temperature, bore wear, ambient air pressure. The calculator also calculates the moment of detonation of a high-explosive fragmentation projectile over the target.

In order to ensure the possibility of observing the terrain in a wide sector, the crew members have single observation devices.

The armament of the T-80UD tank consists of a 125 mm KBA-3 cannon, a 7.62 mm KT-7.62 coaxial machine gun and a 12.7 mm KT-12.7 heavy-caliber anti-aircraft machine gun. The tank crew also has submachine guns, grenades and a signal pistol.

The 125 mm KBA-3 smoothbore gun of the T-80UD Bereza tank is equipped with a propellant gas ejector and a thermal casing. The gun barrel is quick-detachable and can be replaced in the field without dismantling the gun from the tank.

The rate of fire of the T-80UD Bereza tank is up to 8 rounds per minute on the move.

The ammunition load for the KBA-3 cannon of the T-80UD tank is 45 separate loading shots - a projectile and a charge, of which 28 are placed in the conveyor of the carousel-type loading mechanism, and the rest are in the control compartment and in the fighting compartment.

Used ammunition for the KBA-3 cannon of the T-80UD tank: armor-piercing sub-caliber, cumulative, high-explosive fragmentation and tank guided missiles "KOMBAT", controlled by a laser beam.

A feature of the T-80UD Bereza tank is the presence of guided weapons, which allows you to fire from a cannon with laser-guided KOMBAT guided missiles at ranges up to 5000 m. The KOMBAT missile consists of two parts. The first part includes a throwing device and a hardware compartment with a steering device. The second part consists of a sustainer engine and a tandem warhead. Both parts are stored in the loading mechanism conveyor in the same way as conventional ammunition. The docking of the two parts of the rocket occurs in the bore when fired.

Shooting can be carried out in motion at a moving target. Due to the fact that the KOMBAT missile has a tandem warhead, it can hit targets equipped with dynamic protection with great efficiency.

Although the main purpose of the KOMBAT missile is to destroy tanks located at distances above the maximum firing range of the 125 mm KBA-3 gun with conventional ammunition, the KOMBAT tank guided missile can also be used to fire at other types of targets, such as helicopters moving at low speed and long-term firing points.

The KT-7.62 machine gun coaxial with the KBA-3 cannon can be fired from the position of the gunner-operator or tank commander.

The KT-12.7 anti-aircraft heavy machine gun is located on the commander's hatch, has a remote control and is designed to fire at air and ground targets with closed tank hatches from the commander's seat.

The armor protection of the T-80UD Bereza tank consists of modern multilayer armor and built-in dynamic protection "Knife", which provides the tank with a high level of survivability on the battlefield.

Built-in dynamic protection "Knife" covers more than 60% of the surface in the course angles of fire ± 20 ° (on the hull) and ± 35 ° (on the turret). The combination of advanced multi-layer combined armor and built-in dynamic protection reduces the threat of damage to the T-80UD Bereza tank by the most massive cumulative and kinetic weapons.

The turret of the T-80UD tank Birch of the later years of production is made of armored steel of increased hardness obtained by electroslag remelting.

Steel with electroslag remelting provides an increase in durability in equal structures by 10-15% compared to rolled steel of medium hardness of the Russian T-90S tank.

Thus, the turret of the T-80UD Bereza tank with a base made of rolled products with electroslag remelting has significant advantages in terms of armor resistance in comparison with a turret with a cast base.

The roof of the turret of the T-80UD Bereza tank is made of one-piece stamped, which increased its rigidity, ensured manufacturability and stable quality in mass production.

The welded turret of the T-80UD Bereza tank consists of two removable protective modules mounted on a welded base. Each protective module is securely attached to the main armor of the turret.

The modular armor design of the T-80UD Bereza tank makes it possible to increase the projectile resistance without changing the thickness and mass of the armor, provides the possibility of improving the armor throughout the life cycle of the tank and the possibility of replacing old modules with new ones made from armor created with the latest technological advances. Protective armor modules can be quickly replaced in case of damage. Moreover, these works can be performed in the field.

The T-80UD tank can hide its location on the battlefield by setting up a smoke or aerosol screen. On the sides of the tower there are four smoke grenade launchers, which are electrically activated.

The T-80UD can also install a smoke screen by injecting diesel fuel into the engine exhaust system using thermal smoke equipment.

In order to reduce the thermal visibility of the tank on the battlefield, the roof of the T-80UD engine compartment is equipped with a special thermal protection.

The main battle tank T-80UD is equipped with a Ukrainian 6-cylinder diesel engine 6TD-1 with a capacity of 1000 hp.

In terms of specific indicators and layout characteristics, the engine compartment of the T-80UD Bereza tank from the 6TD-1 engine has no analogues in world tank building. The specific power of the engine compartment of the T-80UD tank is 387 hp/m3 versus 333 hp/m3 and 258 hp/m3, respectively, for the Leopard-2A6 and Abrams M1A2 SEP Version 2 tanks.

The engine air intake ensures that air enters the engine from the least dusty point of the tank.

Underwater driving equipment allows the T-80UD Bereza tank to overcome water obstacles up to 5 m deep.

The T-80UD tank overcomes water obstacles up to 1.8 m deep without prior preparation!

The upper part of the suspension of the T-80UD tank is protected by side rubber-fabric screens, which are armored in the bow of the hull with the installation of built-in dynamic protection "Knife".

At the bottom of the bow of the hull of the T-80UD Bereza tank, a rubber screen is fixed to keep the spread of dust.

Two barrels with an additional supply of fuel, as well as a log for self-pulling the tank, can be mounted at the stern of the T-80UD Bereza tank hull.

An important advantage of the T-80UD was its perfect system of protection against weapons of mass destruction, surpassing such protection of the best foreign NATO tanks.

The collective protection system of the T-80UD Bereza tank provides protection for the crew and internal equipment of the tank from the effects of nuclear explosions, radioactive dust, toxic and bacteriological substances.

On the T-80UD Bereza tank, lining and lining made of hydrogen-containing polymers with the addition of lead, lithium and boron, local protection screens made of heavy metals and an automatic sealing system for habitable compartments and air purification were used.

The use of a self-digging system with a bulldozer blade 2140 mm wide contributes to an increase in survival rate. Self-digging equipment allows the T-80UD tank to dig a tank caponier within 15-40 minutes, depending on the type of soil.

The T-80UD Bereza tank is equipped with a fire extinguishing system that detects and extinguishes internal fires both in the habitable compartment and in the engine compartment of the tank.

On the main battle tank T-80UD, various types of mine sweeps can be installed, which exclude the undermining of mines under the bottom and caterpillars of the tank, including the KMT-6 knife-type mine sweep and the KMT-7 roller-type mine sweep.

The air cleaning system of the T-80UD Bereza tank consists of two main components: centrifugal pre-filters and an air cleaner cassette.

The system makes it possible to operate the T-80UD Bereza tank in hot and dusty conditions in the amount of 1000 kilometers without the need to change filters, as well as in conditions of radioactive contamination.

With an average air dust content of 2.5 g / kg, the T-80UD Bereza tank can cover 1000 km in the desert before the next maintenance of the cassettes, which is equal to 20 hours of engine operation. The critical value of aerodynamic resistance equal to 1300+50 kgf/m2 is reached in 35 hours of operation.

For comparison, in the Russian T-90S tank, the inter-flushing period of the air cleaner cassettes when operating in the desert is only 400 km.

With a decrease in air dust content from 2.5 g / kg to 2 g / kg, the inter-flushing service life of the air cleaner cassettes of the T-80UD Bereza tank increases to 3000 km when operating in the desert!

The high performance of the T-80UD Birch in the desert is achieved thanks to a unique air cleaning system. In the air cleaner of the T-80UD Bereza tank, high-efficiency cyclones with low aerodynamic resistance are used, with a throughput coefficient of at least 0.2 + 0.02%.

The air cleaner T-80UD Bereza has no analogues in the world tank building, as it can work in any aggressive soil and climatic zones with and without cassettes.

The Ukrainian main battle tank T-80UD in the amount of 2 units was demonstrated and tested in Pakistan in 1993 and 1995 as part of a tender for the supply of a new tank for the Pakistani army.

The T-80UD tank (object 478DU) was tested in Pakistan and in the UPI-190 in the amount of 5000 km in 1993. There were no breakdowns except for the rupture of the caterpillar belt before the expiration of its resource. Caterpillars 580 mm wide, to increase the width of the caterpillar from 540 mm in the T-64BM BULAT tank to 580 mm, straps were welded to the brackets. In general, in all respects, the chassis of the T-80UD tank (object 478DU) has advantages over the chassis of the T-80UD tank (object 478B). The only exception is the movement on a concrete track, where the vibration load of the running tank T-80UD (object 478DU) is higher.

The T-80UD tank (object 478DU) with an experimental chassis similar to the T-64 tank has a more advanced chassis in relation to the T-80UD and T-64 tanks. Such a chassis was tested on promising Ukrainian tanks (objects 490B, 477A1).

In the experimental chassis of the T-80UD tank of the T-64 type, torsion bars of differentiated stiffness were used, which increase the smoothness of the ride and the speed of the tank.

In the T-80UD tank (object 478DU) of the T-64 type, the diameter of the first, second and sixth torsion bars is 55 mm, the third, fourth and fifth torsion bars are 50 mm.

For comparison, in the T-80UD tank (object 478B), the diameter of the torsons is 53 mm, and in the Russian T-90S tank it is only 47 mm. Hydraulic shock absorbers with a two-stage characteristic. Rollers of the T-80UD tank (object 478DU) with an intermediate shock absorber between the rims.

In addition, the cross-country ability of the T-80UD undercarriage (object 478DU) in the conditions of spring-autumn thaw and in conditions of clay and swampy terrain is also higher than the cross-country ability of the T-80UD undercarriage (object 478B).

The cost of the elements of the running tank T-80UD (object 478DU) is also up to 2 times lower than the running T-80UD (object 478B), the weight is lower by more than 1.5 tons. The power consumption in the undercarriage of the T-80UD tank (object 478DU) is one third lower compared to the T-80UD tank (object 478B).

Two T-80UD tanks were sent to Pakistan, which differed from each other - the first of them was T-80UD Object 478DU, sometimes it was simply called No. 1 with a chassis with metal rollers and internal shock absorption of the T-64 type, the second T-80UD Object 478DU1 was called No. 2 with a chassis traditional for the T-80UD.

The test results showed that due to the reduction in the total mass of the tank, due to the chassis, the maximum speed of the T-80UD Object 478DU tank increased by 3-4 km / h, however, during prolonged movement at such high speeds, due to the high speed of the track roller, it overheated bearings.

Based on the experience of developing and operating the T-80UD, Object 478DU, it was proved that on the tanks of the T-80UD Bereza, T-84 Oplot family, it is possible to install various variants of the undercarriage, depending on the operating conditions and customer requirements. And the replacementelements of the undercarriage is carried out without significant modifications to the mating parts of the body and does not require changes in the design of the power transmission.

Tests of two T-80UD tanks were carried out from July 14 to September 15, 1995 in the amount of 3000 kilometers. Tests have shown that Ukrainian T-80UD tanks are capable of operating in the desert in the hottest conditions. The declared technical parameters of the T-80UD Bereza tank were actually confirmed at the tender. Some skepticism of Pakistani tankers should be noted. The Pakistani side did not believe that Ukrainian tanks with the Ukrainian 6TD-1 power plant would be able to operate in the harshest conditions of the Pakistani desert. They had good reason for this: Chinese-designed Pakistani tanks and Chinese tanks could not withstand such tests. The test results surprised the Pakistani side with the reliability of the Ukrainian T-80UD Bereza tanks and the promptness of the tests carried out by the Ukrainian side.

During the entire service life of the T-80UD tanks Bereza, the State Enterprise "KMDB", as a developer of the tank and the State Enterprise "Plant named after V.A. Malisheva, as a tank manufacturer, provide the Customer of the T-80UD Bereza tank with all kinds of assistance to ensure the normal operation of tanks in the country of the foreign customer-operator. Namely, they provide on the territory of the customer: organization of training for crews of T-80UD Bereza tanks; supply of teaching aids; assistance and advice on the operation of tanks; technical and other assistance on the territory of the customer's country; provide technical and other documentation; ensure the supply of spare parts, as well as provide services for the subsequent modernization of the T-80UD Bereza tanks.

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